Writing a Research Paper Presents Unique Challenges. Students Must

Writing a research paper presents unique challenges. Students must:

 Develop a topic based on what has already been said and written …BUT write something new and original.

 Rely on experts' and authorities' opinions …BUT improve upon and/or disagree with those same opinions.

 Give credit to previous researchers …BUT make your own significant contribution.

 Build upon what you hear and read …BUT use your own words and your own voice.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to . . .

•Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing •Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing •Give examples of several points of view on a subject •Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with •Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original •Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own •Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

How to use Quotations, Paraphrases or Summaries

•Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.

•Use a statement that credits the source somewhere in the paraphrase or summary, e.g., According to Jonathan Kozol, ....

•I Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.f you're having trouble summarizing, try writing your paraphrase or summary of a text without looking at the original, relying only on your memory and notes

•Check your paraphrase or summary against the original text; correct any errors in content accuracy, and be sure to use quotation marks to set off any exact phrases from the original text

•Check your paraphrase or summary against the original information. Remember, copying is also considered plagiarism.

•Put quotation marks around any unique words or phrases that you cannot or do not want to change, e.g., "savage inequalities" exist throughout our educational system (Kozol).

•Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.

Is this Plagiarism? Yes or No? Question 1: You find a neat idea in an article, so you use it in your paper. You don’t bother to cite the source of the idea because you’ve expressed it in your own words. Is this plagiarism?

Question 2: You copy a paragraph directly from an article you found. You cite the source, but you forget to put quotation marks. Is this plagiarism?

Question 3: You need an image for your essay. You go online and find one. You don’t cite the source of your image, because images on the web aren’t protected by copyright. Is this plagiarism?

Question 4: You pay a tutor for editing assistance, and he drastically re-writes your original paper. You hand in this new edited version to your professor. Is this plagiarism?

Question 5: It’s the night before your paper is due, and you haven’t done any work. You buy a paper from an online essay-mill. Is this plagiarism?

Question 6: Your friend did the course last year, and she gives you her paper. You change the wording here and there and insert a few of your own ideas. Is this plagiarism? Question 7: You copy a short passage from an article you found. You change a couple of words, so that it’s different from the original – this way you don’t need quotation marks. You carefully cite the source. Is this plagiarism?

Simon Fraser University Library http://www.lib.sfu.ca/node/10442/take?quizkey=2139cc8303b3b6c28ed5d1694bd1c9a2