Ch 12 Renaissance Topics

Partner Chapter 12 Concepts AP European History Mr. Cicerchi

2nd Period 1.The pyramidal structure of Italian society in the Renaissance consisted of clergy, nobility, the Third Estate, and slaves. The clergy were ranking members of the Church and their importance was grounded in the belief that people should be guided to spiritual ends. The nobility had privileges based on their perceived protection of society and the rule of law. The others fell into the broad category of the Third Estate. Everything from peasants to townspeople, whether they be mere shopkeepers or patrician captains of industry, comprised this disparate group. Finally, below them all were the slaves, who were kept mostly as domestic minders. --Jason and Nick

2. The type of people that made up the third estate were the peasants, and the inhabitants of most towns and cities. Within the towns and cities, the third estate consisted of the patrician, who dominated their urban communities. Burghers, who were petty shopkeepers, guild members and guild masters, and artisans who were mostly concerned with providing goods and services. Finally, the third estate also contained the unemployment and the property less. They made up 40% of the population. --James Reese and Jimmy Diaz.

3.The type of people outside of the estate system were those who were either slaves or of the highest nobility, such as the king or other royals. Royalty, while they could be described as nobles, had separate duties such as governing different parts of the country and making important political decisions. Slaves were placed below the Third Estate in society and would often serve as skilled workers or maids, the females becoming nurses or concubines for a household, while males became playmates for the children. --Lindsey and Michael

4. The most important Italian family were the Strozzi, Ruchellai, and the Medici. Families sometimes dominated urban districts, were a sense of security, and took group responsibility for individual feuds. --Moira and Partner Who Was Not Named

5. During the 15th century, Italy was dominated by several small city states that all had separate governments and citizens who remained loyal to their city state, inhibiting Italy from becoming a unified country. Instead of unifying, the city states would compete with one another and try to take over each other's territory. This lack of unity made Italy prime land for other countries to fight their wars in. --Marissa/Maria

6. The Renaissance ambassador and the modern day ambassador are very similar to each other. Both are mostly concerned with the well being of the state that sent them. They also try to maintain peace, gathers useful information, and establish relationships. However, the Modern day ambassadors worked more in temporary terms where as Renaissance ambassadors maintained more consistent communication. --James Reese and Jimmy Diaz

7. Machiavelli's "The Prince" was important because it was a treatise on how to rule a state that focused not on ideals to live up to, but instead claimed that morals in politics will only lead to your doom. His far more realistic approach felt that pragmatism should be strongly encouraged and an understanding of human nature (and its weaknesses) is necessary for success. The main idea is that if you must choose between fear or love from your subjects - choose fear. His book was revolutionary at the time, ideas such as those simply weren't mentioned. --Ben/Nathan

8. Neoplatonism was the study, translation, and composition of the Platonic Philosophy that began in the late 15th century due to a dramatic upsurge on interest in the works of Plato, enough to create the Florentine Platonic Academy, sponsored by Cosimo de Medici, who then encouraged Marsilio Ficino to translate the works of Plato. Neoplatonism combined Christianity with Plato's writings into a single system with two primary beliefs, that of the Neoplatonic hierarchy of substances and the theory of spiritual love. These concepts influenced many, such as Ficino's pupil, Giovanni Pico, as seen in his Oration on the Dignity of Man, as well as in the works of various artists. --Lindsey and Michael

9. Hermeticism focused in astrology, alchemy, and magic as well as theological and philosophical beliefs. The concept of divinity embodied in all aspects of nature led to the creation of majis such as mirandola and Ficino. This movement later influenced the scientific revolution. --Marissa/Maria

10. The Liberal arts were very important during this the Renaissance, as they showed the new ideas and concepts of the time. Also, they were a major cause of the Renaissance because they fueled the cultural rebirth. During this time period, artists finally gained the recognition as creative geniuses. The artists that did not gain fame were still considered artisans. This is very similar to modern times, where the greatest artists gain fame. --Dan and Jarod

11. The humanists schools' stressed the importance of liberal studies as they key to true freedom enabling individuals to reach their true potential. The purpose of a liberal education was to produce individuals that followed a path of virtue and wisdom who possessed the rhetoric skills with which people swane others to do the same. They also stressed physical education, such as javeline throwing, archery, hunting, and swimming. The daughters of the Gonzaga ruler Mantua were discouraged from learning mathematics and rhetoric. --Audrey and Brett 12. Through how humanist viewed history, we have a view point to secularism during this era. Humanist histories sought to reduce the role of miracles in interpretations of the past, focusing on political events or individual deeper critical thinking in mind. Also, education moved away from the theologize pursuit to focus on the classes. The liberal studies began to secularize the minds of the educated. “Humanist education was thought to be preparation for life.” The new secular idea was to rationally approach life instead of spiritually approaching the after life.

After secularism crept into these mindsets, it’s impact can be felt in the literature of the art in the era. (i.e. “History of the Florentine people” by Leonardo Bruni) --Quincy and Andrew

13. Printing press spread rapidly through Europe, becoming one of the largest industries. It helped produce standardized and definitive texts and stimulated development of an expanding lay-reading public. --Ben/Nathan

14. The Hundred Years War developed a strong degree of French national feeling towards a common enemy. King Charles VII received the right to levydirect taxes on land or property. Also King Louis XI brought the provinces of Anjou, Maine, Bar, and Province under royal control. This created a base for the later developments of a strong French monarchy. --Audrey and Brett

15. The country was devastated by the War of the Roses, and financial exhaustion from the Hundred Year War. Henry the VII established a monarchial government by taken away the private armies of nobles in the aristocracy, decreasing fractional war fair. The court of star chamber also helped install fear to the means of maintaining order. Henry raised funds successfully through traditional resources like crown lands, judicial fees, fines, and custom duties. Henry didn't over burden the middle class with taxes, and the monarchy gained their approval, and their favor. --Quincy and Andrew

16. Spain was divided into several kingdoms, the two largest being Aragon and Castile. Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were married in 1469, combining the power of the two major kingdoms of Spain. Each kingdom kept its own Parliament and government systems but had the ultimate power of both kingdoms. Isabella and Ferdinand reorganized the Spanish military, causing it to be the greatest military in Europe by the 16th century. --Reilly/Elizabeth

17. The Spanish Inquisition began when Isabella and Ferdinand saw the importance of gaining control of the Catholic Church. They secured from the pope the right to select important church officials. With this power, they persuaded the Catholic Church to introduce the Spanish Inquisition. The Inquisition basically “strongly urged” those who were Jewish and Muslim to convert to Catholicism. This caused most of the Jews to flee the country and Isabella and Ferdinand attacked the Muslims by attacking Granada. Once Granada fell, Muslims were also “encouraged” to convert to Christianity. --Reilly/Elizabeth

18. The importance of Hapsburg rule in the Holy Roman Empire can be traced to their ability to draw power from clever use of their family ties rather than warfare. The Hapsburg house had managed, through marriages, to control Franche-Comte, Luxembourg, Austria, a large portion of the Low Countries, and even Spain. France was now deeply worried because they were surrounded by the Hapsburgs to their east (Franche-Comte, Luxembourg), northeast (Low Countries), and southwest (Spain) by those acquisitions. --Jason and Nick

19. The Lollards believed that the Bible was the sole authority and that following it was more important than other practices. They did not believe in the pope's authority, the veneration of saints, pilgrimages, and other rituals created by the medieval church. Hussites wanted to get rid of corruption and reduce the power of the papacy in the Church. --Moira and Partner

20. During the Renaissance music began to be used more for entertainment; as opposed to only in church like in previous times. 'Renaissance madrigals' were the most common type of song and were a poems set to music. Renaissance madrigals used 'text painting,' or trying to convey the literal meaning of a word through musical reflection (i.e. ascending scales for lyrics about going up or heaven). The most well-known Renaissance madrigal is 'Deck the Halls.' --Dan and Jarod

6th Period 1. The first estate was the Clergy, which consisted of the leaders of the Catholic Church. The second estate was the Nobility, which consisted of the aristocrats who believed that they were vital to society because they provided security and defense for their society. The third estate was made up of the majority of the people, but unlike previous times, this estate was now divided into subgroups: The patricians (economic domination elevated them above their peers), the burghers (shopkeepers, artisans, and guild people), the propertyless workers, and finally the unemployed. Declining incomes and the rising standards of being a noble made it difficult for the nobility, so they pursued education in order to keep their government jobs. (Jeremy Foust and Haleah DeMio)

2. The third estate was made up of anyone not in the first and second estates. It was made up of many different classes and professions. Basically, anyone who was not ordained as a priest of the Church or ennobled was part of the third estate. The most vocal and active part of the third estate was the bourgeoisie: merchants, shop owners, doctors, lawyers, etc. —Devin & Adam

