Global Challenges WHAP/Napp

Global Challenges WHAP/Napp Do Now: “Changes in technology helped inspire profound changes in gender relationships. Films brought Mae West, Greta Garbo, and Marlene Dietrich to audiences around the world. Fashions changed. Flappers in Europe and the United States ‘abandoned their corsets, bobbed their hair, hiked up their skirts, wore skimpy bathing costumes at the beach, started wearing makeup, and smoked in public’ (Rosenberg, p. 64). The title of Beth Bailey’s book captured one of the unintended changes engendered by the automobile: From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth Century America. Margaret Sanger in the USA, Marie Stopes in Britain, and Theodore van de Velde in the Netherlands published marriage manuals emphasizing the enjoyment of sex by both women and men in marriage and, at the same time, advocating family planning. The father of modern psychiatry, Sigmund Freud, called sex the primal driving force in life, and introduced new ammunition in the battle of the sexes with his claim that women suffered from ‘penis envy.’ Another psychoanalyst, Karen Horney, reversed this argument-from-biology: Men suffered feelings of inadequacy because they could not bear children. Anthropology added its insights as Margaret Mead brought back new observations from New Guinea of aggressive women and passive men reversing the conventional stereotype in the West. Mead argued that sex traits were cultural and malleable, not biological and fixed.

Not everyone agreed with the new sexuality or the new gender identities. The differences in values became clearer as World War II put new demands on the labor force. Different combatant countries followed different family policies. The Allies – the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR – encouraged women to join the wartime workforce. The Axis powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan – kept them in the home despite the needs of war. In China, the communists encouraged women to join in the struggle directly; the nationalists kept them at home.

After the war, feminism found new voices. Simone de Beauvoir published The Second Sex in France in 1949 furthering the argument that while sex is biological, gender, the behavioral traits associated with each sex, is learned. ‘One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.’ In the United States, Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) challenged women to ask if their life as homemaker in suburbia was adequately fulfilling, to consider working outside the home, and to push for equal conditions in that work.

In Europe and the United States the new feminism became a powerful, if controversial force. In other parts of the world, the concept of new roles for women outside the home and community was more disputed. Often the very fact that new concepts of gender relations came from the West, from colonial powers, influenced their reception, making them more attractive to some, more suspect to others.” ~ The World’s History 1- How and why did gender roles change in the Twentieth Century? ______2- Define Feminism. ______3- How was the new feminism received by nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America? ______

I. Women’s Movements A. Women’s Movements Around the World 1. In Africa, small self-help associations developed among women 2. In Chile, part of a movement against the dictatorship of Pinochet 3. In South Korea, part of a democracy movement 4. In United Nations, 1975 declared International Woman’s Year 5. But at the Beijing Conference, divisions emerged over inheritance a) Some wanted equal inheritance b) But under Islamic law, sons receive twice the amount as daughters 6. Global Backlash a) Some felt feminism challenged traditional values B. Modernity’s Challenge to the World’s Religions 1. Fundamentalism a) A militant piety in every major religious tradition b) Term derived from U.S.A. where religious conservatives were outraged by challenges to the Bible 1) Called for a return to the fundamentals of the faith 2. Hindu Fundamentalism a) Hindu nationalism b) A politicization of religion c) An increasingly popular Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) d) Muslims were viewed as outsiders 3. Islamic Fundamentalism a) Against Western cultural intrusion b) Qu’ran and Sharia provide guidance as opposed to secular laws c) Jihad or struggle to please God d) Leading FiguresIndian Mawlana Mawdudi and Egyptian Sayyid Qutb e) In Sudan, adopted Quranic punishments f) Egyptian Islamic Jihad assassinated Sadat g) Iran (1979) and Afghanistan (1996), Islamic movements came to power h) Hamas in Palestine and Hezbollah in Lebanon targeted Israel i) Al-Qaeda (meaning “the base” in Arabic) II. Overview – Environmental Movements A. Impact of Human Population 1. Quadrupling of world population in single century 2. Impact of fossil fuels/Global warming/Diminished habitats B. The Romantic Poets 1. In nineteenth century, Romantic poets denounced Industrial Revolution C. Second-Wave of Environmentalism 1. Began with Rachel Carson’s book – “Silent Spring” in 1962 2. Green Party a) German environmental movement that entered political arena 1) Opposition to nuclear power 1- Identify women’s movements around the globe. ______2- Why was 1975 a significant year for women? ______3- Yet why have women’s movements often faced difficulties uniting women globally? ______4- What conflict emerged among women at the Beijing Conference? ______5- Why has a global backlash emerged towards women’s movements and feminism? ______6- Define fundamentalism. ______7- Where was the term religious fundamentalism first used? ______8- Identify the main concern of Christian fundamentalists. ______9- What are the goals of the Bharatiya Janata Party? ______10- How do Hindu nationalists view Muslims? ______11- Does Hindu nationalism increase violence towards Muslims? Explain your view. ______12- What are the goals of Islamic fundamentalism? ______13- According to Muslim fundamentalists, what should determine the laws of a nation? ______14- Define shari’a. ______15- How does shari’a differ from law codes in Western Europe and the United States? ______16- Define jihad. ______17- What role does jihad play in Islamic fundamentalism? ______18- Who were leading figures advocating Islamic fundamentalism? ______19- What role did Islamic fundamentalism play in recent Egyptian history? ______20- What role did Islamic fundamentalism play in Iran and in Afghanistan? ______21- What does Al-Qaeda mean and what are its goals and methods? ______22- What book ignited the modern environmental movement? ______23- What issues do environmentalists confront? Why are these issues concerning? ______Excerpts from Silent Spring (1962) by Rachel Carson

“The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species—man—acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. During the past quarter century this power has not only increased to one of disturbing magnitude but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable; the chain of evil it initiates not only in the world that must support life but in living tissues is for the most part irreversible. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world —the very nature of its life. Strontium 90, released through nuclear explosions into the air, comes to the earth in rain or drifts down as fallout, lodges in soil, enters into the grass or corn or wheat grown there, and in time takes up its abode in the bones of a human being, there to remain until his death. Similarly, chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in the soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through the alchemy of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells.”

Explain Ms. Carson’s Point of View:

In a DBQ on the environmental movement, what document would serve as the “missing document”?

Write a thesis statement either supporting or refuting the environmentalist’s point of view: