Grade 8 Chapter 15 Study Guide
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Grade 8 – Chapter 15 Study Guide After the defeat of Napoleon, diplomats from all over Europe met in Vienna, Austria in 1814 to redraw the boundaries of all European countries. Napoleon’s last effort to gain control ended with his defeat at Waterloo, Belgium in 1815. Europeans embraced the ideas of “Enlightenment” and wanted freedom from emperors, congress and even the Church. The Congress of Vienna reestablished the Church’s rule over the Papal States. Powerful Catholic families like the Hapsburgs and Bourbons were given rule over Italy. This resulted in a revolt from Italian citizens. In 1861, Pope Pius IX refused to recognize this new government. In 1861 a United Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. Pope Pius IX convened The First Vatican Council in 1869 – 1870. Italian troops seized control of the Papal States and Pius IX lost all power. Pius IX retreated into the Vatican for the rest of his long reign. He was known as the “prisoner of the Vatican.” At the same time Austria ruled over what is now called Germany. In 1871, Otto von Bismarck, a German statesman, overthrew Austrian rule, uniting many of the German states into a new German Empire. Bismarck began a program of persecution against Catholics known as the “Kulturkampf,” which means ”conflict of culture.” Bismarck felt that the concept of “papal infallibility” would cause Catholics to disregard the German government. Papal infallibility is the Divine guarantee that the pope’s official statements regarding faith and moral are free from error. Bismarck restricted Catholic Church ministries and required the Jesuits to leave the country. At the same time industrialization brought jobs to all parts of Europe and America. Business owners took advantage of the workers, requiring them to work long hours for little pay. Conditions were often dangerous. Government did not take care of the workers, as most factory and business owners had political influence with the government. Workers looked to Socialist and Communist organizations for protection and help. Communist organizers believed in the philosophy of Karl Marx, a German, who taught that religion gave people an illusion of an unreal world. Many workers abandoned their religion as part of their fight for justice. Pope Leo XIII realized the need for the Church to proclaim its teaching of social justice in society. He wrote many encyclicals, including “Rerum Novarum,” meaning “Of New Things.” The new things that concerned the pope were the rights of the workers, the dignity of the worker, a just wage, and the right to form trade unions. He called on the government to enact laws to protect workers’ rights. After Leo XIII’s death, Pope Pius X continued his work by making contributions to other aspects of Church teachings. Pope Pius X changes centered around the Eucharist. He declared that children should receive the Eucharist as soon as they understand that Christ is present in the Eucharist, and that adults should receive the Eucharist as often as possible. Pius X also revived the Gregorian chant of the Middle Ages, encouraged new music, required bishops to train new priests, required priest to preach clear and simple homilies, and encouraged parishioners to take part in the Liturgy. Pope Pius X was named a Saint in 1954. The 19th century was a time of Spiritual revival for the Church. Catholic schools, universities and colleges were being founded, and the Franciscans, Dominicans, Benedictines, and Jesuits were working to restore the Church for the first time since the horrors of the French Revolution. The following are organizations of lay Catholic men and women: Center Party – Organized by German Catholics in 1870 Catholic Association – Organized by Daniel O’Connell, an Irish lawyer, for civil rights of Irish and English workers. Society of St. Vincent de Paul – Organized in France by Antoine-Frederic Ozanam and his advisor Sr. Rosalie Rendu, to serve the poor. The following were missionaries working for social justice and to spread the Gospel: Society of African Missions St. Joseph’s Society for Foreign Missions or Mill Hill Missionaries Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America or Maryknoll Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle or the Paulists – Founded by Fr. Isaac Hecker, he published written Catholic reading materials for children and adults. Religious orders were being established to meet the needs of a changing world. Society of St. Frances de Sales (The Salesians) – Started in Italy by John Bosco, helped the working youth. Daughters of Mary, Help of Christians (Salesian Sisters) – Mary Mazzarello, helped the working youth. Sisters of Mercy – founded in Ireland by Catherine McAuley Sisters of the Holy Child – founded in England by an American, Cornelia Connelly Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus-founded in Italy by Frances Xavier Cabrini Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament – Founded in the U.S. by Katherine Drexel Whether in the schools, hospitals, or missions, these brave and holy women were striving to “meet the wants of the age.” The U.S. was growing in area and population. With the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, the size of the US doubled. Pope Pius VII created 4 more dioceses in addition to the original Baltimore. By 1815, the Catholic population of the U.S. reached 100,000 to 150,000. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars travel between Europe and the U.S. was safe, and war weary Europeans, hungry for hope and opportunity. Catholics from England, Ireland, and Germany were looking for a place free from anti-Catholic prejudice. The Diocese of Charleston, SC, headed by an Irishman, Bishop John England ministered to poor Irish immigrants in 1820. He started the first Catholic newspaper and a school for free African American children. The U.S. acquired the Republic of Texas (1836), the Oregon Territories (1846), the southwest after the war with Mexico in 1848. By 1850, there were 2 million Catholics in the U.S. and represented the largest Religious group in the country. Archbishop John Hughes of New York was Irish born and catered to his largely poor, Irish community. In the 1830s, Americans looked at the new Catholic immigrants as a threat. They felt they would only be loyal to the pope and not the United States. Protestant clergy preached sermons denouncing Catholics. Violence grew. A mob burned a convent in Massachusetts, anti-Catholic rioters in Philadelphia burned houses, seminaries, and several Catholic Churches of Irish Catholic immigrants. Irish Catholics were shot for trying to defend their homes. The “Know Nothings” became a powerful secretive political party that banded together to destroy Catholic Churches and anything Catholic. When asked about their action, they would reply, “I know nothing.” Grade 8 – Chapter 14 Study Guide At the beginning of the 18th century there were two leading royal families of the Catholic Church in Europe. The Hapsburgs ruled in Austria and the Bourbons in France. These families were political rivals, but hey both influenced the pope with their power. Powerful Catholic monarchs surrounded themselves with advisors who were followers of the Enlightenment. They kept the Church in a subordinate position. The Jesuits defended the papacy against these absolute monarchs. They educated their young men to live out their faith and defend it. In the new world, in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Jesuits were working to protect native people. The “enlightened” Catholic monarchs of Europe saw the Jesuits as a threat to their power and prosperity. By the middle of the 18th century, Catholic monarchs were expelling Jesuits from their territories in Europe and the Americas. Pope Clement XIV issued a decree suppressing the Jesuits in every Catholic country in the world. In France the Estates-General was meeting to discuss the need to raise taxes. The Estates-General was made of up of the 3 estates of the French population – the clergy, the nobles, and the common people. The common people wanted their vote to count individually rather than by each estate since they made up about 98 percent of France’s population. When the King took no action, the deputies of the Third Estate (the common people) took matters into their own hands. They renamed themselves the National Assembly and asked the deputies of the other 2 estates to join them. The French Revolution had begun. The National Assembly wanted to adopt a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament limiting the power of the monarch. They also wanted to limit the Church’s power. In 1790 the National Assembly quickly abolished taxes collected by the Church. They also passed a law called the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This decree rearranged church boundaries, bishops were appointed by civil assemblies and parish priests were elected by the assemblies. The pope had no say in these matters. The king passed this law in fear of his life. The National Assembly demanded that all clergy uphold the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Those who refused were removed from their positions. Those priests and bishops who accepted the terms of the law formed a new Constitutional Church. Now the Catholic Church in France was divided. In 1791, Pope Pius VI condemned the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and denounced the National Assembly. The National Assembly retaliated by taking over papal territories and cutting off relations with the Church in Rome. Now an enemy of the Revolution, the Catholic Church faced a terror not known since the persecution of the early Christians. In1791, King Louis XVI fled France when he refused to sign the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Forced to return to France he reluctantly agreed to sign the Constitution. Within 11 months, the constitution was overthrown. The government was under the control of the National Convention. King Louis XVI was overthrown and found guilty of treason. He was executed by beheading, as was his wife, Marie Antoinette. The Reign of Terror was underway. France was being run by the Convention appointed committees. They were known as the Committee of Public Safety. During 1793 and 1794 tens of thousands of French people were killed. Anyone sympathetic to the king were killed. Priests, brothers and nuns were among the victims. The country was now determined to erase Christianity completely. In 1795 the National Convention was disbanded and a new government was in place called the Directory. The Directory restored freedom of worship, authorized the separation of Church and state, and allowed Catholics to worship in church buildings. In 1792, French armies invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and much of Italy. The rulers of these countries were replaced with revolutionary governments. In 1798, the French occupied Rome, capital of the Papal States, a section of central Italy that was governed by the Pope. Pope Pius VI was taken prisoner and removed to Tuscany. He died in the city of Valence, France in 1799. In March of 1800, a conclave held in Venice, elected a new pope, Pope Pius VII. He returned to Rome and took up his duties. In France things had changed. The Directory was gone and a new general was in power – Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon entered into negotiations with Pope Pius VII. After many months, the result was the Treaty of Concordat. Freedom of worship was again guaranteed to Catholics throughout France. Seminaries, schools, hospitals, and charitable institutions were opened. In 1804, Napoleon declared himself emperor. He asked Pope Pius VII to crown him in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. During the ceremony, Napoleon took the Popes crown and put it on his head. This created unsettled relations between the two. In 1806, Napoleon wanted to conquer Great Britain and asked Pope Pius VII to ally with him. When the pope refused, Napoleon ordered the occupation of Rome and the Papal States. Napoleon arrested the pope and took him to France where he held him prisoner until his defeat in 1814. In May 1814, Pope Pius VII returned to Rome to restore the Society of Jesus. Pope Pius VII wanted the Jesuits back to help him revive and rebuild the Church.
Grade 8 – Chapter 13 Study Guide o Pablo Picasso was a Spanish artist best known for his Cubist style of painting. His art incorporated his political views with respect to World War I and the Spanish Civil War. o Peter and Jesus’ other apostles spread the good news of Jesus Christ throughout the world, which at the time included Europe, Asia, and North Africa. o Catholic means universal or world-wide. o The spread of Islam in the 7th century limited Christianity primarily to Europe. o Pope Alexander VI, from 1492 to 1503, asked explorers from Europe to evangelize the good news of Jesus wherever they went. Evangelize means to proclaim the good news of Jesus Christ. o The mission of the church to spread the good news of Jesus was renewed with exploration. o Starting with Columbus, Spain and Portugal evangelized the Caribbean and the Americas. o Some explorers forget that we proclaim the good news with grace and human dignity, and instead committed violent acts against the native populations. o The Pope and Spanish government could not enforce protection from so far away. o Antonio Montesino and Bartolome de las Casas, Christian missionaries, defended the human rights of America’s native people. o Many natives suffered and died as a result of disease and enslavement. This enslavement was completely against Christianity – against Jesus’ command to “love one another.” o Spanish missionaries brought the good news to the Philippines, still one of the only Catholic countries in Asia. o Francis Xavier baptized many people in Goa, India and Japan. Japanese Catholics brought the faith to Vietnam and outer parts of Asia. o Portuguese missionaries brought the faith to Korea and Africa. o In Europe, the Protestant Reformation fueled battles between Catholic and Protestant armies, each fighting to defend their beliefs. o These wars lasted between 1618 and 1648 and are known as the “Thirty Years War.” o The treaty from these wars established regions that were Protestant or Catholic, and under the complete control of absolute monarchs, such as King Louis XIV and King Joseph II. o The age of absolute monarchs began in 1648. The monarchs had the power to decide which religion a person was to practice. o Favors granted to the Catholic Church weakened the Church’s power, giving the monarchs even more control and power. o King Louis XIV ruled France, the leading Catholic country in Europe. o The Gallican Articles enabled King Louis to rule the Church in France as if he were more powerful than the Pope. o King Joseph of Austria, the second most Catholic country in Europe, abolished monasteries, and put the state in charge of seminaries. o These monarchs had no regard to the Popes requests to end such control. o The age of the Absolute Monarchs lasted for 150 years. Catholics and Protestants alike yearned for their religious freedom. o Exploration in the Americas continued, with Spain establishing the first Catholic settlement in St. Augustine, Florida. o French Catholic missionaries settled areas from Quebec down to New Orleans. Louisiana, known as “New France.” o The English settled first in Virginia, and later in Massachusetts. English Protestants brought their dislike for Catholics to the New World. o English Nobleman George Calvert saw how poorly Catholics were treated both in England and the colonies. King Charles I of England granted Calvert’s request to establish a colony where Catholics could worship freely. In 1634, the ships, Ark and Dove left England for Maryland which promised religious freedom. By 1654 Protestants in Maryland gained control and began persecuting Catholics once again. o By 1776, most Catholics lived in Maryland or Pennsylvania. William Penn established this colony for religious freedom for Quakers, Catholics, the Amish and the Mennonites. o Pope Gregory XV established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. o In 1784, Pope Pius VI chose Father John Carroll of Baltimore to be the “Superior of the Missions” in America. In 1790 Father Carroll was ordained Bishop of Baltimore, Maryland, the First Catholic diocese in the United States. Bishop Carroll founded the first Catholic College in the US, known today as Georgetown University. o The enlightenment period began while explorers were discovering civilizations. Discoveries were creating a scientific revolution. o Italian scientist, Galileo, proved that the earth revolves around the sun, contradicting the Church’s beliefs of creation. o Scientists and theologians disagreed because the distinction between scientific truth and religious truth was not clear. o Critical reason, a belief that by reason alone humans can know all truths, determine all rules, and solve all problems – became a real threat to the Christian faith. o The 18th century, known as the age of science and reason, was referred to as the age of “Enlightenment.” o Enlightenment philosophers believed in secularization. Secularization is the idea that religious faith had no place in society, science, or government. o We believe that the Holy Spirit continues to teach us the truths of faith. o The Church disagreed with the idea that critical reason alone was “enlightenment” and encouraged her own scholars to bring reason to the study of Scripture and Tradition. Grade 8 – Chapter 10 Study Guide