4. The three major families of Italian Renaissance were the Strozzi, Rucellai, and the Medici. The Medici was a prominent banking family that owned branches of banks in Venice, Milan, Lyons, London, Bruges, and Avignon. They also had controlling influences in the silk, wool, and mining of alum industries. However they lost power and were expelled from Florence by the French due to poor leadership and bad loans.--Andjela and Jared

5. During the Renaissance, Italy was divided into five major city-states. In Milan, Francesco Sforza conquered the city to become the new duke. He created a highly centralized territorial state that helped to generate government revenue. Venice was governed by a small oligarchy of merchant-aristocrats that brought in a lot of revenue as well. Venice also fortified it's trade routes to protect them and it's food supply. In the Republic of Florence, the Medici line dominated the city from behind the scenes, as they put up a facade of a republican form of government. The Papal States were normally under control of the popes, but the Great Schism allowed individual cities and territories to become more independent. Finally, the kingdom of Naples was a backwards monarchy that developed little culturally during the Renaissance. The majority of these city-states shared a desire to raise revenue and quest for territorial power and advancement in culture. --Olibbya and Matthew

6. Ambassadors in Italian society were meant to share information between the smaller states to help protect them. It was used to maintain peace and and form possible alliances. The modern ambassadors serve a purpose of helping protect and aid citizens from their home country. The ambassadors help trade relations between countries. They also help keep peac between different countries. --Dean and Mamdouh 7. Machiavelli’s The Prince expresses both how the prince or ruler of a country should relate to the people and the expansion and acquisition of political power to restore and maintain order during this time period. This work is important because it was an intellectual work that influenced leaders of the time and in the future by incorporating his knowledge of politics and of Italian history in order to examine Italy’s political hemisphere and how rulers should rule it. It also expressed the Renaissances focus on politics and the power associated with it. The message inside of The Prince is significant because it was a different philosophy than those of the medieval time period and the ideas of Eramus in Education of a Christian Prince. His message is also influential and important because his political ideas again differed from those of the time, for example how the Medici family ruled haphazardly and behind the scenes, and his ideas influenced princes and other rulers like the Medici to be more involved with the people that they governed. --Ellen and Miranda

8. The concept of Neoplatonism is the philosophy born out of Florentine Marsilio Fincios translations of the works of Plato for Florentine leader Cosimo de’ Medici. This philosophy was followed by many people, particularly the members of the Florentine Platonic Academy in Florence, Italy. He combines the ideas of Christianity and Platonism into one idea using the Neoplatonic hierarchy of substances and the idea of spiritual love. The hierarchy of substances ranks all things from low (ie plants and the earth) to highest form of spirit (ie spiritual thoughts and God). He claimed that humans were the link between the spiritual world and the material world because their souls are linked to God. He also wrote that spiritual or Platonic love was that all things in the universe, like people, were bound by sympathetic love. This idea is important because it was a part of humanism or the intellectual movement in Italy during the Renaissance and it was an example of forward thinking and a revival of Classic Greek and Roman thought. --Ellen and Miranda

10. The school of “liberal arts” was founded in 1423 by Vittorino da Feltre at Mantua, including subjects like history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music. The Renaissance valued the liberal arts based on the strong influence of an education treatise called Concerning Character, written by Pietro Paolo Vergerio. Its aim was not to create great scholars, but rather to produce complete citizens who could participate in their communities’ civics. These individuals followed a path of virtue and wisdom, and possessed the rhetorical skills with which to persuade others to do the same. These values changed the Renaissance educational system and also influenced our system today. Teaching in Liberal Arts Universities now is often Socratically-styled, typically with small classes and often has a low student to teacher ratio. Schools concentrate on producing well-rounded individuals, requiring courses outside of the basic freshman math class, like Latin or Theology courses. (Callie/Megan) 11. The goals of the Humanists schools for the majority was to produce individuals that followed the path of wisdom and virtue and persuaded others to do the same. The goals of the Humanists schools for the two girls was to teach them religion and morals because that was at the time thought to hold first place in education for a Christian lady. --Dean and Mamdouh

12. Humanists brought secularism into society by eliminating the role of God in historical interpretations, so that they may take a new approach toward sources. More attention was focused on political events and forces that affected their city-states or larger territorial units, stressing the role of individuals in history. --Dean and Mamdouh

