Klik Her for at Skrive Overskrift

1. The organisations in the labour market

Table 1 Employees covered by employer organisation

2004 With Without Proportion with collective collective collective agreement agreement Total agreement

1,000 full-time employees % Private sector 1,087 325 1,412 77 DA 583 62 645 90 FA 53 4 57 93 SALA 38 2 40 95 Others/Unorganised 413 257 670 62

Public sector 766 - 766 100 State 156 - 156 100 County and municipal 607 - 607 100 Public enterprise 2 - 2 100 Total 1,853 325 2,178 85

SOURCE: Special report from Statistics Denmark, DA, FA, SALA and own calculations.

1 Table 2 Employee organisations in Denmark

Members as of 1 January 2005 1,000 people %

Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) 1,369 65 Confederation of Salaried Employees and 361 17 Civil Servants (FTF) Danish Confederation of Professional 163 8 Associations (AC) Danish Association of Managers and Execut- 76 4 ives Outside the confederations 151 7 Total members 2,120 100 Total workforce (aged 16-66) 2,766 -

NOTE: ‘Total members’ also includes people outside the workforce aged 16-66 year. The labour force is calculated as of 1 January 2004. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.

2 Table 3 Employers' organisations in the DA area

2005 Proportion of No. of No. of jobs salary total, enterprises %

Confederation of Danish Industries 4,189 8,911 50.7 Danish Federation of Employers for 5,180 8,574 16.5 Trade, Transportation and Services Danish Commerce and Services 2,902 7,255 11.0 Danish Construction Association 5,749 6,840 10.1 TEKNIQ 2,777 3,419 4.4 Danish Newspapers’ Employers’ 95 344 1.7 Association Graphic Association of Denmark 680 762 1.6 Danish Asphalt Industries and the Employers’ Association for the Dan- 47 802 1.1 ish Petroleum Industry Federation of Danish Textile & 235 273 1.0 Clothings Danish Association of Master Paint- 1,408 1,439 0.8 ers Association of Smaller Employers in 4,157 4,489 0.7 Denmark Danish Shipowners’ Association 23 111 0.3 Association of Danish Enterprises in 7 71 0.1 Greenland Total - - 100.0

NOTE: The data is based on salaries on which membership fees were payable in 2004. The number of enter - prises/jobs is as by the middle of September 2004. Enterprises/jobs may be counted more than once in the statistics, and a “Total” has therefore not been computed. SOURCE: DA and own calculations.

3 Table 4 Size of workplaces

Number of employees 2004 0-19 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200- Total

Number of workplaces DA 23,822 4,636 3,939 1,456 720 483 40,442 Agriculture, etc. 210 22 21 6 3 1 275 Manufacturing 1,949 894 1,148 630 404 310 5,638 Construction and 6,623 1,314 827 172 61 25 9,193 engineering Service 14,762 2,401 1,937 644 252 147 21,801

Private sector 181,673 21,004 11,48 2,959 1,225 717 219,05 1 9

DA’s share of private sector, 13.1 22.1 34.3 49.2 58.8 67.4 18.5 pct.

NOTE: The difference between ”Total” and the individual categories horizontally and vertically is explained by the category “unreported”. Number of workplaces is as of August 2005. The size of workplaces in the private sector was last determined in November 2004. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark and DA.

4 Table 5 Employment within the sectors covered by DA

Number of employees 2004 0-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200- Total

Employees, 1,000 people DA 60.0 53.5 96.1 75.6 76.2 321.0 703.2 Agriculture, etc. 0.3 0.2 0.2 - - - 2.6 Manufacturing 6.1 10.1 26.7 29.4 37.4 138.6 254.8 Construction 22.6 19.3 25.2 12.2 7.0 18.9 105.1 and engineering Service 31.1 23.9 43.9 34.0 31.8 163.6 340.6

NOTE: Number of employees’ is based on full-time employees and part-time frequencies. Therefore the data cannot be compared to table 1. Out of interest of discretion the figures for some of the categories are not pub- lished. SOURCE: Special report from Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

5 Tabel 6 Employment structure

Number of employees at workplace 2004 0-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200- Total

Full time employees, 1,000 people DA 55.1 49.3 88.3 69.5 70.0 294.5 645.5 Agriculture, etc. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 Manufacturing 5.8 9.7 25.5 28.1 35.7 132.3 243.4 Construction and engineering 22.0 18.8 24.6 11.9 6.9 18.4 102.4 Service 27.0 20.6 38.0 29.5 27.5 143.8 297.2

Private sector 267.6 137.9 191.5 130.0 120.1 531.6 1397.3 Agriculture, etc. 21.1 4.0 3.8 1.5 0.2 0.0 33.7 Manufacturing 27.9 25.0 45.5 41.8 46.0 184.2 374.5 Construction and engineering 40.9 25.6 29.9 13.5 8.1 21.6 139.5 Service 177.7 83.3 112.3 73.2 65.8 325.8 849.6

Percent DA’s share of 20.6 35.8 46.1 53.5 58.3 55.4 46.2 private sector Agriculture, 1.1 5.6 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 etc. Manufacturing 20.8 38.7 56.0 67.3 77.6 71.8 65.0 Construction 53.8 73.3 82.2 87.8 84.8 85.3 73.4 and engineering Service 15.2 24.8 33.9 40.4 41.8 44.1 35.0

6 NOTE: See note to table 5. SOURCE: Special report from Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

Table 7 Salaries within the DA area

Salary total, 2004 DKK million

DA 221,393 Agriculture, etc. 1,146 Manufacturing 87,408 Construction and 35,459 engineering Service 97,380

DA/LO area 156,573

NOTE: Salaries have been determined on the basis of total earnings including irregular payments. SOURCE: Special report from Statistics Denmark, DA and own calculations.

7 2. Agreements within the DA/LO area

Table 8 Salary systems in the DA/LO area

% 1991 1993 1995 1997 2000 2004

Standard salary 19 16 16 16 15 16 Minimum salary 37 13 12 21 23 27 Minimum payment 40 67 61 46 42 35 No salary rate 4 4 11 17 20 22 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 SOURCE: DA.

Table 9 Pension contributions in the DA/LO area

Total contributions, end of the col- Proportion of lective agreement period (Feb. 2007) employees, %

9.9 pct. 7 10.8 pct. 93

NOTE: Based on collective agreements for approximately 90% of employees in the DA/LO area. SOURCE: DA.