The early Christians followed the spiritual practice of going on a pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey to a shrine or other holy place for spiritual and devotional reasons. From 1000 – 1200 A.D., the Holy Land fell into the hands of Muslim conquerors. Many feared that if the conquerors weren’t stopped, the Muslim armies might sweep into the heart of Europe. Pope Urban II organized a Crusade. The Crusades were holy wars to take back the cross, freeing the Holy land and its sacred sites. They acted out of faith hoping to save Christianity. There were 4 major crusades between 1097 and 1204. The Crusades took control of Jerusalem in 1099 but by 1187, Jerusalem fell back into Muslim reign until 1917. In 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade attacked and looted Constantinople, a city in the eastern part of the Christian world. During the Middle Ages, the world looked to the leader of the church for moral and spiritual leadership. It was commonly accepted that the pope had authority from God to give power to kings, princes, and other civil rulers. At this time there was much corruption in the church. Bishops and abbots, those who ran monasteries, were living very well with money and power. Kings and princes wanted to appoint these bishops and abbots within their kingdoms. Lay investiture is the illicit practice of empowering a church leader with authority outside the church. At this time, it seemed that the papacy was weakened. Pope Gregory VII guided the church and started “the Gregorian reforms.” Gregory forbade lay investiture, insisted on celibacy (priests not being permitted to marry), and banned all forms of simony. Simony is the buying and selling of spiritual things, and services, or Church offices. In some cases, entire dioceses were sold to the highest bidders. Henry IV would not adhere to Pope Gregory’s reforms. Gregory sentenced Henry IV to excommunication, a severe penalty imposed by the Church for serious sins against the Catholic religion. Pope Gregory forgave Henry IV, who returned to Germany, put together an army, and drove Pope Gregory from Rome. Gregory died in exile, but because of the Gregorian reforms, the church has survived until today. In the High Middle ages, Christendom refers to the cultural and political atmosphere that came into existence during this period in Europe when nearly everyone was Catholic. Pope Innocent III held the Fourth Lateran Council. At this ecumenical council, it was ruled that: a) Catholics must receive Holy Communion at least once a year and b) transubstantiation is the term that describes the changing of the bread and wine into the body and Blood of Christ. As the church moved into the later Middle Ages, spiritual leaders began to defend the faith against heresy. Those who taught false doctrines, and sometimes even those who criticized the Church in a positive and faithful way, were identified as heretics. Pope Gregory IX set up an official court to investigate heresy in 1231. This special court was called the Inquisition. The court had the power to impose fines, imprison people, and even condemn heretics to death. In Spain, the Spanish Inquisition under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, was particularly vicious. In addition to punishing people of suspected heresy, the Spanish Inquisition targeted Muslims and Jews who converted to Christianity. The leaders and rulers administered cruel punishments. It is hard to realize how this was done as Christians. Fear can cloud good judgment, and the leaders of the Inquisition acted out of fear. The excesses of the Inquisition and the Crusades marked a sad episode in our Church history. During the High Middle Ages, a great number of peasants relocated from farms to the cities. There were no social structures in place to deal with the increase of people to the cities. Throughout history, God always cared for his people. With the guidance of the Holy Spirit, a new form of religious life arose. These men were known as friars. The word friar comes from the Latin word “frater” which means brother. Friars were mendicants. Mendicants are those who survive by begging or by the generosity of other people. Friars would work among the poor and would travel from town to town, preaching the Gospel. Friars also committed themselves to being well educated in their faith. Two great orders of friars that began at this time were the Franciscans and the Dominicans. Medieval Europe was ruled by feudalism. Feudalism is a system that organized society by social class and land ownership. Serfs were peasants who had the lowest positions in society. Serfs farmed the land but did not own the land. Vassals held a higher position than the serfs. They held the land, but in exchange for the land, they had to give military or other services to the overlords The overlords are the actual landowners and the most powerful class in society. The Crusades brought change to the feudal system. The Crusades helped to promote cultural, economic, and technological growth throughout Europe. Peasants that moved to the towns were hoping to find freedom from the drudgery of farm work. Theology comes from the Greek word theos which means god. Theology is the study of God. St. Thomas Aquinas was one of the scholars of the Church. Grade 8 – Chapter 9 Study Guide
