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News in Review, November 2012

1. Justin Trudeau: Federal Liberal's Future? (Length: 17:06) 2. Ontario Teachers & Democratic Rights (Length: 14:42) 3. Canada's Soccer Fixing Scandal (Length: 14:24) 4. E. Coli Health Hazard (Length: 15:46) NOVEMBER 2012

CONTENTS

IN THIS ISSUE...... 2

Justin Trudeau: Federal Liberal's Future?...... 4 SETTING THE STAGE...... 4 VIDEO REVIEW...... 7 ACTIVITY: The Cult of Celebrity vs. Family Dynasty...... 9

Ontario Teachers & Democratic Rights...... 11 MINDS-ON ACTIVITY...... 11 SETTING THE STAGE...... 11 VIDEO REVIEW...... 13 ACTIVITY: Collective Bargaining...... 16 ACTIVITY: Ontario’s Teachers and Democratic Rights...... 18

Canada's Soccer Fixing Scandal...... 20 MINDS-ON DISCUSSION...... 20 SETTING THE STAGE...... 20 VIDEO REVIEW...... 23 ACTIVITIES: Gambling in Canada...... 26 ACTIVITY: How to Fix a Soccer Game...... 27

E. Coli Health Hazard...... 29 SETTING THE STAGE...... 29 VIDEO REVIEW...... 31 ACTIVITY: Surveying Current Attitudes...... 34

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 1 NOVEMBER 2012

IN THIS ISSUE

Justin Trudeau: Federal Liberal's Future? (Length: 17:06) Does Justin Trudeau have what it takes to be the country’s next prime minister? This is the question everyone has been asking since he announced his intention to run for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada. This News in Review story explores the famous Trudeau name, Justin’s political career so far and the buzz surrounding his announcement.

News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos Canadians Vote in a Spring Election, May 2011 Breaking Point Parliament and the Election Question, Canada: A People's History, Season 2 (1873 to March 2011 1990) The Conservatives and the Coalition, The Hour: Prime Ministers and Presidents February 2009 The Hour Talks Politics Canadians to Vote in Federal Election, Trudeau: The Man, the Myth, the Movie October 2008 Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making The Liberals Choose a New Leader, December 2006 Liberal Trouble: The Sponsorship Scandal, April 2004 Pierre Trudeau: Captivating a Nation, October 2000

Ontario Teachers & Democratic Rights (Length: 14:42) Is it a violation of constitutional rights, or the necessary action of a government in a time of severe fiscal restraint? In early September, Dalton McGuinty’s government bypassed the traditional collective- bargaining process and legislated a new agreement into force for Ontario teachers’ unions. This News in Review story examines the controversial Bill 115 that enforces a wage freeze for Ontario teachers and restricts their right to strike.

News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos Quebec Students Speak Out, September 2012 The Education of Brian Nicholl Overworked and Underpaid: Nurses Strike Back, September 1999 Redefining Education: Showdown in Ontario, November 1998

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 2 NOVEMBER 2012

Canada's Soccer Fixing Scandal (Length: 14:24) Soccer has become increasingly popular in Canada in recent years. Millions of Canadians watch what's known as "The Beautiful Game" online and on television. This means big business — and big betting — both here and around the world. News in Review follows the story of an international match-fixing syndicate operating in the semi-professional Canadian Soccer League and a scandal that led to criminal charges in Germany.

News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos Lance Armstrong: Hero or Villain? The Big Gamble October 2012 You Bet Your Life Poker Craze: An Old Game Goes Big Time, March 2006 Gambling in Canada: Risky Business, March 1993

E. Coli Health Hazard (Length: 15:46) The biggest beef recall in Canadian history started with a routine test for E. coli at the United States border on September 3. In the following weeks at least 12 people from B.C. to Newfoundland would become ill. News in Review follows the story as tainted beef became a massive political and safety issue…and called into question the actions of the federal government and its inspectors.

News in Review Study Modules Related CBC Videos Deadly Bacteria Strike Canadians, October 2008 Farm Inc. Food Safety: From Store to Fork, Food-Borne Diseases November 2003 The Great Food Revolution: A Citizen's Guide to The Walkerton Legacy: Ongoing Vigil, Eating in the 21st Century September 2001 Superbugs in the Supermarket: Antibiotic- Deadly Water: The Lessons of Walkerton, Resistant Bacteria September 2000

Exercises marked with this symbol indicate that a worksheet to aid in the exploration of the topic is available online.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 3 NOVEMBER 2012

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 4 SETTING THE STAGE

Rock star appeal.„ Edgy and “ „ “ „ fresh. “Hip and appealing. These are just some of the words that were used in newspapers across the country to describe Justin Trudeau after he declared that he was officially running for the leadership of the federal Liberals. These aren’t the words that are usually associated with politicians in Canada. In fact, politics is seen by most to be pretty dry and boring, as are the politicians that work within the system. But that is not the case for Trudeau. He seems to have the uncanny ability to attract attention and generate excitement wherever he goes.

But why? Well, he is one of the youngest federal members of parliament — he recently turned 40. He is attractive, and has a beautiful wife and two small children. And we do live in an era where we are fascinated by the lives of the rich and famous. People tune in to watch Fashion Television, or shows featuring models, or hair cutting, or makeovers. And of course, magazine covers are plastered with the images of beautiful actors and models.