13. The invention of the printing press allowed for books to be produced in the millions, since books no longer had to be written by hand. Books were now more accessible to the public, which allowed the new ideas of the Reformation to spread faster. Lastly, the printing press encouraged the spread of knowledge and the development of scholarly research. --Michael and Marty

14. The Hundred Years War developed a strong sense of French patriotism toward a common enemy that the kings could use to re-establish monarchical power. Waging war provided an excuse for Charles VII to strengthen the authority of the king. Charles VII established an army, and, with the Estates-General’s permission, levied an annual direct tax on property. The process of developing a French monarchy was greatly advanced by King Louis XI, though he was not completely successful in repressing the French nobility. Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, attempted to create a middle kingdom between France and Germany. When Charles was killed, King Louis XI added part of Charles’ possessions to his own land. The provinces of Anjou, Maine, Bar and Provence fell under the king’s control and left a base for the later development of a strong French state. (Callie/Megan)

15. Henry VII worked to reduce internal conflict and established a strong monarchical government. Also, he ended private wars amongst the nobility by abolishing that aristocrats could have their own private armies. He managed to avoid talking to Parliament by not going to war. He also controlled irresponsible nobles by establishing the Court of Star Chamber, which didn’t use juries, but rather used torture to extract confessions. (Jeremy Foust and Haleah DeMio)

16. When Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married, two dynasties merged together in Spain. They and their respective countries worked together to establish Spain as a major power. The royal council was filled with middle class lawyers instead of aristocrats, and these lawyers worked with the belief that the monarchy itself embodied the power of the state. Military forced were reorganized under the new rulers, and the Spanish army quickly became top notch in Europe. --Olibbya and Matthew

17. Ferdinand and Isabella also wanted to control the Catholic Church. They selected the most important church officials, which guaranteed the creation of a powerful Spanish Catholic Church in which the clergy could assist in obtaining Spanish royal power. The monarchs also used to church to instigate reform and especially used Cardinal Ximenes to restore discipline and eliminate immortality. Ferdinand and Isabella also practiced the policy of strict religious uniformity, which created unity and bolstered royal power. These events led to the creation of the Spanish Inquisition, which worked to guarantee the orthodoxy of concerts. The monarchs eventually expelled all Jews from Spain over the religious differences, and also expelled Muslims after attacking their kingdom. This helped to achieve the overall goal of absolute religious orthodoxy in the Spanish state. --Olibbya and Matthew

17b. ANSWER BATTLE! TWO GROUPS DID THIS ONE!!!! Because of the Inquisition's brutality, there were many effects that took place. One effect was that most of the Jews and Muslims in Spain left or were killed. This made Spain a predominantly Catholic society. The church also banned some books, to keep people from reading material they did not agree with. If anybody questioned the church, they were put on trial. Many people had fear of the powerful Catholic Church. The Inquisition made many people fear and resent the Church and its teachings, which affects society later on during the Reformation. Today Spain is still a predominantly Catholic country. --Andjela and Jared

18. LOTSA marriages. France was TOTES JELLY!! ← What could that possibly mean? I don’t know the cool lingo, y’all...

No, but seriously, the Habsburg’s ruled and maintained their dynasty by going through constant marriages to ensure there was always a ruler to take over. Also, they believed in not going to war, but rather letting others go to war instead of them. This made other countries (such as France) worried because they feared that they would be surrounded by Habsburgs (a dream I often have). (Jeremy Foust and Haleah DeMio)

19. The Lollards and the Hussites had very similar views as to the Catholic Church because the Hussites adopted many of the Lollards’ views. These views that both had were; the Bible is the ultimate and only authority in the Church and the popes and clergy should be striped of all authority because the BIble does not mention any authority going to the Pope, the Bible should be written in a vernacular language so the Bible could act as everyone's moral authority, and that all practices such as the anointing of saints and pilgrimages should be done away with because the Bible stated nothing of the sort. These heretical views were because of The Great Schism and all of the corruption and scandalous activities in and surrounding the papacy. -Adam Fader & Devin Halladay 20. Music shifted from being in the religious sphere of the world to more of the secular sphere of the world once composers started to change the traditional Gregorian Chants to a more melodic melody. This change loosened the Church’s grip on all of the world making the world more secular than ever which is one of the main things the Renaissance did in Europe. Also music composed in this time was very artistic in the way it was played or sung, and was very emotional, similar to Italian Renaissance art. -Adam Fader & Devin Halladay