Table 10 Sick pay for workers in the DA/LO area

8 Duration, end of the collective Proportion of agreement period (Feb. 2007) employees, %

4 weeks 23 5 weeks 0 6-8 weeks 16 9 weeks or more 61

NOTE: Full salary is generally paid during the sick pay period. There is however a ceiling on payments in some agreements. See note to table 9. SOURCE: DA.

Table 11 Salary during parental leave in DA/LO area

Duration, end of collective agreement period (Feb. 2007) Proportion of Women Men For sharing employees, %

18 weeks 2 weeks 6 weeks 98.0 28 weeks 12 weeks - 2.0

NOTE: Full salary is generally paid during the maternity/paternity period. There is however a ceiling on payments in some agreements. See note to table 9. SOURCE: DA.

9 Table 12 Working hours and holiday in DA/LO area

Agreed work- Holiday weeks Holiday ing hours per per year days week

1920 48.0 - - 1958 47.0 3 - 1959 46.0 3 - 1960 45.0 3 - 1966 44.0 3 - 1968 42.5 3 - 1970 41.8 3 - 1974 40.0 4 - 1986 39.0 5 - 1987 38.5 5 - 1988 38.0 5 - 1989 37.5 5 - 1990 37.0 5 - 1998 37.0 5 1 1999 37.0 5 2 2001 37.0 5 4 2003 37.0 5 5 2005 37.0 5 5

10 NOTE: The agreed working hours apply to the majority in the DA/LO area. SOURCE: DA.

Table 13 Agreed annual working hours in DA/LO area

Hours per year, full-time employees

1955 2,284 1960 2,164 1965 2,149 1970 2,006 1975 1,848 1980 1,840 1985 1,808 1990 1,687 1995 1,680 2000 1,658 2005 1,650

NOTE: Due to movable public holidays agreed annual working hours may vary, even though the working hours provisions in the collective agreements are unchanged. SOURCE: DA.

Table 14 Variable working hours in the DA/LO area

11 Reference period for average 37 hours per week, proportion of employees, % Before Before After CA 2000 CA 2004 CA 2004

No entitlement 7 5 2 3-4 weeks 6 2 0 2½-4 months 18 16 7 6 months 9 10 15 10 months 4 0 0 12 months or more 56 67 77

NOTE: CA stands for collective agreement. The reference period is the period during which the average number of working hours should be 37 hours per week. See note to table 9. SOURCE: DA.

Table 15 Entitlement to part-time working

Proportion of Before Before After employees, % CA 2000 CA 2004 CA 2004

No entitlement 22 7 3 Parttime 48 59 46 entitlement Unrestricted en- 30 34 51 titlement NOTE: Partial entitlement includes areas with entitlement to part-time working for specific weekly hourly limits and for new employees. In the ‘No entitlement’ group employees may be entitled to work part-time for certain special types of business. See notes to table 9 and 14. SOURCE: DA.

Table 16 Working hours and holiday

Additional holi- Normal Working Public holi- 2004 Holiday day days/days working hours days off hours

Hours per Days per year Hours per week year

12 Japan - - - - 2,013 USA 40.0 12.0 - 10.0 1,920 Holland 38.5 25.3 4.2 7.1 1,736 Finland 40.0 25.0 12.5 8.0 1,732 Norway 37.5 25.0 - 7.0 1,725 Sweden 37.5 25.0 - 9.0 1,710 UK 37.1 24.4 - 8.0 1,704 Denmark 37.0 25.0 5.0 7.0 1,665 France 35.0 25.0 - 7.0 1,610 Germany, west 35.9 30.0 - 9.0 1,601

SOURCE: Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände (International Working Time Comparison, 2004).

Table 17 Collective agreement negotiations within the DA/LO area

Form of negotiation Conflict Conflict resolution Central negoti- Sector-based Central negotiation, Sector-based ation, DA and LO negotiations DA and LO negotiations

1952  1954  1956    1958  1961    1963    1965  1967  1969  1971  1973    1975    1977   

13 1979    1981  1983  1985    1987  1989  1991  1993  1995  1997  1998    2000  2004 

SOURCE: DA.

Table 18 Strikes in breach of a collective agreement within the DA area

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Number of strikes 999 713 813 585 932 608 741 Number of people (average) 73 55 61 47 66 61 88 Duration in days (average) 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 Number of lost working days 85 44 78 34 71 43 66 (1,000)

Reason for conflict Percent Payment 36.1 49.0 58.0 51.1 30.0 43.8 32.7 Dismissal or appointment 18.9 16.6 7.1 12.0 7.0 8.1 6.9 Political or union issues 27.8 3.5 6.5 5.5 32.1 4.8 28.3 Other reasons 17.8 30.9 28.5 31.5 30.9 43.4 39.1

Days per 10,000 working days Lost working days 5.9 2.9 5.1 2.3 4.4 2.8 4.3 Manufacturing 11.1 5.6 8.0 3.6 8.0 5.0 9.4 Construction and engineering 3.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 2.0 2.1 1.4 14 Service 1.3 0.9 3.2 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.2

Of which salary conflicts 2.1 1.4 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.5 Manufacturing 4.4 3.2 6.6 2.6 2.6 2.2 3.3 Construction and engineering 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.0 Service 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1

NOTE: In the spring of 1998 there was a major lawful conflict, which involved approximately 400,000 employees and resulted in the loss of approximately 3 million working days. Number of people (average) is the average number of employees involved in a strike. SOURCE: DA, special report from Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

Table 19 Lost working days resulting from conflicts

Lost working days per 1,000 employees 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-03

Norway 45 99 82 77 Finland 613 408 167 56 Denmark 261 178 169 44 Sweden 46 182 49 42 France 286 119 25 34 UK 569 332 29 31 USA 507 123 40 15 Germany 52 28 11 4 Japan 124 10 2 0

NOTE: The number of lost working days have been calculated as the annual average for the periods. There is no complete agreement between the calculation methods used by the various countries. Until 1993 Germany only included West Germany. The latest figures for UK refers to the period 2000-02 and for France 2000-01. SOURCE: Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln (Economic Trends 1998), ILO (Yearbook of Labour Stat- istics 2002), Eurostat (Labour Force) and OECD (Economic Outlook).