If a Liberal backbencher named Justin Turner or Justin Thibeault had declared his intention “ to seek his party’s leadership, let alone leaked that intention a long time in advance, only his mother would have attended the press conference. „ – Jeffrey Simpson, The Globe & Mail, October 19, 2012

Famous Family But Trudeau isn’t receiving all this attention just speak, threw flowers at the podium upon which because he is considered to be good looking. He he stood, and some swooned and fainted when also has a famous last name. In Canada, the they were in his presence. Just like young girls Trudeau family is about the closest anyone can are apt to do at a music concert. come to royalty. Justin’s father — Pierre Elliot Trudeau — was Prime minister (PM) of Canada He married Margaret Sinclair in 1971, three for 15 years during the 1960s to the 1980s. years after he had been elected Prime minister. Prime Minister Trudeau was no stranger to Sinclair was thirty years younger than him, and publicity himself. When he first became PM he she was glamorous and free spirited. The was a bachelor. Women lined up to hear him Canadian public loved her too. She and Trudeau had three boys over the next six years and NOVEMBER 2012 pictures of the young family appeared frequently 1967 after the government proposed in the newspaper. Justin is the eldest son. decriminalizing homosexuality and liberalizing divorce laws (The Globe and Mail, December Like most politicians, Pierre Elliot Trudeau’s 21, 1967). legacy has been widely debated. He is considered to be one of the most intelligent Questions about Justin Trudeau prime ministers to ever lead the country. He But while much has been written about Pierre introduced official bilingualism to the country, Trudeau’s intellectual ability and political and enshrined the Charter of Rights and legacy, not much has been written about Justin Freedoms in 1982. He also had an arrogant Trudeau’s abilities in those areas. He may be as streak and a willingness to stand up for what he intelligent as his father, but that remains to be believed in — even if it offended some people. seen. He worked as a high school teacher for While politicians today might be accused of most of his life, and first came to public being wishy-washy or extremely careful not to prominence when he delivered an emotional and say something clear and direct, Trudeau was passionate eulogy at his father’s funeral in 2000. often in trouble because he refused to go along The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) with United States policy, or because he was a received numerous requests to rebroadcast the strong federalist and did not believe that Quebec eulogy, and in 2003 the CBC identified the should be a sovereign nation. speech as one of the most significant events in But he alienated many Western Canadians with Canada in the previous 50 years. his National Energy Program, which was seen as Although he had become increasingly more unfairly depriving western provinces of the full active in Canadian politics throughout the economic benefit from their oil and gas 2000s, he was first elected in 2008. His lack of resources, in order to pay for nationwide social traditional political experience means that some programs, and make regional transfer payments Canadians still don’t feel they know enough to poorer parts of the country. And many people about his intellectual abilities, or his disagreed with his government introducing understanding of complex global issues. If he official bilingualism, being concerned that becomes leader of the federal Liberal party in Trudeau was moving the country too far away April 2013 (the date of the Liberal leadership from its British roots. He also had progressive convention), he could go on to become the next social views and famously said that “the state prime minister of Canada. has no place in the bedrooms of the nation” in

To Consider

1. What might be the advantages and disadvantages of having a young Prime minister?

2. If you were going to vote in an election do you think you would be influenced by the age and physical appearance of a politician? Why or why not?

3. Do you think that it is true that the main reason people are excited by Justin Trudeau is because he comes from a famous family? Explain.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 6 NOVEMBER 2012

VIDEO REVIEW

Pre-viewing Activities

Organize yourself into small groups and respond to the following questions and activities. Be prepared to share your responses with the rest of the class.

1. Think about a really effective leader you have known. This could be a boss, a principal, a coach, or another role model. Record the qualities that the person possessed.

2. Do you think those are the same qualities required of an effective politician? Why or why not?

3. How important is the physical appearance of a politician? Do you think attractive people inspire more confidence?

Viewing Questions

1. How old is Justin Trudeau?

2. When was he first elected to federal politics and what riding does he represent?

3. Trudeau attracts a great deal of attention for the controversial things he says and does. Explain what he did to get into trouble in each of the following situations:

a) Use of language in the House of Commons

b) Comments about a sovereign Quebec

c) Boxing match

4. List the reasons why many people are happy he is running for the leadership of the federal Liberal party?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 7 NOVEMBER 2012

5. List the reasons some people are unhappy he is running for the leadership?

6. What does it mean when people say that Trudeau has to “prove himself”?

Post-viewing Activities

1. Do you think it would be difficult to be the son or daughter of a famous person? Why?

2. Do you think it works to Justin Trudeau’s advantage or disadvantage that his father was famous? Explain.

3. Trudeau seems to be considered by many to be very attractive. Explain at least one way this helps him, and also hurts him.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 8 NOVEMBER 2012

ACTIVITY: The Cult of Celebrity vs. Family Dynasty

There are different types of fame. Some people are famous for their accomplishments. They might be great athletes, great writers or great artists. We learn about these people in school, buy books about them or see their names in the popular media.

VOCABULARY – Infamous When someone becomes known for something they have done that is shameful, harmful, or evil that person is referred to as infamous.

But some people are famous for no particular reason. “The cult of celebrity” refers to this type of fame and Famous Canadian Families includes people like the Kardashians, Paris Hilton The Trudeaus – Pierre Elliot Trudeau was and Nicole Richie. These people tend to come from prime minister of Canada for 15 years. His wealthy families. They haven’t actually achieved eldest son Justin is a federal member of anything themselves, but they are photographed parliament and is running for the leadership wherever they go, get a lot of media attention, and of the federal Liberal party. we follow what is happening in their lives. The Mulroneys – Brian Mulroney was prime minister of Canada for nine years. His son Other people are famous because of their family Ben is an entertainment reporter and name or legacy. The Kennedys would be the most television host. famous example of this in the United States, as would the Samsung family in Japan. In Canada, The Stronachs – Frank Stronach is the probably the most famous family name is Trudeau. billionaire owner of Magna International, an auto parts supplier. His daughter, Belinda Justin Trudeau is often dismissed by critics as being Stronach became president of Magna in a “lightweight.” This means that people do not 2002, and she was also a member of believe he is a strong intellectual or that he knows a parliament from 2004 to 2008. great deal about complex issues. These same critics The Suzukis – David Suzuki is a prominent also argue that he has only gotten to where he is scientist, activist and television personality. today because of his famous last name. But is it right His eldest daughter, Severn Cullis-Suzuki is to dismiss him just because his father was famous? If an environmental and social activist, an that were the case, then wouldn’t the children of all author and international speaker. famous parents be destined to fail?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 9 NOVEMBER 2012

Your Turn

1. With a partner or in a small group, record a detailed response to the following question:

Do the children of accomplished parents learn a great deal just by growing up in a family where a parent is famous, successful, and wealthy? (Consider the ideas that the child would be exposed to around the dinner table, the travel the child would get to do with their parents, the types of people the child would get to meet, and the opportunities that would be available to the child by being part of such a family.)

