Chapter 14, Section 1 End I. The Reforming Spirit (Pages 412–413) A. Religious and social reform brought change to the American way of life. Some Americans looked to improve society by forming utopias, or communities based on a vision of a perfect society.

1. In 1825, Robert Owen established New Harmony, Indiana. Here the people were dedicated to cooperation rather than competition.

2. The Mormons, Shakers, and other religious groups also built utopian communities. The Mormons were the only group that lasted.

B. In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening spread a new sense of religious fervor. It increased church membership and inspired people to become involved in missionary work and social reform movements.

C. Reformers waged a war against alcohol, blaming it for family breakups, crime, and insanity. Alcohol abuse was widespread, especially in the West and among urban workers.

1. Reformers called for temperance, or drinking little or no alcohol.

2. In 1826 the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was formed.

D. In 1851 Maine was the first state to pass a law banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. Other states followed; however, most of these laws were repealed within several years.

Did You Know? The Perkins Institute taught several people who became famous, including Helen Keller, who was blind and deaf. Inventor Alexander Graham Bell referred her to the school. The director of Perkins sent Anne Sullivan, a recent Perkins graduate, to become Keller’s resident tutor, and together they became a famous teacher/student pairing because of Keller’s great achievements in learning. turn II. Reforming Education (Pages 413–415) A. In the early 1800s, the nation did not provide free public education for all. Only New England provided free elementary education. In some areas people paid fees; in others, there were no schools.

B. Horace Mann was the leader of education reform. He became the head of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837. He believed that education was essential to democracy. Reforms included the following:

1. lengthening the school year to six months

2. improving the school curriculum

3. doubling teachers’ salaries

4. finding better ways of training teachers

In 1839 Massachusetts founded the first state-supported school for training teachers called a normal school.

C. By the 1850s all states accepted these three basic principles of public education:

1. Schools should be free and supported by taxes. 2. Teachers should be trained. 3. Children should be required to attend school.

D. It took time before these principles were effective, however. Schools lacked funds, teachers lacked training, and some people opposed compulsory education. There were other obstacles.

1. Most females did not go to school, or if they did, they studied music or needlework, not science, mathematics, and history.

2. Many children in the West had no school to go to.

3. African Americans had few opportunities to go to school. E. During the age of reform, religious groups founded many colleges such as Amherst, Holy Cross, Trinity, and Wesleyan between 1820 and 1850. Most admitted only men.

F. Some higher institutions did provide opportunities to people previously denied an education.

1. Oberlin College of Ohio, founded in 1833, admitted women and African Americans. 2. Mount Holyoke was established as the first permanent women’s college in America. 3. Ashmun Institute was the first college for African Americans. It later became Lincoln University.

G. Some reformers dealt with teaching people with disabilities. The Hartford School for the Deaf in Connecticut opened in 1817, founded by Thomas Gallaudet. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe helped the visually impaired. He headed Perkins Institute, a school for the blind, and developed books with raised letters to help people “read.”

III. Cultural Trends (Page 415) A. Reform influenced art and literature. Transcendentalists were writers and poets who stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience.

B. The following were leading writers of the transcendental movement:

1. Margaret Fuller, who supported women’s rights

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who believed in the inner voice of conscience and the idea that people can break the bonds of prejudice

3. Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than pay a $1 tax to support the Mexican War, which he was against. He practiced civil disobedience, or refusing to obey laws he thought were unjust. C. The following were other leading poets and writers of the period:

1. Emily Dickinson, who wrote the poem “Hope” in 1861, compared hope with a bird

2. Harriet Beecher Stowe, who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, explored the injustice of slavery

3. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote narrative poems such as “The Song of Hiawatha” and The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere.

4. Walt Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass about the new American spirit. Chapter 14, Section 2 End I. Early Efforts to End Slavery (Pages 418–419) A. Some Americans worked hard to abolish, or end, slavery during this age of reform. The religious revival and reform movement spurred the antislavery movement. Many of these people were Quakers. Benjamin Lundy, a Quaker, founded a newspaper in 1821 to spread the antislavery message.

B. Formed in 1816, the American Colonization society worked toward resettling African Americans in Africa and the Caribbean. It was founded by white Virginians who worked to free enslaved workers by buying them from their slaveholders and sending them out of the country.

1. The society bought land on the west coast of Africa. The first African Americans settled there and called the area Liberia.

2. In 1847 Liberia became independent. Emigration continued there until the Civil War.

3. The society could not end slavery but could only resettle a small number of African Americans. Besides, most African Americans did not want to resettle in Africa. They wanted their freedom in America.

II. The Movement Changes (Pages 419–421)

A. Beginning about 1830, reformers began to crusade strongly against slavery. Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founded his own newspaper, The Liberator, in 1831. He called for the “immediate and complete emancipation” of enslaved people. People began to listen.

Did You Know? Members of the Quaker religion were some of the earliest opponents of slavery in the United States. Today the Quakers continue to work for peace. Many Quakers were conscientious objectors during World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. turn B. Garrison started the New England Antislavery Society in 1832 and the American Antislavery Society in 1833. By 1838 there were more than 1,000 chapters around the country of the societies that Garrison began.