15 6.3. Salary and income

Table 20 Labour costs

Annual change, % 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Danish labour costs 4.2 4.7 4.2 3.8 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.2 Salaries 4.0 4.4 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.1 Other labour costs 0.2 0.3 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 Foreign labour costs 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.6 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.6

NOTE: Annual changes have been calculated as the average of the growth rates for every quarter. SOURCE: DA, OECD and own calculations.

16 Table 21 Salary trends abroad

Annual changes, 2004 2005 Weighting % Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2005

Germany 2.4 1.6 1.9 1.5 0.9 21.0 UK 2.5 2.9 2.6 3.0 1.3 10.4 Sweden 4.4 3.5 3.3 3.5 2.8 9.0 USA 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 8.6 France 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 6.4 Holland 1.5 1.9 1.4 0.6 0.5 5.3 Italy 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.4 5.1 Belgium 2.8 2.8 4.1 2.2 1.5 4.1 Japan 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.9 Norway 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.7 Other 2.8 3.2 3.9 4.4 2.6 9.1

All countries 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 1.9 86.6

17 Euro area 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.1 1.5 50.3 Denmark 3.9 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.6 -

NOTE: Other countries cover Canada. Austria. Spain. Ireland and Finland, which are each included in the ef- fective krone exchange rate with a weighing of less than 3%. Portugal and Greece are not included in the fig- ure. The trend in hourly pay rates in manufacturing industry is used as an indicator of the trend in foreign la - bour costs. SOURCE: DA and National Bank of Denmark.

Table 22 Labour costs in manufacturing

2004 Total labour Direct, % Indirect, costs, DKK per % hour

Denmark 212.1 90.5 9.5 Norway 207.9 82.7 17.3 Germany 197.1 76.2 23.8 Finland 179.0 77.3 22.7 Holland 176.9 78.5 21.5 Sweden 165.9 71.7 28.3 USA 144.8 77.9 22.1 France 139.2 69.0 31.0 UK 134.2 81.4 18.6 Japan 132.4 83.0 17.0

NOTE: Direct labour costs cover all payments to employees including nuisance bonus, holiday, sickness and pension payments. Indirect labour costs cover other costs, but are not fully comparable with Table 24.

18 SOURCE: Bureau of Labour Statistics (International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs 1975-2003), National Bank of Denmark and own calculations.

Table 23 Statutory labour costs

Year Essential changes in statutory labour costs and their contribution to changes in total labour costs, %. 1988 A special contribution to labour market funds (AMBI) replaces a number of labour - market duties, compensation for the contribution to the Labour Market Supple- 5.1 mentary Pension Scheme (ATP) plus the industrial injury insurance premium 1989 Employers´ payment for first day of unemployment is introduced (because of a 0.0 postponement from the alteration in 1988 the result is zero in the calendar year 1989) 1990 Compensation for the industrial injury insurance premium decreases. 0.1 1991 Compensation for the industrial injury insurance premium is repealed. The direct 1.0 contribution to employers trainee refund (AER) is reintroduced 1992 The AER-contribution increases 0.3 1993 The AER-contribution increases, employers´ payment also for the second day of 0.3 unemployment. compensation for ATP is reduced at the end of the year (ATP- funding for sick and unemployed benefit claimants) 1994 The compensation for ATP is lower than last year as a result of the decrease in 0.1 1993 1995 The insurance premiums for accidents at work are raised, the AER-contribution is 0.2 reduced 1996 The industrial injury insurance premium is raised, the ATP-compensation is raised 0.1 as part of reversal of green taxes 19 1997 A social security contribution of 0.3 % is introduced (0.19 % net for reversal of 0.2 green duties), the ATP-compensation is reduced (funding of raised ATP to benefit claimants etc.) 1998 The social security insurance premium is increased to 0.6 % (0.33 net for reversal 0.3 of green duties), a sickness tax is introduced, the AER-contribution is raised. the industrial injury insurance premium is lowered 1999 The sickness tax is abolished, the AER-contribution is reduced, the reversal of - green taxes is raised, the ATP-compensation is raised. the premium of occupation- 0.2 al disease is raised 2000 The ATP-compensation is lowered, the reversal of green duties is increased, the 0.1 social security contribution is abolished, a new employers´ contribution to Em- ployees´ Guarantee Fund (LG) is introduced, the insurance scheme for minor employers is cut, employers payment for first and second day of unemployment is increased, reform of grown-ups in-service training. the AER-contribution is increased 2001 The AER-contribution is increased, a new working environment duty is intro- 0.2 duced. the ATP-compensation is lowered 2002 Increased contribution to the labour markets occupational disease insurance and 0.1 LG. ATP for unemployed, sick etc. Reduction of the AER 2003 Annulment of the ATP-compensation and working environment duty, in-creased 0.1 LG-contribution, funding of adult vocational training (AMU) and labour markets occupational disease insurance, lower contribution to the Labour Market Occupa- tional Diseases Fund (AES) 2004 Increased contribution to AES. ATP for unemployed, sick, etc. Reform of occupa- 0.1 tional injuries 2005 Increased contribution to AES. ATP for unemployed, sick, etc. Reform of occupa- 0.1 tional injuries

NOTE: The statement only covers costs that fall directly on the use of labour. SOURCE: DA. Table 24 Labour cost in the DA area

Blue collar White collar workers, average workers, average % of DKK per % of salary DKK per salary for year for hours year hours worked 2005 worked

Earnings 318,573 134.2 420,420 132.6 Salary for hours worked 237,429 100.0 316,982 100.0 Holidays and church 42,319 17.8 62,262 19.6 holidays Payments during absence 19,050 8.0 18,540 5.8 Employer’s pension 17,928 7.6 20,846 6.6 Employer’s supplementary 1,847 0.8 1,789 0.6 pension (ATP)

20 Other labour costs 4,314 1.8 1,537 0.5 Statutory

Occupational injury 3,105 1.3 1,396 0.4 insurance Company health service 422 0.2 - - (BST) 1st and 2nd day of 290 0.1 - - unemployment AER contributions 1,480 0.6 1,480 0.5 Contributions to financing 838 0.4 838 0.3 Refunds relating to absence -2,264 -1.0 -2,632 -0.8 Agreement-related Education and training 443 0.2 455 0.1 funds Total enterprise labour costs 322,887 136.0 421,956 134.4

NOTE: The figures in the table are estimates for 2005. Labour costs have been estimated net of reversal of green taxes, occupational injury insurance, company health service (BST) and expenses for the first and second day of unemployment vary considerably between sectors. Expenses for pension contributions as spe- cified in collective agreements and education and training funds also vary from agreement to agreement. SOURCE: DA.

Table 25 Full year earnings in the DA area

DKK per year, 2004 Full-time earnings Actual earnings

Senior management work 579,139 576,777 Work requiring high level 514,996 516,822 qualifications Work requiring intermediate level 409,228 407,700 qualifications Office work 314,062 301,686 Sales and service work 255,752 230,130 Work in agriculture, market 272,349 272,909 gardening, etc, Skilled manual labour 325,346 321,749

21 Process and machinery operator 284,078 287,793 work Other work 272,217 258,109 All 340,191 334,297

NOTE: Full-time full-year earnings have been calculated on the basis of employees’ hourly earnings including pension and under the assumption that all employees worked 37 hours a week throughout 2003 (with the exception of public holidays and church holidays not falling on a Sunday). The actual full-year earnings takes into account part-time work, overtime work, sick leave, etc. and associated payments. The figures concern adults working more than 10 hours per week. SOURCE: DA.

Table 26 Full year earnings by employee group

2004, full year earnings, White-collar Employees on white Blue-collar DKK per year workers collar terms workers

Ordinary wage earners 356,863 295,213 287,139 Executives and employees 517,146 433,932 312,918 with special responsibility Trainees and young 135,119 135,363 128,536 Total 385,986 287,678 279,407

NOTE: The figures concern adults working more than ten hours per week. An employee on white collar terms is a blue collar worker, for whom it has been agreed that parts of the terms in the Salaried Employees Act apply. SOURCE: DA.

22 Table 27 Salary, prices and tax

Annual changes, 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 %

Earnings 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.1 - consumer 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.2 prices

Real salary 1.9 1.8 2.6 1.9 0.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.9 + tax system1 0.0 -0.2 0.9 0.6 0.8 1.5 1.1 0.1 2.7

Real salary after 1.9 1.6 3.5 2.5 1.6 3.5 2.9 1.8 4.6 tax - pension2 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.6 0.7 1.2 -0.5

Real salary after 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.1 0.9 1.9 2.2 0.6 5.1 tax, exc. pension

NOTE: 1: Calculated as the difference between the annual change in annual salary after tax and the annual change in annual salary excluding pension contributions for an average worker. Temporary Pension Savings (Midlertidige Pensionsopsparing) in 1998 were treated as pension and Special Pension Savings (Særlige Pensionsopsparing) were treated as taxes in 1999 and 2000 and as a pension from 2001 onwards. 2: Calculated as the difference between the annual change in annual salary including pensions and the annual change in annual salary excluding pensions for an average blue collar worker. SOURCE: DA, Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

Table 28 Income trends for different employment types

Income type 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Salary income inc. pension DKK 1,000 per year High level qualifications 404 425 441 462 482 502 515 Skilled manual work 261 271 283 296 308 316 325 Sales and service work 206 215 220 227 236 247 256 Typical minimum wage 158 163 168 173 178 184 190 Salary income exc. pension High level qualifications 369 390 403 418 431 445 457

23 Skilled manual work 247 255 265 272 282 286 295 Sales and service work 195 202 207 210 217 226 235 Typical minimum wage 149 153 156 158 162 165 171 Disposable salary income High level qualifications 191 200 208 218 227 234 249 Skilled manual work 141 147 154 160 168 171 182 Sales and service work 116 121 125 129 135 140 149 Typical minimum wage 94 96 99 101 104 107 112 Salary income exc. pension Annual change, % High level qualifications 3.5 5.6 3.3 3.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 Skilled manual work 4.0 3.3 3.7 2.8 3.5 1.5 3.1 Sales and service work 2.7 3.7 2.3 1.5 3.5 3.8 3.9 Typical minimum wage 4.3 2.4 2.3 1.3 2.1 2.3 3.4 Disposable salary income High level qualifications 5.2 5.0 4.0 4.9 4.0 3.3 6.0 Skilled manual work 5.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.6 1.8 6.8 Sales and service work 3.8 4.4 3.3 3.2 4.6 3.8 6.0 Typical minimum wage 4.9 2.8 2.7 2.4 3.0 2.5 5.0 Real salary income High level qualifications 3.4 2.5 1.2 2.5 1.6 1.3 4.9 Skilled manual work 3.2 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.3 -0.2 5.7 Sales and service work 2.0 1.9 0.5 0.8 2.3 1.7 4.9 Typical minimum wage 3.1 0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 3.9 NOTE: The standard calculation is based on the level in DA’s StrukturStatistik 2004, which is interpolated backwards with rates of increase taken from DA’s KonjunkturStatistik. Full-year earnings are based on a 37- hour working week throughout the year (with the exception of holidays and public holidays). Disposable income is salary income excluding pension payments and tax. Temporary Pension Savings (Midlertidige Pen- sionsopsparing) in 1998 were treated as pension, and Special Pension Savings (Særlige Pensionsopsparing) were treated as taxes in 1999 and 2000 and as a pension from 2001 onwards. SOURCE: DA, Statistics Denmark and own calculations. Table 29 Unemployment compensation

% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Gross compensation High level 37.4 36.4 36.3 35.8 35.7 35.7 qualifications 36.1 Skilled manual work 55.9 55.6 55.3 55.0 54.6 55.5 55.9 Sales and service work 70.9 70.1 70.8 71.3 70.7 70.3 70.3 Typical minimum wage 90.7 91.0 91.2 92.3 92.6 93.0 92.2

24 Net compensation High level 49.4 48.6 48.3 47.3 47.3 47.3 qualifications 46.3 Skilled manual work 66.6 66.1 65.5 64.4 64.1 64.9 63.2 Sales and service work 81.1 80.3 80.4 79.9 79.5 79.1 77.5 Typical minimum wage 91.8 92.3 92.3 92.5 92.7 93.1 91.0

NOTE: Gross compensation is calculated as income excluding pension for an insured unemployed person as a percentage of the salary income excluding pension for an employed person. The net compensation is calculated as the disposable income of an insured unemployed person expressed as a percentage of the disposable income for an employed person. SOURCE: DA.

6.4 Workforce and employment

Table 30 Workforce, employment and unemployment

1,000 Workforce Public Private Unemplo people sector sector Total yed employment employment employment

1994 2,857 760 1,753 2,514 343 25 1995 2,846 760 1,798 2,558 288 1996 2,837 770 1,821 2,591 246 1997 2,851 789 1,842 2,631 220 1998 2,855 805 1,868 2,672 183 1999 2,859 816 1,885 2,701 158 2000 2,868 815 1,902 2,717 151 2001 2,888 822 1,920 2,742 145 2002 2,884 833 1,907 2,739 145 2003 2,875 829 1,875 2,705 171 2004 2,883 833 1,874 2,707 176 2005, Q1 2,881 - - 2,718 163 2005, Q2 2,885 - - 2,725 160

NOTE: The workforce has been calculated here as the number of people in employment plus the number of unemployed people and therefore differs from the register-based workforce statistics. For 2005 Q1 and Q2 the figures are seasonally adjusted. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

Table 31 Private employment according to sector

1,000 Agriculture, Manufactur- Construction Service Other Total people etc. ing and engineering

1994 117 456 142 899 139 1,753 1995 115 470 145 928 140 1,798 1996 112 465 148 953 143 1,821 1997 109 462 153 974 144 1,842 26 1998 105 460 157 1,001 145 1,868 1999 100 450 161 1,028 146 1,885 2000 98 443 166 1,048 148 1,902 2001 95 443 165 1,068 150 1,920 2002 94 432 163 1,067 150 1,907 2003 90 412 160 1,064 149 1,875 2004 88 400 161 1,074 151 1,874

NOTE: Service covers trade, hotel, transport, financing, etc. It should be noted that these figures do not con - cern full-time individuals and can therefore not be compared with the tables in section 1. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

Table 32 Labour force participation rate

% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Total population 78.3 78.5 78.7 78.5 78.8 78.8 77.8 77.6 15-24 years 69.6 69.4 69.9 69.2 68.6 67.5 65.2 63.6 25-49 years 87.4 87.5 87.5 87.3 87.4 87.2 86.0 86.0 50-59 years 76.8 78.0 79.0 79.7 81.1 81.9 81.9 82.5 60-64 years 33.9 33.0 32.4 32.0 33.6 35.2 37.0 37.8

27 Immigrants Non-western countries 50.7 50.7 51.3 50.1 50.7 50.4 50.1 52.2 Western countries 59.2 60.4 61.8 62.0 63.1 63.3 62.7 62.5

Descendants Non-western countries 51.7 54.6 58.3 59.9 61.0 60.4 57.9 56.3 Western countries 74.1 74.8 75.4 76.5 76.9 76.2 74.0 73.8

NOTE: The method of calculation was changed in 2003. SOURCE: Special report from Statistics Denmark.

Table 33 Personel turnover in the DA area

Blue collar White collar Total workers workers Outflu Influ Outflu Influ %, 2004 Influx Outflux x x x x

Manufacturing 20.0 22.2 12.5 12.9 17.5 19.2 Food industry 21.1 23.2 13.2 14.6 19.9 21.8 Textile and clothing industry 13.2 17.3 11.5 17.1 12.6 17.2

28 Timber and paper industry 21.1 21.4 16.6 9.3 20.2 19.1 Graphical industry 21.8 22.5 17.2 19.2 18.9 20.5 Chemical. rubber and plastics 15.9 19.6 10.2 10.4 13.0 15.0 industry Stone, clay and glass 22.7 23.9 14.5 13.5 20.8 21.4 industry Iron and metal industry 21.5 24.2 12.5 12.4 19.4 21.4 Machinery and electronics 19.3 20.1 12.7 12.5 16.8 17.2 industry Vehicle industry 19.7 27.3 7.0 17.4 16.7 25.0 Other manufacturing 18.8 24.7 11.0 12.4 15.3 19.2

Construction and 30.9 30.2 15.6 14.6 28.4 27.6 engineering

Service 37.1 35.3 17.8 21.5 25.7 27.1 Wholesale industry 27.0 27.3 14.9 19.9 17.7 21.6 Retail industry 36.5 36.7 30.1 31.8 31.9 33.2 Hotel and restaurant 39.2 42.1 25.1 28.4 36.0 39.1 Transport 23.9 22.3 12.4 19.7 16.5 20.6 Business services 52.9 46.9 15.2 14.3 36.0 32.3

DA 26.6 27.2 15.6 17.8 22.1 23.3

NOTE: Personel turnover covers the influx and outflux during one calendar year amongst adult employees within the DA area, i. e. trainees and young people are not included. All in- and outflux rates are calculated from the number of sign on, sign off and steady employees within the individual firm. A sign on is defined as a person, who was not at a given firm in 2003, but was there in a shorter or longer period in 2004, and con- versely for a sign off. A steady employee was there both years. Employees at firms starting or closing down in 2004 are not included. SOURCE: DA.

Table 34 Labour force forecast

1,000 people 2004 2010 2020 2030 2040

Total workforce 2,847 2,802 2,753 2,608 2,483 15-24 years 378 421 451 374 368 25-49 years 1,657 1,580 1,453 1,440 1,431 50-59 years 631 593 642 572 480 60-64 years 114 133 121 130 109

29 Over 64 years 66 76 86 93 94

Immigrants Less developed countries 81 94 112 121 128 More developed countries 83 97 103 106 107

Other labour force 2,683 2,612 2,539 2,381 2,248

Outside the labour force 2,551 2,622 2,635 2,741 2,774 Under 15 years 1017 961 826 847 855 15-64 years 795 869 862 847 804 Over 64 years 738 793 947 1,047 1,115

Proportion outside the 0.90 0.94 0.96 1.05 1.12 workforce

NOTE: The labour force forecast reflects the effects of age, immigration, fertility and mortality in DREAM’s population forecast assuming fixed labour force participation rates. The subdivision into more and less developed countries is based on the UN definition. SOURCE: DREAM’s Population forecast, Statistics Denmark and own calculations.

Table 35 Participation rates in selected countries

Labour force %, 2004 Employment rate Unemployment rate partipation rate Youn Youn Youn All Older All Older All Older g g g

Denmark 80.2 66.4 65.5 76.0 61.3 61.8 5.3 7.8 5.6 Norway 79.1 61.6 68.8 75.6 54.4 68.0 4.5 11.7 1.1 Sweden 78.7 51.5 73.1 73.5 42.8 69.5 6.6 17.0 4.9

30 Holland 76.6 72.0 46.3 73.1 66.2 44.6 4.7 8.0 3.6 UK 76.2 67.4 58.0 72.7 60.1 56.2 4.7 10.9 3.1 USA 75.4 61.1 62.3 71.2 53.9 59.9 5.6 11.8 3.8 Finland 73.8 48.1 55.0 67.2 38.1 51.0 8.9 20.8 7.3 Germany 72.7 47.5 44.2 65.5 41.9 39.2 9.9 11.7 11.3 Japan 72.2 44.2 66.0 68.7 40.0 63.0 4.9 9.5 4.4 France 69.5 37.5 39.6 62.8 29.5 37.1 9.6 21.3 6.3 OECD 70.1 49.9 53.1 65.3 43.2 50.7 6.9 13.4 4.7

NOTE: The ’Young’ group covers people aged 15-24 years, except for Norway, USA, Sweden and UK where the group covers people aged 16-24 years. The ’Older’ group covers people aged 55-64 years. The method of calculation differs from that used for the national Danish unemployment figures and participation rates. SOURCE: OECD (Employment Outlook).

Table 36 Unemployment by skills and region

Unemployment as a % of the 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 labour force

Total insured 7.0 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.7 6.8 7.0 Academics 6.0 5.1 5.0 4.7 5.3 6.4 6.7 Commerce/office 8.0 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.4 7.7 7.7 Construction 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.7 7.3 6.8 31 Metalworkers 5.1 5.4 5.4 4.6 5.0 6.5 6.5 United Federation of 11.2 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.3 11.1 11.1 Danish Workers (3F) Others 5.9 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.6 5.5 5.8

Total uninsured 4.9 4.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.4

Denmark total 6.6 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.2 6.2 6.4 Copenhagen Municipality 9.1 7.0 5.8 5.4 5.9 6.9 7.1 Frederiksberg 7.5 5.8 5.3 4.8 5.1 5.9 6.0 Municipality Copenhagen County 5.6 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.8 5.3 Frederiksborg County 4.8 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.7 4.6 4.5 Roskilde County 4.9 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.8 4.4 4.6 West Zealand County 6.8 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.2 6.5 6.7 Storstrøm County 8.3 7.4 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.8 6.6 Bornholm 10.6 9.8 9.0 9.3 9.4 10.6 11.0 Funen County 6.7 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.0 7.3 7.3 South Jutland County 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.3 6.5 6.4 Ribe County 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.5 5.3 5.2 Vejle County 6.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.9 5.9 6.1 Ringkøbing County 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.9 5.3 Århus County 7.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.9 7.1 Viborg County 5.1 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.9 4.9 North Jutland County 8.1 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.8 8.0 8.7

NOTE: Uninsured unemployment as a percentage of the workforce has been calculated as the number of uninsured unemployed people according to CRAM relative to the number of uninsured people in the workforce, which was calculated as the total in the register-based workforce statistics minus the number of insured people according to CRAM. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark. Table 37 Unemployment according to age

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

% of the workforce Total 6.6 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.2 6.2 6.4 16-24 years 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.9 25-49 years 6.8 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.3 6.4 6.6 50-59 years 7.3 6.1 6.1 5.9 5.7 6.6 6.8

32 60-66 years 8.9 7.0 7.5 7.9 7.4 7.5 7.8

1,000 people Total 182.7 158.2 150.5 145.1 144.7 170.6 176.4 16-24 years 18.0 15.7 12.7 11.8 11.9 14.0 14.0 25-49 years 116.2 100.9 94.7 89.0 89.3 106.4 110.2 50-59 years 39.9 34.8 35.9 36.0 35.3 41.1 42.2 60-66 years 8.6 6.8 7.3 8.2 8.2 9.2 10.0

NOTE: See note to table 36. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.

Table 38 Number of people on public benefit in and outside the labour force

16-66 years, 1,000 people 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Able-bodied people in the labour force 190 179 172 172 196 205 Subsidised employment 32 28 27 28 25 29 Job training 17 16 17 17 16 20 Pool/Service job 5 2 2 4 3 3 New business/Start-up 3 1 - - - - Adult education 7 9 8 7 6 6 33 Unemployed 158 150 145 145 171 176

Able-bodied people outside the labour 315 305 299 302 301 280 force Individual job training, etc. 22 23 24 29 27 8 Unemployed in subsidised training 43 34 32 29 23 20 Employed in subsidised training 10 8 4 0 0 0 Leave 57 57 56 58 60 60 Parental leave 37 37 37 41 55 57 Childcare leave 20 20 19 17 5 3 Early withdrawal 183 183 183 186 191 192 Severance pay 148 154 159 168 178 183 Partial retirement 4 4 3 3 2 1 Transitional payment 31 25 20 16 11 7

Not fully able to work 435 443 451 467 476 476 Sickness benefit 57 62 69 73 76 74 Cash benefit recipients 66 68 65 69 70 70 Early retirement (light jobs included) 269 264 261 260 260 258 Introductory allowance 2 6 11 13 11 8 Flexjobs (approved flexjobs, 6 8 15 22 30 40 inactive included) Rehabilitation 35 34 31 30 29 26 Total number of people on public 940 927 922 942 973 961 benefits As a % of the population 26 26 26 26 27 27 Population (16-66 years) 3,593 3,597 3,602 3,608 3,613 3,614

SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.

Table 39 Expenditure on public benefit

16-66 years, DKK billion 2004

Able-bodied people in the labour force 26.0 Subsidised employment 3.3 Job training 2.6 Service job 0.4 Adult education 0.2 Unemployment benefit 22.8 34 Able-bodied people outside the labour 41.2 force Subsidised employment and training for the 6.4 unemployed Parental leave 8.3 Childcare leave 0.3 Early withdrawal 26.1 Severance pay 25.1 Parttime retirement 0.1 Transitional payment 1.0

Not fully able-bodied 61.2 Sickness benefit 11.4 Cash benefit 10.3 Early retirement 30.1 Lightjobs 0.2 Flexjobs and approved flexjobs, 5.2 inactive benefits Rehabilitation 3.9

Total expenditure on benefit 128.4

NOTE: Cash benefit includes expenditures to uninsured unemployed. SOURCE: Bill for the 2006 Danish Finance Act, Articles §§ 15 and 17 plus Statistics Denmark.

