Module Title: DSH 121 Development Theories and Strategies

MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MODULE OUTLINE/READING LIST

Lecturers: Mr Percyslage Chigora

Email: [email protected]

Office Hours: By appointment

1. PREAMBLE

The module examines dominant theories of development and measurement of development. A close attention will be given to strategies focusing on agriculture, industrialisation, technological development, trade, population control, household survival strategies, employment and the informal sector; sustainable development, environmental movements, among others.

Assignments: one assignment and in class tests

2. INTRODUCTORY LECTURE This section is a general introduction of issues to be covered in this module. a. Why should Zimbabwean students study development theory and strategies? b. CRITICALLY ANALYSE THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FOR STUDENTS IN DEVELOPNG COUNTRIES c. DOES CURRENT GLOBALISATION HEVE A LINK WITH ISSUES OF SLAVERY, COLONIALISM AND NEO-COLONIALISM? d. JUSTIFY THE NEED FOR SLAVERY REPERATIONS. e. What is a theory? Justify its impotance in understanding development. f. Distiquish between theory and stategy.

3. CONCEPTUAL AND CONTENDING ISSUES

This part of the module deals with conceptual issues to be used in the module. a. Identify contending issues in modern development thought b. TRACE THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES. c. Define Development. What are the key measures of development? d. UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT WILL ALWAYS BE DOMINATED BY CONTROVERSIES. DO YOU AGREE? e.. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR THEMES DOMINATING THE HISTORY OF WORLD DEVELOPMENT? f. compare and contrast the levels of development of countries in the SADC region. g. Development issues will remain shrouded in politics. Do you agree with this statement.

4. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT This section surveys major theories that has dominated development discourse. Among them include: mordenisation theory, dependency theory, world systems theory , state theory, democratic theory, neo-colonialism, globalisation, fundamentalism,

a. Examine the linkage between democracy and economic development. b. Economic development is synonymous with economic growth. Critically examine this contention. c. The failure of development in Africa is as a result of the failure to democratise. Support or refute this contention with reference to declining economic situation. d.Critically analyse Huntington’ thesis on clash of civilisation. Do you subscribe to his views? Justify your answer citing contemporary examples. e. Critique Nkrumah’s thesis on neo-colonialism. To what extent does the process of globalisation further the neo-colonial situation? f. The greatest threat to Africa’s development is globalisation. Do you agree? g. Examine the contribution of Nyerere and Kaunda to African development thought. g. The peasantry are the only revolutionary class in Africa. Critically discuss this assertion with close reference to Frantz Fanon and Amilca Cabral. h. Identify key classes in Africa’s development. I. Africa’s failure to develop is as a result of too many people staying in rural areas. Do you agree?

j. Guerrilla warfare remains the only strategy for transforming the poor and the oppressed. Discuss. k. The African population is largely oppressed because it is too docile and forgets their history easily. Do you subscribe to that notion? l. Support or refute the contention that fundamental cultural reforms are a major precondition for development in developing countries. m. What problems confront democratisation in the present social and political environment in Africa? n. Democratisation of international institutions is the main answer to achieving international development. Do you agree? n. Examine the view that underdevelopment does not refer to lack of development. Relate your answer to at least two authorities. o. Discuss the contributions of Claude Ake to our understanding of socio-political transformation in postcolonial Africa. p. Critically examine the essence of religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world. q. CRITICALLY ASSESS THE ROLE OF MORDENISATION THEORY IN UNDERSTANDING WORLD DEVELOPMENT. r. USING THE DEPENDENCE THEORY ANALSYSE THE ORIGINS OF POVERTY IN DEVELOPNG CONTRIES. s. HOW DOES WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY HELP US TO UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY IN THE WORLD TODAY. t. JUSTIFY THE EXISTANCE OF AID AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT. u. DISTIGUISH VARIOUS FORMS OF AID. WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK CAN BRING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. v. State and Critique the tenets of the State theory. w. Examine the importance of the state as a tool for promoting development. x. Sritically analyse the role of fundamentalism as a theory of development. y. State and critique the tenents of the post mordenism. z. Discuss the link between democracy and development.

5. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Major issues to be expored pertains to : Sustainable Development, Industrialisation, Agricultural Development, Free Market Strategies, Structural Change, Cancellation of international debt, Trade Strategies , Population Control, Encourage Savings and Investment, Development aid and cooperation, informal sector, household survival strategies

a. How far true is the idea that population control in Africa is the main source of underdevelopment? b. With reference to a specific country critique the current strategies aimed at distributing the resources equally. c. “Pure greediness”. Is this the correct assertion to causes of corruption in developing countries? d. “The free market society is not an end in itself but an ideological means to an end” Discuss. e. Land reform as the Zimbabwean Situation has shown is a political issue rather than economic. Discuss with specific reference to the centrality of land reform in developing societies. f. A pure imperialist agenda. Is this a correct assessment of the role of WTO, IMF, and WB in Africa’s development? g.Critically analyse the centrality of multilateral institutions in facilitating development in Africa. h. Suggest structural changes to Africa’s Development. I. Suggest way of encouraging savings in Africa. j. Outline major issues in contemporary development cooperation. k. Aid as a tool of facilitating development is rather misplaced and trade is the only way for economic development. Do you agree? Substantiate your answer using relevant cases. l. Using Zimbabwe as a case study analyse the role of international actors in facilitating development in the 21st century. m. Mugabe’s struggle with the west will only be understood with time. Do you agree? n. Distinguish the practical visions on development of the following: Senghor, Nkrumah, Lumumba, Nyerere, Kaunda, Banda, Gadhaffi, Mandela, Mbeki, and Mugabe o.CRITICALLY ANALYSE HOW CURRENT TRADE ARRAGEMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO LACK OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH? p. SUGGEST WAYS OF REFORMING THE CURRENT TRADE ARRANGEMENTS. q. WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION FACILITATES THE EXPLOITION OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS ASSERTION? r. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING CONTRIES IS AS A RESULT OF OVERPOPULATION. DISCUSS USING RELEVANT EXAMPLES. s. COUNTRIES WITH LARGE POPULATION DEVELOP FASTER THAN THOSE WITH LESS. DO YOU AGREE? t. DOES MALTHUSIAN THEORY STILL HAVE A PLACE IN DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE TODAY? u. SUGGEST WAYS OF IMPROVING SOCIETIES THAT ARE OVERPOPULATED. v. CRITICALLY ANALYSE THE EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION? w. WHAT IS THE CENTRAL ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE? x.WHAT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD HINDER DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPNG COUTRIES? y.WHAT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THAT HINDER DEVELOPMENT? z. JUSTIFY THE NEED FOR LAND REFORM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? aa. WHAT KEY ISSUES ARE RELEVANT TO THE SUCCESS OF LAND REFORM? Examine the contribution of the informal sector in enhancing development in developing countries. ab. What are the major household survival strategies adopted by households in drought prone societies. ac. What agricultural policies should Zimbabwe adopt to ensure development in rural areas. READING LIST P. Cowen and R. W. Shenton, Doctrines of Development, Routledge (1996), ISBN 978-0415125161.

Peter W. Preston, Development Theory: An Introduction to the Analysis of Complex Change, Wiley-Blackwell (1996), ISBN 978-0631195559.

Peter W. Preston, Rethinking Development, Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd (1988), ISBN 978-0710212634. tephen Smith, Ending Global Poverty: A Guide to What Works, Palgrave MacMillan 2005.

Paul Gready and Jonathan wEnsor, Reinventing Development? Translating Rights Based Approaches from Theory to Practice.

K N Mufuka, Africa-Essays in History, education and Development (Voice 2000)

R Dumont: False start in Africa, Prager 1974

M Thatcher: Statecraft (Harper collins 2002)

D Goulet: The cruel Choice: A new concept in theory of Development (University Press of America 1985)

Sengor Eric, Capitalism and slavery, 1961

Nkurumah Kwame, The revolutionary path, 1973

Du Bois WED , The world and Africa 1947

Diawara, Manthia, In search of Africa 1998.

Asante Molifikete, The Afrocetric Idea, 1998

Vardys, V.S Karl Marx Scientist? Revolutionary? Humanist? 1971

Ake Claude, Feasibility of Democracy in Africa. Rodney W, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 1980.

Fanon F, The wretched of the Earth, 19963

Arblaster, A and Lukes, S, The good society: A book of Readings, 1971.

MacPhearson CB , The real World of Democracy 1966.