When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire, some people thought Baptism would give them social status. True Christians resisted this trend and some even separated themselves apart from society. These people lived as hermits, most often in the desert. In the year 300, Anthony of Egypt brought these hermits together to live in community. This was the beginning of monasticism. Monastic life is a life dedicated to prayer, work, study , and the needs of society. Each monastery, a place where monks and nuns live, established rules to live by. Basil the Great, from the eastern part of the empire, was a holy monk who developed a great “rule of life” for monks. Under Basil’s rule, the monks vowed, or promised to practice poverty, chastity, and obedience. These vows are called the evangelical counsels. Monks also followed a daily routine of community prayer, manual labor, contemplation, and service to those in need. Benedict of Nursia, from the western part of the empire, founded a monastery at Monte Casino, Italy. He had a sister, now Saint Scholastica, who founded a monastery for nuns nearby. Benedict built on the rules set out by Basil. He said that monks should live by the motto, “Ora et labora,” which means “Pray and work. He set up a rule of prayer, which identified seven specific times each day for community prayer. In the Benedictine system, each monastery was independent. The monks followed their abbot, and the nuns followed their abbess. In the 10th century, there was a movement to reform or reorganize monastic life. At the French monastery at Cluny, the abbot directed his monks to a life of prayer. Later, an even more rigid code of prayer was established by Bernard Clairvaux, who founded the Cistercian order. His monks followed a strict rule of prayer, manual labor, and simple living. The strength of the Roman empire was weakening, even though monastic life was flourishing. From the 5th century, “barbarian” tribes invaded Roman territories. Barbarian refers to those who are uneducated and have no culture. The western part of the empire collapsed with the invasions of the Germanic tribes. Armies of Franks and Vikings also invaded Roman territories. The western empire collapsed and the eastern empire barely survived. These invasions threatened the very existence of the Christian faith. Education, housing, health care and security declined. Food was scarce and death was never far away. These tribes brought with them the practice of paganism. Christian leaders like Pope Gregory the Great reached out to these pagan leaders. Gregory made treaties with the leaders and sent Christian missionaries to their homelands. Gregory the great reformed the church by contributing to canon law. Canon law are laws that are used to govern the church and would provide for good order. Ecclesial governance refers to church governance. Gregory was involved in the Gregorian Sacramentary, a book that would guide the celebration of the Mass and sacraments for years to come. He is associated with the beginning of church music. This beautiful music has been chanted at the Liturgy of the Hours and other church celebrations. His music is referred to as the Gregorian chant. The pagan invaders were impressed with the kindness and virtue of the monks and nuns. Clovis, King of the Franks, lived in Gaul (what is now France). He laid the ground work for the conversion to Christianity. Later two Greek leaders Cyril and Methodius brought the good news of Jesus Christ to their territories. By the year 1000, most of what was “barbarian” Europe was now Christian. The Franks had conquered the western part of the Roman Empire. In the year 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, the leader of the Franks, as the Holy Roman Emperor. Charlemagne immediately began to reform the church. He did not distinguish between church and politics. Charlemagne decreed that all monasteries open schools to everyone He encouraged monastic libraries to preserve and copy ancient manuscripts. He appointed Alcuin, a monk from England to set up a school of Religious Studies. By the end of the first thousand years, or millennium, many monasteries and cathedral schools provided education and preserved ancient culture. It was assumed that the pope was the true ruler of the Roman Empire, since he crowns the Emperor. By the eighth century Muslim armies began invading much of the Middle East, including sites in Jerusalem. They conquered northern Africa and Spain. Spain remained under Muslim rule for almost another 800 years. In 1054, a great division in the church occurred. Up until now, the eastern and western parts of the empire were united under the same pope. This division or schism, separated the eastern part of the Roman empire from the Western part. The western part of the empire remained under the guidance of the Pope and became known as the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Catholic Churches remained close to the Roman Catholic pope and bishops, but established their own tradition, language, and liturgical customs. The Catholic Church today consists of 22 churches: the Roman Catholic Church and 21 Eastern Catholic Churches. The Eastern Churches chose not to accept the pope’s leadership. These churches today are now known as The Eastern Orthodox Church. This division or schism continues to present day. It is the hope of the pope that one day both churches would be united. There are two several forms of prayer: In prayers of Petition, we ask something of God, usually for ourselves. Included in these prayers we ask for forgiveness. In prayers of Intercession, we ask God for something on behalf of another person, group of people, or the world. In prayers of Thanksgiving, we show God our gratitude for all he has given us. In prayers of Praise, we give glory to God simply for being God. St. Columba was an Irish monk, abbot, and missionary. He established monasteries in Ireland , and then, with 12 companions they sailed to Scotland to spread the Gospel. St. Columba was also a poet and scribe. He was responsible for copying manuscripts to preserve ancient writings. He established a monastery in Iona, Scotland. Today, a monastic community of laypeople still exists. Grade 8 – Chapter 8 Study Guide