6.5 Absence from the labour market

Table 40 Absence in the DA-area

Absence rate 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Total absence 5.8 5.9 5.5 5.2 5.0

Blue collar workers 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.2 6.0 35 Men 6.0 6.1 5.4 5.1 5.1 Women 10.1 9.3 8.9 9.1 8.0 White collar 3.9 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.7 workers Men 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.2 Women 6.6 7.0 6.6 5.6 5.8

Distribution of the absence, % Sick leave 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 Child´s illness 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Occupational 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 accidents Maternity/ 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 paternity Other 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4

NOTE: the absence rate has been calculated as the number of recorded days of absence as a percentage of the possible working days, which in 2004 was 229 for blue collar workers and 230 for white collar workers. SOURCE: DA.

Table 41 Distribution of absence in the DA area

%, 2004 Illness Total Men Women Men Women

Sector Manufacturing 3.1 4.3 4.1 7.2 Construction and engineering 2.7 5.7 3.2 8.4 Service 3.0 4.5 3.5 6.1

36 Main work function Senior management 0.9 1.9 1.1 3.7 High level qualifications 1.2 2.4 2.3 7.2 Intermediate level 1.7 3.0 2.4 5.9 qualifications Office work 1.7 2.9 2.2 5.3 Sales and service work 2.2 4.3 2.4 6.5 Skilled manual work 3.8 4.3 4.8 7.0 Process and machine operator 4.3 5.9 5.3 8.5 Other work 4.2 5.7 5.1 7.3

Region Capital 3.5 4.2 4.2 7.0 Provinces 3.0 4.3 4.0 6.8

NOTE: Absence has been measured as the number of recorded days of absence expressed as a percentage of the number of possible working days. SOURCE: DA.

Table 42 Structure of absence in the DA area

2004 Blue collar workers White collar workers Total Men Women Total Men Women Total

Procent Proportion with absence 64.5 67.0 65.2 45.2 60.1 50.9 59.4

Distribution of sick leave days 1 day 8.7 9.4 8.9 16.5 15.0 15.9 11.9

37 2-10 days 53.1 44.0 50.5 53.8 42.4 49.2 49.9 Over 10 days 38.2 46.6 40.6 29.6 42.6 34.9 38.1

Days Days’ absence per 11.8 18.4 13.6 5.1 13.3 8.4 11.4 employee Own illness 9.6 13.2 10.6 3.3 6.7 4.7 8.0 Children’s illness 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 Occupational 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 accident Maternity/paternity 0.4 3.4 1.2 0.5 5.3 2.5 1.8 Other 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0

Sick leave days per em- 9.3 13.0 10.3 3.3 6.5 4.6 7.9 ployee Under 19 years 6.7 6.2 6.6 - - - - 20-29 years 9.8 14.8 11.2 3.3 6.7 4.7 8.4 30-39 years 9.7 14.5 11.0 3.0 7.2 4.7 8.3 40-49 years 8.7 12.2 9.7 3.4 6.0 4.5 7.4 Over 50 years 9.3 12.2 10.1 3.4 5.9 4.4 7.7

SOURCE: DA.

Table 43 Sick leave in sectors

%, 2004 Men Women Total

DA 3.1 4.3 3.5 White collar 4.2 5.8 4.6 workers Blue collar workers 1.5 2.9 2.0

FA 1.9 3.2 2.5

38 The state 3.0 4.4 3.6

NOTE: Absence has been measured as the number of recorded days of absence expressed as a percentage of the number of possible working days. The figures for the state include occupational injuries. SOURCE: Danish State Employers’ Authority, FA and DA.

Table 44 Sick leave in the Scandinavian countries

Blue collar White collar %, 2003 Total workers workers

Norway - - 8.2 Sweden 9.1 3.3 6.1 Finland 6.1 1.9 - Denmark 5.0 2.3 3.8

NOTE: Absence has been measured as the number of recorded days of absence expressed as a percentage of the number of possible working days. The figures include absence due to occupational accidents. SOURCE: Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry (Norway), Confederation of Swedish Enterprise (Sweden), Confederation of Finish Industries (Finland) and DA.

Table 45 Occupational accidents and occupational illness

Number of cases 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Occupational accidents, reported to Working Environment 50,043 48,263 47,028 44,103 40,965 41,943 Authority National Board of 19,847 19,958 20,436 20,183 19,752 21,136 Industrial Injuries

39 Of which recognised occupational accidents Total 13,812 14,347 14,135 14,710 13,385 9,131 With compensation 5,050 6,108 6,377 5,969 7,573 5,512

Occupational illness, reported to Working Environment 12,635 12,856 13,590 12,566 11,413 12,491 Authority National Board of 13,207 13,676 13,503 12,551 12,401 14,055 Industrial Injuries

Of which recognised occupational illness Total 2,178 3,136 2,399 2,433 3,042 2,295 With compensation 1,626 2,450 2,053 1,955 2,659 2,062

NOTE: Accidents reported to the Working Environment Authority have been determined for the year in which the accident occurred, which means that the figures are continually adjusted. The Working Environ- ment Authority expects an additional 2,000 injuries to be reported for 2004. Only accidents for which com - pensation is being claimed are reported to the national Board of Occupational Injuries. All accidents that result in at least one day’s sick leave in addition to the day on which the injury occurred are reported to the Working Environment Authority. Only accidents for which compensation is being claimed are reported to the national Board of Occupational Injuries. The figures are based on the year in which the case arose. The concept of accident has been extended in 2004, among other things to include sudden injuries due to lift. The figures are thus not comparable over time. All occupational illnesses and acknowledgements are determined for the year of reporting and the year of settlement. SOURCE: Working Environment Authority and the National Board of Occupational Injuries.