Mill J S, Utilitarianism 1962

Milliband R, The state in capitalist society: An analysis of western system of power, 1973.

Kemp, T Theories of Imperialism, 1967.

Mao Tse Tung, Selected Works, 1956.

Melotti, U , Marx and the Third World 1977.

Nkurumah K, Class Struggle in Africa 1981.

Theories of political migration Black, J. K. (1999). Development in Theory and Practice: Paradigms and Paradoxes. Second Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Baron, S., Field, J. & Schuller, T. (eds.). (2000). Social Capital: Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carnoy, M. & Samoff, J. (1990). Education and Social Transition in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cypher, J. M. & Dietz, J.L. (1997). The Process of Economic Development. New York: Routledge. Eade, D. (Ed.). (2002). Development and Culture . London: Oxfam. Escobar, Arturo. (1995). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Hall, A. & Midgley, J. (2004). Social Policy for Development . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Holloway, Richard. (1989). Doing Development: Governments, NGOs and the Rural Poor in Asia. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Hoogvelt, Ankie. (1997). Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Martinussen, John. (1997). Society, State & Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development. London: Zed Books. Meier, G. M & Stiglitz, J. E. (Eds.). (2001). Frontiers of Development Economics. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and Oxford University Press. Munck, R. & O'Hearn, D. (eds.). (1999). Critical Development Theory: Contributions to a New Paradigm. London: Zed Books. Norgaard, Richard. (1994) . Development Betrayed. London: Routledge. Preston, Peter. (1996). Development Theory: An Introduction to the Analysis of Complex Change . London: Blackwell Publishers. Rist, Gilbert. (1997). The History of Development: from Western Origins to Global Faith. London: Zed Books. Sen, Amatya. (1999). Development as Freedom. New York: Random House, Inc. David Collier and Steven Levitsky, “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research,” World Politics 49:3 (April 1997): 430-51. Kenneth Bollen, “Political Democracy: Conceptual and Measurement Traps,” Studies in Comparative International Development 25:1 (Spring 1990): 7-24. Amartya Sen, “Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (July 1999): 3-17

Harry Eckstein, 1982. "The Idea of Political Development: From Dignity to Efficiency." World Politics 34 (July), 451-486. Frances Hagopian. Political Development, Revisited. Comparative Political Studies, Volume 33, Number 6 (August 1, 2000), pp. 880-911

Hirschman, "The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding," World Politics, 22 (April 1970)

Journals

Most of these journals are available in the main library

African Studies

Asian Journal of Communication

Development Southern Africa

Journal of African Cultural Studies

Journal of Contemporary African Studies Journal of North African Studies

Journal of Southern African Studies

Politikon : South African Journal of Political Studies

Review of African Political Economy

Journal of Strategic Studies

International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence

Contemporary Security Policy

Internet http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/alphalist.asp http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415300533/402-0844802-7888952

http://www.development-strategies.com/economicdevelopment.htm http://www.nssd.net/ http://www.kolar.org/vygotsky http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky http://mathforum.org/mathed/vygotsky.html

African Philosophical Bibliography by A. J. Smet

Bibliography of African Philosophy by Barry Hallen

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1572304898/104-7056179-1299124? v=glance&n=283155 http://www.nssd.net/pdf/gsuse.pdf http://teach.lanecc.edu/martinezp/204/DevtTheories.html http://www.developmentstrategies.org/ http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/brumberg/govt778.pdf#search='political %20development%20theories' www.eldis.org/ggov/twddemoc.htm l www.sidamaconcern.com/dev/devintro.pdf website.lineone.net/~hameso/leys.htm http://www.bized.ac.uk/educators/16- 19/economics/development/presentation/strategies_map.htm http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/theories_of_change/ www.upjohninst.org/publications/wp/95-33.pdf www.laetusinpraesens.org/docs/targets.php http://www.xenodochy.org/ex/abstract/change.html http://www.neweconomyindex.org/metro/part6.html http://www.usu.edu/openshaw/3530/3530ppt/theory/sld040.htm

www.web-source.net/web_ development _ strategies .htm http://www.nzte.govt.nz/section/11766.aspx http://www.unctadxi.org/templates/Page____108.aspx

www. developmentstrategies. Hints on Writing Essays and Assignments

Preparing an essay involves reading, analysing collected material, constructing an argument outline and discussing with other students.