C. The Grimké sisters, Sara and Angelina, were among the first women who spoke out publicly against slavery. In 1839 Angelina and her husband, Theodore Weld, wrote American Slavery As It Is, a firsthand account of life under slavery.

D. African Americans played a major role in the abolitionist movement. The African Americans of the North especially wanted to help the enslaved people of the South. They subscribed to The Liberator, took part in organizing and directing the American Antislavery Society, and began their own newspapers.

1. The first African American newspaper, Freedom’s Journal, was founded in 1827 by Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm .

2. In 1830 free African American leaders held a convention in Philadelphia.

E. Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery in Maryland and settled first in Massachusetts and then New York. He became a powerful speaker and writer, editing an antislavery newspaper, the North Star. He traveled abroad but returned to the United States, feeling that abolitionists must fight slavery in America. In 1847 he was able to purchase his freedom from the slaveholder he had fled.

F. Sojourner Truth was born a slave and later escaped slavery. She changed her name from Belle(Isabella Baumfree) to Sojourner Truth in 1843 and worked for abolitionism and women’s rights. III. The Underground Railroad (Pages 422–424) A. The Underground Railroad was a network of escape routes to the North and then to Canada. Abolitionists helped enslaved African Americans escape to freedom and risked prison and even death if caught.

1. The passengers traveled at night and rested during the day.

2. Early on, many people traveled on foot. Later, they traveled in wagons, some equipped with secret compartments.

3. Even in the North, however, the runaways still feared capture.

4. Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad after escaping slavery herself.

5. The Underground Railroad helped only a small number of the enslaved people, and most who used it as an escape route came from the Border States, not the Deep South.

B. Opposition to abolitionism developed in the South both by people who owned enslaved African Americans and those who did not. These people felt that abolitionism threatened the South’s way of life.

C. Opposition in the North resulted because some Northerners saw the antislavery movement as a threat to the nation’s social order. Some felt that if freed, African Americans could not blend into American society, and some feared that the abolitionists could bring on a war between the North and the South. Economic fears also contributed to the opposition because Northern workers feared that freed African Americans would take away their jobs since they would work for less pay.

D. Violence erupted from the opposition to abolitionists.

1. In the 1830s a Philadelphia mob burned the city’s antislavery headquarters and set off a race riot.

2. In Boston a mob attacked William Lloyd Garrison and threatened to hang him. He was jailed instead to save his life. 3. Elijah Lovejoy was an abolitionist newspaper editor. His printing presses were destroyed three times, and the fourth time, a mob set fire to the building. He was shot and killed when he came out.

E. The conflict between proslavery and antislavery groups grew. The South reacted to abolitionism by claiming that slavery was essential to economic progress and prosperity. Southerners also said that they treated enslaved people well and that slavery was preferable to factory work in the North. Many whites also believed that African Americans were better off under white care than on their own. Chapter 14, Section 3 end I. Women and Reform (Pages 425–427) A. Women abolitionists were the first to also campaign for women’s rights, to improve women’s lives, and win equal rights.

1. Lucretia Mott, a Quaker, gave lectures in Philadelphia, helped fugitive slaves, and organized the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Mott at a world antislavery convention and along with a few other women worked for women’s rights.

B. The first women’s rights convention took place in Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848.

It issued a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions that called for the following: 1. an end to all laws that discriminated against women 2. entrance into the all-male worlds of trade, professions, and business 3. suffrage, or the right to vote

C. The women’s right movement grew. Women held conventions. Many reformers, including men, joined the movement. Beginning in 1890 with Wyoming but not ending until 1920, woman suffrage finally became legal everywhere in the United States.

D. Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s rights, temperance, and the reform of New York property and divorce laws. She called for equal pay, college training, and coeducation in the schools. She organized the first women’s temperance association called the Daughters of Temperance. She and Elizabeth Cady Stanton became lifelong friends, and together they led the women’s movement.

Did You Know? With the issue of a new dollar coin in 1979, Susan B. Anthony became the first woman to be depicted on United States currency. Unfortunately, the coin was not very popular due to its size, which was too similar to that of a quarter. Turn

II. Progress by American Women (Pages 427–428) A. Women worked toward establishing educational opportunities, changing marriage and family laws that were unfavorable to them, and breaking barriers in careers. The early feminists made some progress but had only just begun the struggle.

B. Women did not have advanced institutions that they could attend, so they were prevented from becoming doctors, lawyers, and other professionals. Before the 1830s, no university or college would accept women. The belief was that women should not have advanced education and that it was useless and even dangerous for women to learn such subjects as mathematics.

1. Emma Willard established the Troy Female Seminary in upstate New York in 1821.

2. Mary Lyon established Mount Holyoke in 1837.

C. Women made some gains in marriage and property laws in New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Mississippi, and California. Some states passed laws permitting women to share guardianship of their children with their husbands. Indiana was the first state to allow divorce to a woman if her husband was alcoholic.

D. Some women were able to break into the fields of medicine and the ministry or other previously all-male professions. Progress was limited, however, by social customs and expectations.