Table 46 Reported occupational accidents and accident frequency

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Number of reported occupa- 50,043 48,263 47,028 44,103 40,965 41,943 tional accidents Agriculture, etc. 1,132 886 778 743 643 703 Manufacturing, etc. 17,206 16,398 16,049 14,439 12,850 12,581 Construction and 5,009 4,673 4,323 4,314 4,179 4,126 engineering

40 Commerce, etc. 4,289 4,049 3,946 3,777 3,750 3,716 Transport, etc. 4,788 4,391 4,381 4,300 4,145 4,144 Public and personal 7,953 8,807 8,950 8,676 7,441 7,962 services, etc. Health and social 9,393 8,002 7,700 7,315 7,185 7,744 services Unknown 273 1,057 901 539 772 967

Reported occupational accidents per 1,000 employees Accident frequency 18 17 17 16 15 15 Agriculture, etc. 10 8 8 7 7 8 Manufacturing, etc. 34 34 33 30 28 28 Construction and 30 28 25 25 25 25 engineering Commerce, etc. 9 9 8 8 8 8 Transport, etc. 26 24 24 24 24 25 Public and personal 10 10 10 10 9 9 services, etc.

NOTE: Public and personal services, etc. includes financial activity. The accident figures were determined for the year in which the accident occurred. SOURCE: Working Environment Authority and own calculations.

Tabel 47 Occupational accidents in the DA area

No. of days’ Manufac- Construction and Commerce, trans- absence per acci- Total turing engineering port and service dent

1995 10.1 13.0 13.7 10.9 1996 9.5 12.2 15.8 10.5 1997 9.3 11.7 13.5 10.1 41 1998 9.7 10.9 17.3 10.8 1999 10.2 10.0 13.5 10.5 2000 9.7 11.9 14.5 10.5 2001 10.6 11.4 17.3 12.0 2002 10.7 11.7 16.5 12.0 2003 9.8 11.8 14.2 11.0 2004 9.5 11.9 14.3 11.8

NOTE: Number of days has been determined as an average per accident. SOURCE: DA.

6.6 Education

Table 48 The population’s highest level of education

%, 2003 Higher education Total 42 Primary and General and lower vocational upper Short/Medium Long secondary secondary school education

France 36 41 9 15 100 Holland 34 42 3 22 100 Denmark 18 51 7 25 100 Finland 24 42 17 17 100 Sweden 17 49 15 18 100 UK 16 56 9 19 100 Germany 17 59 10 14 100 Norway 12 56 2 29 100 USA 13 49 9 29 100

NOTE: The figures illustrate the level of education for the population aged 25-64 years. SOURCE: OECD (Indicators 2005, Education at a Glance).

Table 49 Level of education by labour market status

2004 General Vocation- Voca- Basic upper al upper tional Higher education Un- schoo second- secondary educa- known l ary school tion school Short Medi Long um 43 Percent Employed 25 6 3 37 5 14 8 2 Primary 38 3 1 42 5 5 3 4 industry Manufacturing 32 3 2 43 6 6 4 3 Construction and engineer- 28 1 1 59 5 4 1 1 ing Private service 28 8 4 38 5 6 8 2 Public sector 16 7 2 29 4 31 11 1 Unknown 28 7 2 33 5 12 9 4

Unemployed 36 5 2 36 5 7 7 0

Total workforce 26 6 3 37 5 13 8 2

Outside 25 3 1 10 1 3 1 56 workforce Total 25 5 2 26 3 9 5 24 population

NOTE: The population consists of people under the age of 67 as of 1 January 2004 according to their highest education level. The figures are therefore not directly comparable with table 47, in which the population is limited to 25-64 year olds. Adult and supplementary training has been omitted, whilst long higher education courses include Bachelors’ degrees. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.

Table 50 Number of students in vocational educations

1,000 people 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Total 119.9 125.2 127.4 124.1 119.5 121.3 120.5

44 Social educators 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.6 Business and office 38.7 40.2 38.1 35.5 33.6 33.1 33.0 Building and 21.1 22.4 24.1 24.1 23.6 24.1 24.2 construction Metal etc. 20.4 21.9 22.3 21.8 20.8 20.4 19.6 Grafical 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 Other technical sci- 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.3 ence and industry Service 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.7 Food Science 10.4 10.8 11.4 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.7 Agriculture and 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.9 5.3 fishing Transport etc. 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 Health 14.4 13.6 13.7 13.4 12.9 14.1 14.2

NOTE: The number of students is determined on October 1 the year concerned. SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.

Table 51 Participation in public sector adult and supplementary training

2003 Student- Students Employ Unemp Outside years ed loyed workforc e

45 Antal % Preparatory adult education 907 18,227 47 10 43

General adult education 5,995 86,916 48 5 47

General and vocational up- 14,029 156,951 59 5 37 per secondary courses Higher preparatory examina- 11,737 113,239 48 5 47 tion Higher commercial examina- 272 1,852 74 3 23 tion Higher technical examination 82 991 84 3 13 Business and office 964 17,750 87 4 10 Construction and engineering 8 66 83 0 17 Technical and industry 895 21,692 87 4 9 Food and home economics 13 36 81 11 8 Agriculture and fisheries 26 435 82 0 18 Non-area-specific 32 890 97 1 2

Adult vocational training 10,097 302,518 91 3 6 (AMU) AMU Industry 3,641 113,239 94 3 3 AMU Construction and engin- 1,249 32,117 94 3 3 eering. etc. AMU Business and office. etc. 4,592 139,257 91 5 4 AMU Public sector 615 17,905 97 1 2

Higher adult education 3,742 27,625 79 3 17 Communication and business 15 119 77 10 13 language Social studies 3,500 25,355 87 4 10 Technical 219 2,052 93 1 6 Food and home economics 0 1 100 0 0 Agriculture and fisheries 8 98 67 1 32 Total 34,770 568,929 76 5 20

SOURCE: Statistics Denmark. Table 52 Participation in private adult education and supplementary training

2004 No. of participants 46 Management and employee development 47,500 Law, economics, research and financing 20,800 Procurement, sales and service 31,600 Export 300 IT 34,100 Presentation and teaching techniques 9,000 Communication and media techniques 11,500 Environment and safety 5,100 Personal development and training 21,800 Languages 2,600 Politics, collaboration, etc. 57,100 Other, including technical courses 46,700 General without further specification 19,200 Total 307,300

SOURCE: Statistics Denmark.