2. On your smartphone, tablet or computer, research one of the children mentioned in the text box on Famous Canadian Families on this page. Record a list of the person’s accomplishments.

3. Based on your research, do you think that the person has made a successful life for himself or herself based on their own hard work, or only their family name?

4. Conclude by reflecting on what you have learned about famous families and state whether or not you think that people should keep an open mind about Justin Trudeau and his potential as a political leader. Be prepared to share your conclusion with the class.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 10 News in Review – November 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide ONTARIO’S TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS MINDS-ON ACTIVITY

Work with a partner and answer the following guiding questions:

1. How important are trade unions?

2. What role do unions play in defending workers rights and guaranteeing fair pay?

3. In your opinion, do most Canadians look upon trade unions favourably or unfavourably?

4. Should collective bargaining and union membership be considered a right or a privilege in Canada?

Bill 115 was named the “Putting Students First Act” by the Ontario Liberal government.

SETTING THE STAGE looked at the government’s plans and walked away from the talks. Only the Catholic teachers’ With a provincial deficit approaching $15 billion union agreed to continue the process and, in (and a debt load of over $200 billion), Ontario July, the union and the government signed a Premier Dalton McGuinty made it clear to the memorandum of understanding (MOU). The public sector that wages would be frozen until MOU called for: the province’s finances could be brought back to  A two-year wage freeze a reasonable level. Caught in the cross hairs of this threat were Ontario’s teachers whose  The reduction of teacher sick days from 20 contracts were set to expire late in the summer to 10 of 2012. The unions told their members to brace  The elimination of banked sick days to be for a fight. In the end, there wasn’t much of a cashed out at retirement fight because the government legislated the terms of a new deal, effectively circumventing  Three unpaid professional development days collective bargaining in the process. (essentially cutting salaries by 1.5 per cent) to pay for salary increases for younger The Birth of Bill 115 teachers The McGuinty Liberals said the legislative move With contracts set to expire, McGuinty recalled was justified. They notified all public sector the legislature early and used the MOU as the workers early in 2012 that their wages were template to push through the controversial Bill going to be frozen. When the teachers’ unions 115. The legislation imposed the conditions of came to the bargaining table in February, they

11 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS the MOU on 114 000 teachers as well as 7 000 The government responded that they were administrators, 1 500 early childhood educators, simply making tough decisions in tough and over 50 000 school support staff. In other economic times and promised that more words, close to 200 000 education workers (if legislation was coming if the other public sector you include occasional teachers in the mix) unions didn’t agree to a wage freeze. suddenly saw their sick leave dramatically altered and their pay cut (not frozen!) without Prorogation and Resignation any regard for the traditional collective- But before he could make due on his promise, bargaining process. Even Catholic teachers, Premier McGuinty took a few drastic and whose union signed the MOU, were not given unexpected steps. In a hastily assembled caucus the opportunity to vote on and approve the deal meeting (and with all the major news networks their union had negotiated. In addition to present with cameras rolling), McGuinty imposing the MOU on the education sector, Bill announced that he was shutting down the 115 also restricted the teachers’ right to strike legislature for six months (an act called for two years. proroguing parliament) and resigning as premier. Critics claimed that the prorogation and The teachers were warned resignation were designed to shift public For their part, the government said that ample attention away from the Liberals fight with the notice had been given. Teachers’ unions public sector and a controversy surrounding the couldn’t expect to simply let contracts roll over costly shutdown of two gas power plants. — complete with pay increases — when they McGuinty claimed that a “pause” in the had been warned eight months earlier that pay legislative sitting would allow the government freezes were imminent. The government also and the unions to hammer out the public sector reminded the unions that, if they couldn’t (or contracts needed to reign in government wouldn’t) negotiate a collective-bargaining spending. agreement accepting a pay freeze, they would pass legislation to protect the provincial budget. An Uncertain Future And that is precisely what they did. With the teachers legislated into cooperation, the Liberals still faced the prospect of contentious Political Strategy? War on Unions? battles with other public employee unions and As classes reconvened in the fall, tensions ran political opponents who were furious over high. Opposition critics argued that McGuinty’s prorogation. All things considered, the end of heavy-handed approach was a strategy to try to McGuinty’s time as premier ushered in an era of help him win two byelections that would have uncertainty. given the Liberal’s a majority government. The Liberals lost both seats, so clearly the strategy didn’t work. Union leaders decried the government’s disregard for collective bargaining and viewed McGuinty’s use of legislation as a de facto declaration of war on trade unionism.

Checking Understanding 1. Why did Premier Dalton McGuinty need public sector workers to accept a pay freeze?

2. Why were teachers angry with the provisions set out in Bill 115?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 12 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

3. How did the McGuinty Liberals justify their decision to legislate the labour agreement with the teachers?

4. Why did McGuinty prorogue the legislature?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 13 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

VIDEO REVIEW

Pre-viewing Activity

When teachers get into a labour conflict with the government or their local school board, they are often at a loss in terms of how to fight back. Most teachers enjoy working with their students both in their classes and outside the classroom. However, when labour strife gets heated, teachers almost always resort to work to rule (withdrawal of voluntary services like coaching and committee work) before turning to the extreme measure of an all-out strike (complete withdrawal of services).

1. Do you think work to rule is an effective strategy for teachers to use to demonstrate their unhappiness with the government or local school board? Who is affected when this strategy is used? Who benefits from this strategy?

2. Should teachers be allowed to strike? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Viewing Questions

1. a) What did the Ontario government plan to do to the wages of doctors, teachers and other public sector workers in the spring budget of 2012?

b) What did the government plan to do if they couldn't negotiate a collective-bargaining agreement?