Early Christians endured many persecutions. Roman emperors Decius and Diocletian tried to make the Christians worship them as gods. In the year 303 Emperor Diocletian issued edicts, or orders, that led to what we now call the “Great Persecution” which continued until 311. During this persecution thousands of Christians were martyred for their faith. Emperor Galerius who succeeded Diocletian, confiscated church property and burned all Christian books. Emperor Constantine ruled the Roman Empire from 312 to 337. Although he was not a Christian until the end of his life, he favored Christianity after winning the Milvian Bridge battle. He attributed winning this battle because his soldiers had crosses on their shields. Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313, allowing Christians the freedom to worship openly. Encouraged by his Christian mother, Constantine made Rome a Christian city. He built a great Basilica over the tomb of Saint Peter, gave many buildings to the Christians to worships, declared every Sunday a holiday, and made Easter and Christmas official holidays. Emperor Theodosius, Constantine’s successor, made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. The early Christians again experienced that the Holy Spirit is at work in their world. In the second century, the Church accepted the Old Testament as part of the Christian Bible. The Bible is a collection of books concerned with God’s covenant: The agreement that God made with the people of Israel (the old covenant) and the agreement brought to fulfillment in Jesus (the new covenant). Testament is another word for “covenant.” Early Christians had to decide which writings should be included in the New Testament, the part of the Bible that recalls the story of Jesus, his mission, his first followers, and the beginnings of the Church. Under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, the Church developed its New Testament of 27 books. In 367, in a letter written by St. Athanasius, the Bishop of Alexandria, Egypt, we find the first written list of the New Testament books. Canon, or canon law is the official list of Sacred Scripture. The original Fathers of the Church include: 1. Origin (185-254) – He studied and explained Scripture 2. Tertullian (155-222) – Developed a vocabulary of terms used to describe faith. 3. St. John Chrysostom (347-407) – A great preacher. His name means “golden- mouthed.” 4. St. Jerome 9347-420) – Translated the Bible into Latin from Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic Heresy is a belief or collection of beliefs that rejects one or more of the revealed truths of the faith.. To combat heresy, the Church gave rise to the first ecumenical councils. Ecumenical comes from the Greek, and means “of the whole world.” An ecumenical council brings together the bishops of the whole world with the bishops of Rome and the Pope to guide the church in matters of faith and life in Jesus Christ. In 325, a priest named Arius, claimed Jesus was not fully divine. This Arian heresy threatened the peace of the Roman empire. At the Council of Nicea, Athanasius argued that Jesus had to be fully human and fully divine to have the power to save us. The Arian heresy was condemned. The controversy of Jesus’ divinity continued into 381. Emperor Theodosius I called a Council at Constantinople where it was decided that the Holy Spirit, like Jesus, is also fully divine. The Blessed Trinity is “the central mystery of Christian faith and life.” The creed that was written in Council of Nicea was added to at Constantinople that we proclaim even today in Mass. In this creed we proclaim our faith, first in God the Father, then in God the Son, and then in God the Holy Spirit. Other controversies included that Jesus was really 2 different people, and that Mary only gave birth the human Jesus. The Council of Ephesus confirmed that Mary gave birth to Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and that Mary can truly be called “Mother of God.” The Council of Chalcedon is considered the greatest of the first four ecumenical councils. At this council it was confirmed as Pope Leo the Great taught, that Jesus was one person with two natures – divine and human. Grade 8 – Chapter 7 Study Guide
Imagine living in the year 30 A.D. Imagine being Christian living in the Roman Empire, ruled exclusively by the emperor. It was around this time that Jesus ascended to the Father. The Holy Spirit came upon the disciples at Pentecost. Pentecost marked the beginning of the Church. The Church was openly displayed to the crowds and the spread of the Gospel among the nations. Peter told the people of Jerusalem that God has made Him both Lord and Messiah, this Jesus whom you crucified. Peter told the people of Jerusalem to repent and be baptized for the forgiveness of sins to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit was with the members of the first Christian community, guiding them to believe in Jesus Christ. With the Holy Spirit, the community of Jesus’ disciples had become something that we can recognize today, over two thousand years later: the Catholic Church growing and working. The Roman Empire was at peace. They spoke Latin but favored the Greek language. Paul was the most famous Christian missionaries. After a conversion to belief in Jesus Christ, Paul spread the Gospel throughout the Roman Empire. Paul and other Christian missionaries faced many challenges including tension with the Christians’ Jewish neighbors. The disciple Stephen was put to death in Jerusalem, falsely accused of speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God.” It is believed he is the first Christian martyr. Tensions also existed with the Roman authorities. At first they did not see the early Christians as a threat. Soon, the authorities began to fear that Christianity, with emphasis on dignity and equality of all people, could become a revolutionary political movement. When the Christians refused to worship