AP Biology End Of The Year Review: Separated By Unit

1 AP Biology End of the Year Review

Unit II: The Cell

Cell Classification

You Must Know  Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.  The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells.  The structure and function of organelles found only in plant or only in animal cells.

1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? 2. Give examples of each. 3. Give four differences between plant and animal cells.

Cell organelles 4. Cut and paste a picture of the plant and the animal cell and beside each label listed below, provide the functions of the organelles. You may need to draw some in. a. Nucleus b. Ribosomes, c. Rough ER d. Smooth ER e. Golgi body f. Vesicles g. Mitochondria h. Chloroplasts i. Lysosomes j. Centrioles k. Vacuoles l. Flagella m. Cilia n. Cell Wall 5. Cut and paste your drawings of the cell functions and give examples of cells that display each type of junction. 6. Draw the following components of a cell’s cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Cell Membrane Structure

You Must Know  Why membranes are selectively permeable.  The role of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes.  How water will move if a cell is placed in an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution and be able to predict the effect of different environments on the organism.  How electrochemical gradients are formed and function in cells. 2 7. Draw a section of the plasma membrane and label the following…Beside each label, provide the function of each structure a. Phospholipids b. Hydrophilic heads c. Hydrophobic tails d. Cholesterol e. Integral and transmembrane proteins: channel, transport, electron transport (see chemiosmosis) f. Peripheral proteins: recognition, receptor, and adhesion

Cell Membrane Function 8. What does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable? 9. Create a chart comparing the following processes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Include the following in your chart: a. passive or active b. with or against the gradient c. proteins or no proteins involved d. if proteins are involved, what type e. substances moved by each process 10. Draw a cell in a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution 11. Describe the process of plasmolysis 12. Vesicular transport: Draw the processes of exocytosis, endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

Introduction to Metabolism

You Must Know  Examples of endergonic and exergonic reactions.  The key role of ATP in energy coupling.  That enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation.  The catalytic cycle of an enzyme that results in the production of a final product.  Factors that influence enzyme activity.

13. Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions. Provide an example of each. 14. Describe the function of ATP in cells. 15. List the three components of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which it belongs. 16. Explain how ATP performs cellular work. 17. Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems. 18. Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity. 19. Describe several mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy. 20. Explain how enzyme activity can be regulated or controlled by environmental conditions, cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and allosteric regulators. 21. Distinguish between allosteric activation and cooperatively. 22. Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated. 3 Cellular Communication

You Must Know  The three stages of cell communication: reception, transduction, and response.  How G-protein- coupled receptors receive cell signals and start transduction.  How receptor tyrosine kinases receive cell signals and start transduction.  How a cell signal is amplified by a phosphorylation cascade.  How a cell response in the nucleus turns on genes, whereas in the cytoplasm it activates enzymes.  What apoptosis means and why it is important to normal functioning of multicellular organisms.

23. Categorize chemical signals in terms of the proximity of the communicating cells. 24. Overview the basic elements of a signaling system of a target cell. 25. Describe the nature of a ligand-receptor interaction and state how such interactions initiate a signal transduction system. 26. Most, but not all, receptors are associated with the plasma membrane. Why is this? 27. Compare and contrast G-protein-linked receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptors, and ligand-gated channels. 28. Discuss the significance of phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases. Why are these useful in cellular signal transduction? 29. Discuss the significance of “shape dictating function” in regards to plasma-membrane proteins.

Cell Cycle

You Must Know  The structure of the duplicated chromosome.  The cell cycle and stages of mitosis.  The role of kinases and cyclin in the regulation of the cell cycle.  The role of mitosis in the distribution of genetic information.

30. Name the four functions of cell division (mitosis) 31. Which cells divide by mitosis? 32. Distinguish between the following terms and name the phase of the cell cycle in which you would find these structures. a. Chromosomes b. Chromatids c. Centromere d. Complementary strands 33. What happens during G1, S, G2, and GO of interphase? 34. Name the major events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. 35. How is cytokinesis different in animal cells and plant cells? 36. How are the following involved in cell division… a. Surface to volume ratio b. Density dependent inhibition c. Checkpoints Example FRQ: 4 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are physiologically different in many ways, but both represent functional, evolutionarily successful cells. a) It has been theorized that the organelles of eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes living symbiotically within a larger cell. Compare and contrast the structure of the prokaryotic cell with eukaryotic cell organelles, and make an argument for or against this theory. Be sure to justify your position with factual information. b) Create a model to show the path of a protein in a eukaryotic cell from its formation to its secretion from the cell.