2. How did opposition leaders Andrea Horvath and Tim Hudac react to the Liberal's plan?

3. What other cost saving measures did the Liberal's plan to introduce in the education sector?

4. According to the Liberals, when would the budget be balanced?

5. What did some of the teachers’ unions say in response to the government's threat to force a collective- bargaining agreement by legislation?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 14 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

6. How long did Bill 115 suspend the right of teachers to strike?

7. Teachers claimed that they were fighting for collective-bargaining rights and not for more pay. Does this position come through clearly in the documentary?

8. Why did some teachers believe that the heavy-handed approach of the government set the collective- bargaining process back generations?

9. Was their public sympathy for the teacher's cause?

10. How did teachers react to the passing of Bill 115?

11. According to teacher Valid Amani, what percentage of what teachers do is “not mandated”? Do you think this is an accurate assessment?

12. What did Premier Dalton McGuinty have to say about teachers threatening to withdraw voluntary services?

13. According to People for Education's Annie Kidder, how important are extra-curricular activities in the lives of students?

14. What are “McGuinty Mondays”?

15. What surprising step to McGuinty takes in the fall of 2012?

Post-viewing Questions

1. In the fall of 2012, some teachers’ unions initiated strike action despite the restrictions placed on this strategy by Bill 115. Teachers affected were directed to only take part in work that they were contracted to complete. They stopped attending staff meetings, gave out report cards without comments, and informed the government that they would not administer provincially mandated

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 15 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

standardized tests. Do these strategies seem reasonable in light of the teachers’ battle with the provincial government?

2. What actions do you think teachers should be allowed to take when they are in a disagreement with the government or their local school board over their working conditions?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 16 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

ACTIVITY: Collective Bargaining

Review the collective-bargaining process and complete the activity that follows.

The Collective-Bargaining Process 1. Notice to bargain Either the employer or the union can give notice either within 90 days of the expiration of a contract or within the parameters set out in the previous collective-bargaining agreement (CBA). If notice to bargain is not provided by either side, the previous collective agreement remains in effect until another one is negotiated. 2. Exchange proposals Within 15 days of giving notice of the intention to bargain or at a later date agreed to by both sides. 3. Bargaining starts Proposals are considered and counter-proposals are exchanged. When bargaining works, a CBA is ratified and the process stops here. 4. Conciliation If no agreement is reached through bargaining, either side can apply to the Ministry of Labour for conciliation. A conciliation officer is appointed and she/he tries to help the two sides come to an agreement. If conciliation fails, the Ministry of Labour is advised of the impasse and a “No Board” report is sent to the employer and the union advising them of the failure. 5. Lockout/Strike Seventeen days after the issuing of a “No Board” report, the union is in a legal strike position and the employer is in a lockout position. A strike is the withdrawal of labour by employees and a lockout involves the employer preventing their workers from working. Both a strike and a lockout essentially remove the rights and protections negotiated in the previous CBA. Keep in mind that employees must approve strike action in a vote during the last 30 days of the CBA. During a strike, employees can picket in front of their workplace but they can’t completely prevent access to the workplace. During a strike/lockout period, bargaining continues until an agreement is reached. 6. Ratification Vote Once an agreement has been reached, both sides have to ratify the new CBA. Ratification involves approval by a majority of stakeholders in a vote conducted by both sides. If a majority of employees and management personnel vote in favour of the new CBA, the contract is ratified and the new agreement comes into effect. Source: Canadian Union of Public Employees (www.cupe.ca)

Guiding Questions

1. Review the ‘Setting the Stage’ article. How far did the province and the teacher unions get in the CBA process before the McGuinty government legislated the contract?

2. What effect did opting out of the process so early have on the morale of teachers?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 17 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

ACTIVITY

Assume that you have reached stage four of the collective-bargaining process and a conciliator has been appointed. Form a group of five students (two negotiators for each side and one conciliator) and try an informal collective-bargaining exercise based on the following scenario.

The Employer’s Position The employer has fallen on hard times. Profits have dried up and the company is losing money. They want a deal that freezes salaries and reduces the number of fully paid sick days an employee can take. If an employee takes more than five sick days they want their salary reduced to 66 per cent of what they normally make for any additional sick days. After 10 days they want to drop their pay to 50 per cent. The current agreement allows employees to take 10 sick days at full pay. These moves would allow the company to turn a profit within three years. The employer claims that if these issues are not addressed, the company will be bankrupt within the same three-year period. The length of the new CBA would be four years.

The Union’s Position The union believes that the workers should not be punished for the employer’s financial mismanagement. They believe the company can afford to give employees an eight per cent pay increase (two per cent per year) over the four-year term of the contract to match increases in the cost of living due to inflation. They want the sick leave package to stay the same.

The Conciliator’s Position The conciliator has to stay as neutral as possible and bring the sides together.

General Overview of the Process 1. Prepare a proposal for your side and share it.

2. Review the other side’s proposal(s) and prepare a counter-proposal(s).

3. Work with the conciliator on the wording and tone of your proposals and counter- proposals.

4. Try to come to an agreement.

Note: This is a brief and informal attempt to demonstrate what it takes to work toward a collective agreement. The main goal is for both sides to work together to come to an agreement.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 18 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

ACTIVITY: Ontario’s Teachers and Democratic Rights

The Letter of the Law vs. the Spirit of the Law Scholars often draw a distinction between the letter of the law and the spirit of the law. The words that capture the letter of the law provide a literal interpretation of what a law means. However, when a law is analyzed with an open-minded perspective, far-reaching ramifications and interpretations can be gleaned leading to a deeper understanding of the spirit of the law. Keep this in mind as you work through the following activity.

Part 1: Democratic Rights Many critics of the McGuinty government claim that efforts to legislate collective-bargaining agreements were an affront to the democratic rights of workers in Ontario. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms defends the fundamental freedoms and democratic rights of all Canadians. Review section two of the Charter and determine if McGuinty’s actions were, in fact, an affront to democracy. (Note: the Supreme Court of Canada has determined that the right to collective bargaining is covered in the ideal of freedom of association.)