the Roman gods, and denied that the Roman emperor himself was not a god, they began to persecute the Christians. Emperor Nero persecuted the first Christians around A.D. 64. Thousands of Christians were persecuted rather than deny their faith. At the end of Paul’s first missionary journey with Barnabas they visited a community at Antioch. In the year 40 the word Christian referred to the followers of Jesus Christ. These Christians were Gentiles, or non-Jews. The people of Antioch questioned whether Gentiles first needed to become Jews before becoming Christians. Paul and Barnabas went to Jerusalem to ask the presbyters, or priests to answer this question. The Torah is the sacred law of faith given by God to Moses. The Council of Jerusalem met to discuss whether men and women who had not been born Jews could be excused from some of the requirements of Jewish law. The Council of Jerusalem was the first great council of the Catholic Church. It took place in Jerusalem in about year 49. The Council ruled that all Christians would follow the Ten Commandments and certain marriage laws, but some Torah requirements would be done away with for Gentile converts, those who did not come to Christianity through Judaism. The Holy Spirit worked through the community of the Church at the Council of Jerusalem, helping leaders to decide on matters about which Jesus left no specific instructions. As the first eyewitness Christians began to die, the Christian community became aware that future generations would need something more than oral tradition. Early Christians began to write things down. Many scholars agree on the following timeline: a. Around A.D. 70, the Gospel of Mark was the first written account of Jesus’ life and teaching. b. Gospels of Matthew and Luke were written down between A.D. 80 and 90. Their Gospels were based on Mark’s and other early Christians. c. These 3 Gospels are very similar and closely related. We refer to them as synoptic Gospels. d. The 4th Gospel of John was written about A.D. 100. John’s writings describe some words and deeds of Jesus as the other Gospel writers, but he addresses other incidents and issues not included in the other three Gospels. These four Gospels are included in the New Testament along with other writings. Fourteen books in the New Testament are epistles, or letters written to the early Christians, probably by St. Paul. Seven were written by other Church leaders. The Acts of the Apostles, also included in the New Testament include the very earliest days of the Church, followed by Revelation, the last book of the Bible. Revelation calls believers to look forward with hope to eternal glory. The human authors of these sacred texts were inspired by the Holy Spirit to write what would faithfully present God’s saving truth. The Holy Spirit was also working in the Church, guiding the development of Tradition. Tradition refers to the written and spoken beliefs and practices that have been handed down to us from the time of Christ. Together Tradition and Scripture make up “a single sacred deposit of the Word of God.” The Ordinary time is the season of life and hope. The color green, which we use during this season, reminds us of the life and hope that come with Christ. Ordinary Time lasts 33 – 34 weeks. Ordinary Time is celebrated twice during the year. In the Jewish calendar, Saturday was, and still is the Sabbath. Today our church keeps Sunday as our holy day. In the celebration of the Eucharist, the Mass, we praise and thank God for his many gifts, listen to God’s word, remember Jesus’ life, death and Resurrection and celebrate Jesus’ gift of himself in the Eucharist, receive the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion, and are sent out to share Jesus’ love. Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost. On this Sunday, we celebrate our belief in the Blessed Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Corpus Christi Sunday is celebrated on the Sunday after Trinity Sunday. The term “Body of Christ” comes from this term. Christ the King Sunday is the last Sunday in Ordinary Time. We rejoice that Christ is the King of the universe. He saves us from evil and brings us new life. Magisterium is the living teaching office of the Church through the Pope and bishops. Through letters, statements, and documents, the Magisterium continually teaches us about the truth. When new issues or circumstances arise today, the Holy Spirit guides the Magisterium and the whole Church to develop an understanding and answer. Grade 8 – Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Study Guide
To gain eternal life, keep the commandments and live out the commandments as an expression of love of God. Jesus called his disciples to be perfect, as God is perfect. Jesus teaches us that we can live out our discipleship by loving and forgiving all people – even those who are hard to love and hard to forgive. The fourth commandment is “Honor your father and your mother.” We can live out the 4th commandment by: 1. appreciating and obeying our parents, guardians, family members, and all who lead and serve us. 2. continually being grateful to our parents for all they have given us. 3. eventually supporting our families and helping to care for our parents in their old age. respecting those who are our elders, appreciating their wisdom as valued members of our communities and avoiding any form of discrimination that causes us to treat older people differently. 