Essay assignments in this module have two primary purposes: i). to help the student develop skills in reading, selection of relevant information, organising ideas within a logical framework and writing grammatical and simple and clear English. ii). to encourage sound, independent judgement that comes from individual reading and thought, and intense discussions of the essay topics with other students.

NB* Only those essays that put forward a well-considered, clearly-written and logical personal viewpoint based on independent reflection and wide reading, will be considered as deserving high marks.

In writing an essay, the student should never take anything for granted or assume that the reader will automatically know what is being discussed, but should always strive to be clear and simple without being pedestrian in approach.

Suggested Essay Structure and Layout

A good essay will have an introduction, body and conclusion. The introduction is the first paragraph that summarises the argument which is to be developed and elaborated upon in the remainder of the essay. It should lay out the thesis of the essay precisely and explain the methodology employed in the essay.

In the body, the student develops his/her argument making sure that ideas are linked to each other in logical progression. In writing this section of the essay, remember the following:

a. Each paragraph should represent one main idea in support of the overall argument. b. The first sentence in each paragraph should state the main idea of the paragraph. c. The remainder of the paragraph contains facts and other information that support the main idea of the paragraph. d. The last sentence of the paragraph should lead to the main idea of the next paragraph. This sentence is commonly called a “transition sentence”. e. The length of the paragraphs should generally remain uniform throughout the essay, between one-half and two-thirds of the page.

The conclusion is the final paragraph of the essay, which restates the overall argument Without repeating it either by placing the argument in a broader context or by relating the argument to other important questions or issues.

Length: On average essays should be between six (6) and eight (8) pages long, excluding the bibliography.

Pagination: Number each page and place the number at the top of the page in the centre. Margins: Leave about 4cms on the left hand side and 2cms at the bottom. Write only on one side of a sheet of paper.

Footnotes: Brief quotations, ideas borrowed from other writers or statements of fact especially crucial to the argument and/or main ideas of the essay should be footnoted. Failure to do this or an attempt to present another author’s ideas, arguments etc as your own is a serious crime in the academic world. It is known as plagiarism. To make a footnote, place a number slightly raised next to the quotation, idea etc. Either at the foot of the page or on the penultimate page of the essay, reproduce the number in the text and write out the full citation. Whichever method you choose (bottom of page or penultimate page) be consistent.

Footnote citations are arranged and punctuated as follows: i). H.A. Ameri Politics and Process in Specialised Agencies of the UN, (London: Gower, 1982), 56. ii). M. C. Lee “Development, Co-operation and Integration in the SADC Region”, in D.W. Nabudere (ed.), Globalisation and the Post- Colonial African State, (Harare: AAPS Books, 2000), 23 iii). The Chief Reporter “ Aquifer equipment removed for security reasons” , in The Chronicle Thursday 7 April 2005, 2.

When quoting from the same source later, use an abbreviated form, eg. I Phimister, “A Note on Labour Relations”, 36.

When a footnote is taken from the same source as the one directly preceding it, only Ibid. (from Latin word “Ibidem” meaning “the same”) and the page needs to be given. NB* Ibid. is an abbreviation and is, therefore, always followed by a full stop.

Bibliography At the end of your essay, on a fresh page, list all books and articles used in the preparation of the essay. Arrangement should be alphabetical by surname of the author, as follows:

1. Ameri H.A. Politics and Process in Specialised Agencies of the UN, London: Gower, 1982. 2. Lee M.C. “Development, Co-operation and Integration in the SADC Region”, in Nabudere D.W. (ed.), Globalisation and the Post- Colonial African State, Harare: AAPS Books, 2000.

Additional notes

1. Write brief straightforward sentences. Avoid unnecessary words and expressions. In other words, MAKE EVERY WORD COUNT

2. Avoid the use of personal pronouns (I, You, We, etc.). Because your name is on the essay, it is understood that the opinions contained in the essay are yours, unless they are, of course, quotations from an outside source. Expressions like “I believe” or “In my opinion” are, thus, unnecessary.

3. Whenever possible, write in the ACTIVE rather than the passive voice, eg. “Several major differences between North and South caused the Civil War” (ACTIVE) is more effective sentence than “The War was caused by several major differences between North and South”.