Fundamental Freedoms Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: (a) Freedom of conscience and religion; (b) Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) Freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) Freedom of association.

1. On first reading, were you able to find any specific violations of the fundamental freedoms of workers brought on by McGuinty’s legislated contracts? In other words, did McGuinty violate the “letter of the law” captured in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

2. Re-evaluate the choice of the McGuinty government to pass legislation to impose contracts on the public sector in light of the “spirit of the law.” Did McGuinty’s choice to legislate contracts violate the “spirit of the law” captured in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 19 NOVEMBER 2012 — ONTARIO TEACHERS & DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

Did You Know? Several teachers’ unions challenged the validity of Bill 115 in court. They claimed that the bill was unconstitutional and vowed to fight the terms of the “Putting Students First Act” all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.

Part 2: Prorogation In Canada, voters elect federal and provincial governments at least once every five years. Once a government assumes power, one or more sessions of legislative sittings occur in the appropriate houses of parliament. For example, Canada’s federal government sits in the House of Commons and Alberta’s provincial government sits in the Legislative Assembly. Each session of parliament conducts its business and, when that business is complete, the Governor General or Lieutenant Governor – on the advice of the Prime Minister or Premier - ‘prorogues’ parliament. Prorogation essentially shuts down a parliamentary session that will only begin again when the Governor General or Lieutenant Governor calls the elected representatives back to their appropriate house or parliament. Keep in mind that a parliament can go into adjournment or recess and return without the involvement of the Queen’s representative. Put simply: adjournment means parliament is taking a break; prorogation means parliament is shut down. *

In rare cases, a prime minister or premier can use prorogation to suddenly end a session of parliament. In October 2012, Dalton McGuinty prorogued the Ontario Legislature for six months. Most insiders claim that the business of government had ground to a halt with the minority Liberal government facing the prospect of defeat in the legislature if they didn’t conform to opposition demands. The Liberals were battered and bruised after a tough fall session: they had to legislate a teachers’ contract, they lost two byelections, and they faced massive public criticism over the scrapping of two gas power plants. Therefore, McGuinty opted to prorogue the legislature (and resign his premiership) in an effort to handle government affairs without the constant intervention of the legislature and the prospect of the defeat of his minority government. *Source: Canadian Legal FAQs (http://www.law-faqs.org/wiki/index.php/Prorogation_of_Parliament)

1. Is prorogation a normal part of the democratic process? In other words, does prorogation violate the “letter of the law”?

2. Did Premier McGuinty’s decision to prorogue the legislature violate the “spirit of the law”?

Follow up Write a 7- to 10-sentence opinion paragraph that answers the following question:

Based on your understanding of the state of political affairs in the province of Ontario in 2012, do you believe that the McGuinty Liberals made sound decisions under difficult circumstances or ignored the democratic rights of its citizens?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 20 News in Review – November 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL MINDS-ON DISCUSSION

When the Canadian women’s soccer team played the United States in the semi-final match at the London Olympics, the referee made a series of bizarre calls that many felt cost Canada the match. With the Canadians leading 3-2 in the 80th minute, Canada’s goalkeeper was called for holding the ball for too long (a call that is almost never made and that even the US coach found mind-boggling). On the ensuing indirect free kick, the ball deflected off of a Canadian defender’s arm, which prompted the referee to penalize the Canadian player for handling the ball. The US scored on the subsequent penalty kick to tie the game and they went on to score the game winner in extra-time (fortunately Canada beat France to win the bronze while the US eventually took the gold). For many Canadians the US comeback was too improbable, with more than a few fans claiming “the fix was in.”

1. While there is no evidence that the referee or any other officials were paid off to fix the game, why do you think some fans were so skeptical about the outcome of the game?

2. Why would some people believe that the match must have been fixed? Why are some people so quick to believe in conspiracies and payoffs?

SETTING THE STAGE Canadian Soccer League (CSL) — a 16-team Reda Agourram of the Trois-Rivieres Attak professional soccer association that stages soccer club couldn’t believe his luck when the games mostly in Ontario and parts of Quebec on Toronto Croatia keeper punched his teammates weekends from May to October. Interest in the penalty kick right onto his boot, allowing him to CSL comes nowhere near the level of Major score an easy goal that gave his team a 2-1 lead. League Soccer that sees teams like the He was even more surprised when one of the Vancouver Whitecaps, Montreal Impact, and best players in the league, Toronto Croatia’s Toronto FC play before loud, raucous crowds. In Antonijo Zupan, missed a penalty kick that fact, if you decided to attend a CSL game, you would have tied the game. When it was all over, would likely encounter a fairly empty venue. the Attak won the game 4-1 in a surprising But, if you examine the sparse crowd closely, upset. you might spot an employee of one of the world’s large online gambling websites relaying CSL: A Betting Option (?) a play-by-play of the game back to his employer If you have never heard of the Trois-Rivieres on his smartphone. Why? Put simply, the CSL Attak or the Toronto Croatia soccer franchises, has become a valuable betting option for many you are not alone. Both teams are part of the online gamblers.

21 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

The Canadian Target That’s right, you didn’t read that wrong. Third- tier Canadian soccer is the target of the multi- billion dollar online gambling scene. News of this reality came to light in 2011 when soccer writer Ben Rycroft brought the story to the CBC. Rycroft reported that online betting sites were offering lines on CSL games. He also indicated that match-fixers were not above bribing CSL players to guarantee the game result they were looking for.