4. valuing and listening with respect to parents, guardians, family members, teachers, friends, officials As citizens, along with our civil authorities, we are responsible for building up society in a spirit of truth, justice, and solidarity. The fifth commandment says, “You shall not kill.” This commandment is based on the truth that all life is sacred, created by God. The right to life, from the moment of conception to natural death is the most basic human right. Some forms of violence are always wrong: abortion, euthanasia, murder, suicide, terrorism, war, death penalty, domestic violence, pollution, and scandal. The sixth commandment says, “You shall not commit adultery.” God created us with human sexuality. Human sexuality is the gift of being able to feel, think, choose, love, and act as the male or female person God created us to be. Adultery is infidelity in marriage, unfaithfulness to one’s husband or wife. Married couples take a vow or promise to commit their lives together forever while showing their love for each other in a beautiful physical way. This full expression of sexual intimacy is reserved for marriage. Divorce is the breaking of the marriage contract between a man and a woman. Married couples must be open to the children whom God may bless them. The sixth commandment obliges us to grow in loving ourselves, in respecting our bodies, in loving our family and friends, and in properly showing our feelings of love. The 6th commandment reminds us to practice the virtue, or good habit of chastity. Chastity is the use of our human sexuality in a responsible and faithful way. We refrain from any offenses against the dignity of marriage including: polygamy, incest, free union, fornication, lust, masturbation, pornography, promiscuity, prostitution rape, and homosexual acts. The seventh commandment says, “You shall not steal.” Stealing is any action that unjustly takes away the property or rights of others. Justice is respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs. Living according to the seventh commandment means: Being God’s stewards of creation-caring for the world God has given us. Caring for the things that belong to us and respecting what belongs to others Not taking things that are not ours, including homework, test answers, or ideas Treating all people as valuable and important Appreciating human work as a participation in the work of creation Showing respect for the goods and property of others and not damaging the property of others Working to help all people, especially those who are poor and powerless. Giving alms as a work of justice The eighth commandment says, “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.” To give witness means to to have personal knowledge of a person or event and to tell others the truth about it. The 8th commandment teaches us about the need for the truth. The 8th commandment obliges us to: To witness to the truth of Jesus by the things we say and do To tell the truth To respect the privacy of others To honor the good names of others and avoid anything that would harm their reputations. The eighth commandment forbids us to lie. A lie is to speak or act falsely with the intention of deceiving others. Rash judgment, detraction , calumny, boasting, and sarcasm are forms of lies. The eighth commandment teaches us about keeping promises. If someone asks you to keep a secret, you promise to keep it. We should avoid gossip and rumors. The ninth commandment says, “You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife.” This commandment means we should not wrongly desire someone or something. Temptation is the attraction to choose sin. With God’s grace we can form virtues or good habits, rather than vices, or bad habits. To covet means to wrongly desire someone or something. When we desire, or want, something unreasonably, our thoughts and feelings can lead us to do things we should not do. We are obliged to become more aware of the gift of human sexuality that God has given us and of the emotions, feelings, desires, and even temptations that may go with it. The 9th commandment calls us to protect even our desires – our feelings and intentions. We are obliged to: Keep our instincts and desires within the limits of what is good and honorable. Respect and protect the fidelity of the marriage commitment Practice temperance, which moderates the attraction of pleasures and helps us to bring our desires into balance. Trust in God’s ways and value our human sexuality Practice the virtue of chastity and the virtue of modesty. Modesty means thinking, speaking, acting, and dressing in ways that show respect for ourselves and others. Avoid thoughts and feelings that lead us away from following God’s Commandments Pure of heart means living in the love of God, our Father, just as his Son, Jesus Christ, calls us to do, and allowing the Holy Spirit to fill us with goodness and love. The tenth commandment says, “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house.” This commandment reminds us to not desire wrongly, or covet, the things that do not belong to us. The 10th commandment obliges us to thank God for what we have, to work for what we need, and to help others have what they need. Greed is an excessive desire to have or own things. Desiring things unnecessarily is greed. We live out the 10th commandment by trusting in God knowing that He is more important than money or success. We must also restrain ourselves from being envious of others. Envy is a feeling of sadness when someone else has the things we want for ourselves. The 10th commandment reminds us to become “poor in spirit,” depending on God and making God more important than anyone or anything else in our life. We must remember the things that are important: God and his love. People and their needs. The Church community in which we worship and grow in faith. God’s gifts of creation that we share with all people. God made a covenant with Moses and the Israelites.