Unit 3 Review #2 Q’s
1. To make a proper wet mount slide, take specimen and add a drop of water and place it onto slide. Then slowly drop a cover- slip down onto specimen on a 45 O angle to force air out so that no air bubbles are in view.
1. Plankton refers to all the microscopic organisms (plant and animal-like) that float around in aquatic environments. 2. Zooplankton refers to the heterotrophic micro- organisms – some of these are very small animals others are animal-like protists (protozoa).
-Phytoplankton refers to the autotrophic micro- organisms. Many of these are plant-like protists others are simple microscopic plants belonging to a group of primitive plants known as algae.
3. Phytoplankton photosynthesize to make their own food.
4. The three main phyla of protists we studied that would be considered phytoplankton would be :
A) Euglenophyta
B) Chrysophyta
C) Pyrrophyta 5. A euglena contains an eyespot. It helps the euglena detect light so as to allow it to move toward the light so that it can photosynthesize.
6. Two animal-like characteristics of euglena are:
A) They are Very Motile.
B) They may switch over to being heterotrophic. 7. No, they do not possess a cell wall like true plant cells would.
8. Diatoms belong to phylum CHRYSOPHYTA
9. The main ingredient in the cell wall of a diatom is Silicon (Si) and Oxygen = (Silicon Dioxide) 10. Diatoms store their products of photosynthesis as OIL. Most plants store their energy as starch.
11. Pyrrophyta – literally means “Fire” “Plant”
12. A couple of distinctive characteristics of dinoflagellates is their ability to create bioluminescence. The second is that their DNA is naked, it is not associated with spherical proteins called histones.
13. Red Tide is a type of algal bloom that occurs when a dinoflagellate known as Gonylaux polyhedron has a population explosion. These dinoflagellates possess toxins which when accumulated by shellfish cause poisoning in the food chain. During these episodes shellfish (oysters, clams etc) fisheries are shut down. 14. Fruiting bodies put out spores from a fungus or fungal-protist. In this acellular (non-cellular) slime mold shown here the plasmodium pops up fruiting bodies. - The two protistal phyla that bear slime molds and fruiting bodies are ACRASIOMYCOTA – Cellular slime molds and MYXOMYCOTA - Acellular (non-cellular) slime molds.
15. A plasmodium is the name given to the body of an acellular (non-cellular) slime mold.
16. Acrasiomycota – Cellular Slime Molds Myxomycota – Acellular (non-cellular) Slime Molds 17. Algae is a name given to a diverse group of autotrophic simple plant-like aquatic organisms. Some algae are in MONERA (cyanobacteria) some are in PROTISTA (phyta phyla) some are in PLANTAE – the multicellular primitive plants.
18. The pigment is called “CHLOROPHYLL”
19. Pyrrophyte DNA is naked DNA as mentioned earlier. It's DNA is not wrapped around spherical proteins called histones.
20. Pyrrophytes and euglenoids store their products of photosynthesis as STARCH, just like most other plants. 21. Euglenoids would be most closely related to phylum ZOOMASTIGINA – Both are flagellates and euglena can be heterotrophic.
22. A contractile vacuole is an organelle that is used by many protists to pump out excess water, this helps prevent them from bursting.
1. A special Zoomastiginan belonging to genus Trypanasoma called trichonympha manufactures an enzyme that can break down the key structural molecule in a plant’s cell wall called cellulose and break it down into simple carbohydrates for energy.
2. More than 70% of all photosynthesis on Earth takes place near the ocean’s surface. SCAN DOWN TO SEE – SUMMARY TABLE ON THE NEXT PAGE. ** YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS VERY WELL – See Acronym on next page PHYLUM TYPE OF PROTIST EXAMPLE CILIOPHORA Animal-like protist that uses PARAMECIUM cilia for locomotion ZOOMASTIGINA Animal-like protist that uses TRYPANASOMES Flagella for locomotion GIARDIA TRYCHONYMPHA SARCODINA Animal-like protist that uses AMOEBA cytoplasmic streaming (like RADIOLARIANS pseudopods) for locomotion. SPOROZOA Animal-like protist that is non- Plasmodium vivax motile. It uses spores to be transmitted from one host to another. EUGLENOPHYTA Plant-like protist that is very EUGLENA species mobile and may switch to heterotrophism. PYRROPHYTA Plant-like protist that has Gonyaulax naked DNA and many are polyhedron –Red dinoflagellates that can Tide produce light CHRYSOPHYTA Plant-like protist that Diatoms possesses other golden brown pigments to trap light. Most common are diatoms that produce intricate cell wall and store produced food as oil. ACRASIOMYCOTA Fungus-like protist that forms Cellular slime Cellular slime molds and molds fruiting bodies that disperse spores. MYXOMYCOTA Fungus-like protist that forms Acellular slime Acellular (non-cellular) slime molds called molds that produce fruiting plasmodia bodies that disperse spores. ACRONYM and MNEMONIC Make up a mnemonic (example: King Philip Cried Out For Green Stockings). Or an Acronmy (RH CAGER) to help you remember the names of the main phyla in this unit. Best memory devices should have the animal-like phyla together, and the plant-like together as well as the fungus-like together as well. MNEMONIC – "Cat" Zooms So Swiftly, Everyone Picks Cat At Minirace Cat – Ciliophora Zooms – Zoomastigina So - Sporozoa Swiftly – Sarcodina Everyone – Euglenophyta Picks – Pyrrophyta Cat – Chrysophyta At – Acrasiomycta (cellular) Minirace – Myxomycota SEE ACRONYM BELOW: MAPEC ZACS
M = Myxomycota A = Acrasiomycota
P = Pyrrophyta E = Euglenophyta C =Chrysophyta
Z - Zoomastigina A – amoeba - Sarcodina C - Ciliophora S- Sporozoa