In fact, Rycroft and the CBC discovered that an where Reda Agourram scored that easy goal and international match-fixing syndicate had Antonijo Zupan missed that penalty kick. The specifically targeted the CSL. Evidence of this match took place in September of 2009 and, surfaced in a massive soccer scandal that led to according to wiretaps used in evidence at the criminal charges in Germany. The scandal trial, Zupan and four other teammates were paid involved hundreds of matches in 20 countries, up to $18 000 to make sure Toronto Croatia lost mostly in lower-level leagues where the glare of the game by at least two goals. Zupan public attention was least likely. Those involved vehemently denies the allegations. Nevertheless, in the syndicate were accused of bribing players a text sent between two of the fixers suggests and referees in an effort to fix the result of that something rotten happened in Trois- games in favour of insiders betting on the Rivieres that night. Zivko Budimir, the man who games. flew to Canada a month before the game to fix the match, texted one of the syndicate leaders Big Business shortly after the contest and said, “At least Match-fixing is a serious problem in soccer and something is right in this crappy life…Friend, if there is plenty of money to be had if fixers can we don’t become rich here, then I don’t know rig games in their favour. Online gaming sites where we could become rich.” (CBC News, allow for wagers of up to $180 000 (150 000 September 12, 2012) Wiretaps indicated that Euros) and gamblers can bet on everything from Budimir worked with his co-conspirators in the winners and losers to goal differentials. They weeks after the successful fix to lay the ground can even place bets while the game is going on work for future fixes, even floating the prospect — which is why gambling sites hire people to of buying a CSL franchise to his syndicate relay the play-by-play to them via smartphone. comrades. Eventually some of the syndicate Updated information allows odds-makers to re- participants were caught, with the ringleaders jig the betting line as the game progresses — sentenced to five and a half years in a German thus protecting the gambling site from potential prison. losses.

The Canadian Fix CSL: Pleased and Shocked When CSL officials learned of these In Canada, one game was the subject of part of developments they were both pleased and the German trial. The game in question: the shocked. Initially, they were happy that at least Trois-Rivieres Attak vs. Toronto Croatia game ten large gambling sites were offering odds on

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 22 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

CSL games. This demonstrated an interest in the jeopardized if match-fixers are able to buy the league that the CSL had not anticipated. But, scores they want. The syndicate involved in the when they learned that at least one game (and CSL fix was also accused of fixing a World Cup maybe more) might have been fixed, they grew qualifying game. The huge payouts offered to concerned and reported the discovery to FIFA, players and officials to fix a game may be too soccer’s international governing body. tempting for some people to resist. Meanwhile, soccer audiences around the world are left to What’s at stake? wonder if “the beautiful game” is being sold to So what’s at stake if Canadian minor league the gambler with the loosest scruples and the soccer becomes corrupted by match-fixers? fattest wallet. Certainly the integrity of soccer itself is

Checking Understanding

1. Why is the CSL a viable betting option for online gambling sites? Why is the league also an attractive target for match-fixers?

2. What evidence existed that lent credence to the assumption that the September 2009 match between Trois-Rivieres and Toronto Croatia was fixed?

3. In your opinion, what can be done to prevent match-fixing in the future?

Follow up

Based on your reading, why is it unlikely that the Olympic semi-final match between Canada and the US was fixed?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 23 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

VIDEO REVIEW

Pre-viewing Activities

Organize yourself into small groups and respond to the following questions and activities. Be prepared to share your responses with the rest of the class.

1. Match-fixing involves a conspiracy to make sure a game ends in a certain way so that the conspirators can cash in on a bet that can only be characterized as a “sure thing.” How do you think match-fixers are able to guarantee a game ends the way they want it to?

2. Do you think match-fixing occurs in all sports?

3. Which sports, teams, or leagues do you think are most vulnerable to match-fixing?

Viewing Questions

1. How was the match-fixing scandal involving the Canadian Soccer League (CSL) discovered?

2. Where was the match-fixing ring based?

3. What did the Sapina brothers plan to do to make CSL match-fixing easier for them?

4. According to German lawyer Stefan Conen, why is it easier to fix games in leagues like the CSL?

5. How much do CSL players make per year?

6. Why did soccer journalist Ben Rycroft think that soccer match-fixing needed major media attention?

7. How difficult was it to get gamblers to bet on CSL games?

8. How much money could someone conceivably bet on a CSL game?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 24 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

9. What was the man on the smartphone doing at the Toronto Croatia game?

10. What did CSL Chairman Vince Ursini think when he learned people were betting on CSL games?

11. What warning signs were there that CSL games were possibly being fixed?

12. Why was Ben Rycroft worried about reporting the soccer scandal? Were his concerns justified?

13. Why was Trois-Rivieres Attak player Reda Agourram surprised when he scored against Toronto Croatia on September 12, 2009?

14. Why weren't the game fixers worried when Antonijo Zupan was awarded a penalty kick that would have tied the game?

15. What did a German court rule happened at the Trois-Rivieres vs. Toronto Croatia game?

16. How did Anonijo Zupan respond to accusations that he played a part in fixing the game?

17. Why didn't the CSL investigate the controversial game result of the Trois-Rivieres vs. Toronto Croatia game?

18. According to Ben Rycroft, what problems will begin to surface if the CSL doesn't address the issue of game fixing?

Post-viewing Questions

1. Our national soccer governing body is the Canadian Soccer Association (CSA). After the CSL soccer fixing scandal broke, the CSA, along with the CSL, reported the Trois-Rivieres/Toronto Croatia allegations to FIFA — soccer’s international governing body. The CSA plans to implement a match- fixing watchdog system to look for red-flags that would indicate questionable match outcomes. Do you think this is enough? What else could the CSA do to deal with the threat of match-fixing?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 25 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

2. After reviewing the evidence, the RCMP and OPP decided not to pursue charges relating to the Trois- Rivieres vs. Toronto Croatia game. Their reasoning: the crime syndicate engaged in criminal activity in another country and, therefore, they have no jurisdiction to lay charges in Canada. Do you think the CSA should work with lawmakers to make sure future charges can be laid in the event of new match- fixes? What should the penalty be for a player involved in fixing a match?

ACTIVITIES: Gambling in Canada

In Canada, legal gambling provides big money for both the federal and provincial governments. Take a look at the statistic listed below and complete one or more of the activities that follow.

