In-Text Citation Format

In-Text Citation Format:

1. Basic Citation for Short Quotation: Signed Source with One Author or Editor (Book, Magazine, Encyclopedia, Newspaper)

Example (author’s name not used in text of paper) "Robert Frost was considered by many to be America's unofficial poet laureate" (Rand 85). Note: It is not necessary to indicate the difference between authors and editors in your in-text citation. Your Works Cited page entry will perform that function.

If you are able to use the name of the author of the material you are quoting or paraphrasing in your text, then the in-text documentation consists of the page number(s) only. Note that there are two spaces preceding the parenthesis.

Example (author's name used in text of paper) In Frost's poem "After Apple Picking," critic Walter Beacham also feels that the reference to sleep indicates the narrator's fear of "the thought of death" because "he is uncertain of whether he has satisfied his earthly duties" (7).

2. Basic Citation for Long Direct Quotation If a quotation runs to more than four typed or written lines in your paper (regardless of the length of the quote in the original source) then it is treated differently. It is usually introduced by a sentence ending in a colon. Then the quote itself begins on a new line, indented ten spaces (or one inch) from the left margin. The right margin remains the same as the rest of the paper. The quote is typed double spaced with no quotation marks. Place the period after the last word of the quotation for long direct quotes. Space twice, and then place the citation, with two spaces between author’s name and page numbers.

Example (long direct quotation) Evidently, Steinbeck’s concern for the migrants was genuine, as one critic eloquently stated: What one remembers most of all is Steinbeck’s sympathy for the migrants--not pity, for that would mean he was putting himself above them; not love, for that would blind him to their faults, but rather a deep fellow feeling. It makes him notice everything that sets them apart from the rest of the world and sets one migrant apart from all others. This is never more evident than in Steinbeck’s novella, Of Mice and Men. (Cowley 28)

3. The Use of More Than One Work by the Same Author If you use two or more books or articles by the same author, you must give indication in your in-text documentation which of the sources is being quoted. Leave two spaces after the last quotation mark. Type or write a parenthesis, then give the author's last name followed by a comma. Leave one space, then give a shortened title of the work followed by two spaces, then the page number or numbers of the quoted material. End with parenthesis and a period. Examples (direct quote, two sources by the same author) Steinbeck is frequently identified as a "proletarian writer of the 1930s" interested in the "socioeconomic and political problems of the Great Depression" (Lisca, Nature 87). It is fervently hoped that migrant workers may be given "the right to live decently" (Lisca, "Grapes” 81). Examples (paraphrase, two sources by the same author) Because spiritual values were a major aspect of Indian life, tribal members held great respect for, and put much faith in, shamans. Women often became shamans; in fact, in some tribes only women could hold this position (Georgakas, Red 99). Although women could not become chiefs in certain tribes, they often had the deciding voice in the final selection of a chief (Georgakas, Broken 6).

4. A Work Used Has Two or More Authors or Editors

Example (a source with two authors) "The social history of the United States between 1940 and 1965 was marked by greater variety than during any other generation since the Civil War, but movements towards social equality and conformity dominated the period” (Malone and Rauch 223).

Example (a source with three authors) “A writer is an artist in a sense. Instead of brushes and paints, he uses words to create his pictures. He asks you to use your senses to make an image in your mind" (Swinburne, Pastva, and Owen 16).

Example (a source with more than three authors) "Documenting contemporary music's rapid evolution on its many fronts is no simple task. Because of the constantly changing face of the charts, contemporary music is rightly and wrongly regarded as disposable" (Ward et al. 12).

5. A Source Used is a Multivolume Work When citing from more than one volume of a multivolume work, leave two spaces after the quotation mark or word if your material is a paraphrase. Type or write a parenthesis, give the author's or editor's last name, and the volume number followed by a colon. Leave one space, then give the page number or numbers of the quoted material followed by a parenthesis and a period.

Example (multivolume work) "The Great Depression generated swift and drastic change in literature and the arts" (Rauch 5: 274). 6. A Source Used Has No Author Listed, Such as a Magazine, Newspaper, or Encyclopedia Example (magazine article with no author listed, full title) "In the aftermath, architects must balance traditional aesthetic aspirations with the demand that buildings be safe, even from terrorists" ("Architects and Oklahoma City” 32).

Example (newspaper article with no author listed, shortened title) "McDade's fund-raising success underscores the influence he retains in Washington despite his legal troubles" ("McDade Raises” A-10).

Example (encyclopedia article with no author listed) "Woodrow Wilson had to sacrifice his Fourteen Points, but in turn, obtained the inclusion of the League of Nations in the treaty" ("Versailles, Treaty of" 1322).

7. Citing from Poetry

Short poetry passages of one to three lines should be incorporated into your text within quotation marks. Use a slash (/) with a space on each side to separate more than one line. Note that in poetry, the in-text citation is the author's name (unless incorporated into your text) plus the line number or numbers used from the poem, not the page number.

Example (short poetry quotation incorporated into your text) In "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer," Walt Whitman's distaste for analytical evaluation of the universe becomes evident when he states, "When I heard the learn'd astronomer / When the proofs, the figures were raised in columns before me /. . .How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick" (1-2, 5). This tells the reader that the passage is lines 1, 2, and 5 of the poem. Note: The ellipsis (three spaced periods) indicates omitted lines.

Verse quotations of more than three lines should begin on a new line and be indented ten spaces from the left margin and be double-spaced between lines. Add no quotation marks that do not appear in the original. No slashes are used to show the ends of lines. If a line is too long to fit within the right margin, continue it on the next line indented additional three spaces. Example (poetry passage of more than three lines) In "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," the narrator begins simply enough: Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. (Frost 1-4)As the speaker stands, watching the snow falling into the quiet darkness, his horse shakes the harness bells, as if to wake his master from a "mesmerized" state (Warren 114). This tells the reader that the poetry passage is written by Robert Frost and encompasses lines 1 to 4, and that a secondary source was also used from material written by Robert Penn Warren on page 114.

8. Citing from an Electronic / Online Source For in-text citation, use whatever name appears first in your Works Cited entry. Use a page number if given. For example, if Stephen Galloway is the author of an article on a database, in-text would be (Galloway 42). If a corporate name is given first with no page number, then that name is alone in parentheses (PEPSICO). If an article is given with no author and no page, list the title of the article in quotation marks for your in-text citation ("U.S. Population by Age”).