 Gambling revenue accounts for almost $14  Governments run 91 per cent of all legal billion in Canada (up from $3 billion in gambling activity in Canada while horse 1992) with governments taking in $7 billion racing (2.3 per cent) and charitable after payouts and expenses. organization gaming (6.5 per cent) makes up the rest.  Canadian provinces generate between one and four percent of their revenue from  As many as 79 per cent of adult Canadians provincially sponsored gambling. have participated in some form of government sponsored gambling in the past  Charities receive almost $400 million from year. Gambling activity can be anything gambling proceeds each year. from buying a lottery ticket to going to a  An average of 1.38 per cent (just over $110 casino. million) of gaming revenue is dedicated to  Between 2.5 to 3.8 per cent of adult programs helping problem gamblers and Canadians can be classified as moderate risk initiatives promoting responsible gaming. or problem gamblers.

Source: Canadian Gambling Digest 2010-2011, Canadian Partnership for Responsible Gambling (CPRG)

ACTIVITY #1: Newspaper Article

Use the information listed above and write a newspaper article about the state of gambling in Canada. Feel free to supplement your article with additional research.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 26 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

ACTIVITY #2: Analysis of the Statistics

If governments are generating $7 billion in revenue after payouts and expenses, it could be argued that much more should go to charities. Work with a partner to come up with ways in which the proceeds of gambling could be spent to help make Canada a better place to live. (Note: “Everyone gets a free computer” is not what we’re looking for here. Focus on social programs and other ideas that support the greater good of all Canadians.)

ACTIVITY #3: Ethics Debate

Form a group of four and stage an informal, 20-minute debate on the following topic:

That Canada should stop generating revenue through state-sponsored gambling because such a practice leads to the moral decay of society.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 27 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

ACTIVITY: How to Fix a Soccer Game

There would be no match-fixing if there weren’t gamblers willing to fix games. In his book The Fix: Soccer and Organized Crime, Ottawa journalist Declan Hill tells the story of Asian gambling markets and match-fixers who work together to determine the outcome of games in both minor and major soccer leagues. While European and North American betting outfits turn over a lot of cash, they pale when compared to the Asian gambling scene. According to Slate magazine, there are more deals done on the Asian sports betting market than on the New York Stock Exchange on a given day (Slate, December 9, 2011). The bottom line: sports betting is a multi-billion dollar business.

Review the information below and complete the questions that follow.

Characteristics of Match-fixing 1. Identify a target  A player with financial problems.  A team with a low pay roll.  A league and game that is of limited importance (i.e. a regular season game and not a championship game, a qualifying match and not a playoff match).  A referee with financial problems (Note: referees are not the best targets because bad officiating is often seen as an obvious effort to manipulate the outcome of a game). 2. Send a “runner” Match-fixers will send a runner to secure the target. This usually involves finding a co-operating player that is open to a pay off and is willing to work with other players to set up the fix. 3. Fix the match Match-fixers will work with their target to determine the outcome they desire (i.e. a defeat, a goal differential of two goals, three goals scored in the second half, etc.) 4. Spread some rumours Spread rumours about the match that cause others to bet against the fix. This deflects attention away from the fix and helps improves the betting odds for the match-fixers. 5. Place your bets Match-fixers place their bets — either large wagers (which are risky because they attract attention) or smaller wagers through agents (referred to as “beards”) who place bets on behalf of the match- fixing syndicate. 6. Collect your winnings Cash in on the fix. If the fix fails, go after the target (player, team or referee) for their failure to make the fix happen. Source: How do you fix a soccer game? By Brian Palmer (www.slate.com)

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 28 NOVEMBER 2012 — CANADA'S SOCCER FIXING SCANDAL

Drawing Inferences

An inference is a conclusion arrived at through reasoning. It involves reading between the lines in order to arrive at some idea of what is true or correct. Answer the following questions by inferring the answers based on the information listed above.

1. Why are players a better option that a referee when fixing a match?

2. How difficult do you think it would be for a “runner” to find cooperating players?

3. Why would spreading false rumours be an important part of the match-fixing scheme?

4. How do “beards” help advance the cause of the fixers?

5. Why is match-fixing a dangerous game if the fixers don’t get the outcome they are looking for?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 29 News in Review – November 2012 – Teacher Resource Guide E. COLI HEALTH HAZARD SETTING THE STAGE

In September 2012, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) issued a notice informing Canadians not to eat beef products produced at XL Foods near Edmonton, Alberta. The CFIA had been made aware that there was a problem when a beef shipment being trucked across the border into the United States was identified as contaminated by the U.S. Food Safety Inspection Service.

A Massive Recall Further tests in Canada confirmed that the beef was contaminated with the E. coli bacteria, a bacteria that can make people very sick, or even die. At first, only ground beef from the plant was recalled, but then the advisory widened to the bacteria is not identified and properly include all beef products — a total of over 2 000 disinfected. Meat processing plants have many products. And even with a recall that extensive, safety features built into their production there was no way of knowing whether all the operations, but sometimes contaminated meat is contaminated meat had been taken out of not identified before it leaves the facility. circulation. That is because ground beef distributed by XL Foods is used in the The XL Foods plant at the heart of the massive production of other meat products like sausages, recall is under investigation, but workers at the meat balls, meat loaf, and hamburgers. As well, plant spoke publicly to declare that the plant was the recall advisory would not reach unlabeled or guilty of numerous safety violations. The unbranded beef products sold at independent workers claimed that there was a culture of shops. intimidation within the plant that made it difficult for workers to speak up because of fears E. Coli of reprisal. Workers pointed out that the water E. coli, short for Escherichia coli, is a type of used to wash fecal matter off cows wasn’t hot bacteria commonly found in the intestines of enough to do this satisfactorily. The company animals and humans. E. coli 0157:H7, the strain denies the allegations. associated with the XL Foods meat recall, is the most dangerous to people. It produces a Targets of E. Coli Contamination powerful toxin that can cause severe illness — Although E. coli is most often found in meat, it severe and bloody diarrhea, blindness, numbness can contaminate other foods as well. It can be in limbs — and even death. found in apple cider, sandwich meats, raw vegetables, cheese, and water. Fruits and It is estimated that E. coli is present in the vegetables that grow close to the ground are intestines of about 50 per cent of beef cattle in particular susceptible to E. coli contamination Canada. During the slaughtering process, it can because they are fertilized with cattle manure. If get into meat as it is ground into hamburger if the manure has not been properly composted, it

30 NOVEMBER 2012 — E. COLI HEALTH HAZARD can contain E. coli. In recent years, strawberries, spinach, and sprouts have been recalled due to XL Foods E. coli contamination. An investigation into the production operations at XL Foods resulted in the plant being closed Water is also prone to E. coli contamination and on September 27, 2012. The plant resumed needs to be carefully sanitized and monitored. operations on October 29 under new Water gets contaminated when human or animal management, but on November 4th, new fecal matter gets washed into waterways. Heavy problems were identified by the Canadian Food rainstorms that flood farmer’s fields can wash Inspection Agency. These included inadequately animal fecal matter into waterways that are part cleaned meat-cutting areas, insufficient of the human water supply. sanitizing solution in the mats where employees clean their boots and improper water Fact temperature in the sanitizer. The worst E. coli outbreak in Canadian history happened in Walkerton, Ontario in It is hard to predict whether or not XL Foods, the second largest meat-packer in Canada, will May 2000 after the bacteria got into the be able to take appropriate corrective actions to town’s water supply. A total of seven ensure that contaminated meat never again people died, and over 2 300 others became leaves the plant. But the problems at XL Foods ill. and the subsequent recall of beef products across the country — the largest recall in Canada’s Learn more about Walkerton at history — has left many consumers skeptical. www.cbc.ca/news/background/walkerton/ Hopefully any lessons learned from the XL Or view these past News in Review stories: Foods recall will have an impact on meat packing facilities across the country. But this  Deadly Water: The Lessons of may come too late for many Canadian Walkerton (September 2000) consumers who are tired of being worried about  The Walkerton Legacy: Ongoing Vigil the food they eat, and have made the move to (September 2001) eating locally sourced foods from small-scale farming operations.

To Consider

1. Do you, or others in your family, ever worry about the food you consume?

2. Massive factory farming and meat packing facilities are a fairly recent development. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of producing meat in large-scale facilities?

3. Would you be willing to pay more for locally produced meat, or not? Explain your answer.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 31 NOVEMBER 2012 — E. COLI HEALTH HAZARD

VIDEO REVIEW

Pre-viewing Activities

Organize yourself into small groups and respond to the following questions and activities. Be prepared to share your responses with the rest of the class.

1. Have you or anyone in your family ever become sick with food poisoning? If so, what were some of the symptoms? Do you know what caused them to be sick?

2. Do you think most cases of food poisoning come from food cooked at home, or out at restaurants? Why do you say this?

3. How can you reduce your chances of becoming sick from food cooked at home?

Viewing Questions

1. How did Costco in Halifax respond when news of the ground beef recall was first announced?

2. Record at least two of the reasons that Frederick Tandy says he only buys beef produced on small local farms.

3. When the recall spread from ground beef to steaks packaged at XL Foods, who discovered the E. coli contamination?

4. How long did it take a recall notice to be issued by the government after the contaminated meat was first discovered?

5. How many more food inspectors does the government say are working now than when the government first came to office?

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 32 NOVEMBER 2012 — E. COLI HEALTH HAZARD

6. What were some of the symptoms experienced by five-year-old Elijah Lees when he became sick with E. coli poisoning?

7. According to Dr. Richard Arsenault of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency what was the cause of the meat contamination?

8. There is an E. coli vaccine for cows. According to the microbiologist who invented it, why isn’t it being used?

9. According to this News in Review story, how quickly must meat slaughtering and packing facilities notify the Canadian Inspection Agency after they discover a problem with their meat?

10. Record at least two of the criticisms that workers from the XL Foods plant raise about the operations in Alberta.

Post-viewing Activities

1. Review your responses to Questions 2 and 3 in the Pre-Viewing Activities section. Now that you’ve watched the video do you want to change your answers, or revise them in any way? What new information did you learn from this video?

2. Do you agree with Frederick Tandy in the video when he says that locally grown beef from small farms is safer than factory produced meat? Why or why not?

3. When you hear about stories like the contaminated beef slaughtered at XL Foods, does it make you want to become a vegetarian or not? Explain your answer.

News in Review ∙ CBC Learning ∙ newsinreview.cbclearning.ca 33 NOVEMBER 2012 — E. COLI HEALTH HAZARD

ACTIVITY: Surveying Current Attitudes

In this News in Review story you learned about a massive recall of beef products after some contaminated beef was shipped from the XL Food plant near Edmonton, Alberta. People often change their eating and drinking habits immediately following a recall or a highly reported contamination. But as more time passes, people often resume their old habits.

This is not the case for everyone, however.

While studying past and present events, historians often identify tipping points in human behaviour or historical developments. A tipping point is a point where a permanent change is made — when the behaviour that follows an event is different than the behaviour that preceded the event.

Your task is to determine whether the XL Foods recall has been a tipping point in the way people see and consume meat. You will gather information about this by creating a survey and administering it in your school, family, or community.

Completing Your Task

1. With a partner, create a short survey the 3. Have your teacher approve your survey contains 6 to 10 questions about people’s questions and then administer your survey. eating habits, making sure most questions deal with meat eating. 4. Create a data chart to record the responses to your survey. You want to make sure your questions do not have an obvious bias that influences how 5. Analyze your results, making sure you revisit people respond to the questions. For the opening key issue: “Was the XL Foods example, a biased question would be: “Now recall a tipping point in the way people see that we know contaminated meat is often and consume meat?” sold in grocery stores, do you still feel 6. Decide how you will communicate your comfortable eating meat?” results, and prepare to share your results Instead, a balanced series of questions could with the class. include: “How much meat do you eat in a week?” and “Has the amount of meat you 7. At the end of this task, reflect on this eat in a week changed over the past six learning activity. How might you have months?” changed your survey questions to get more concrete results? Should your sample size 2. Decide how many people you will survey, have been different? Would a different and your intended audience. Will you survey target audience have produced different both genders or just one? Different grade results? levels or only one?

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