Policies and Support in Relation to LCA

ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

POLICIES AND SUPPORT IN RELATION TO LCA

Modelling, assessing, and ranking public procurement options for a climate-friendly catering service

Alessandro K. Cerutti1,3 • Fulvio Ardente2 • Simone Contu3 • Dario Donno1 • Gabriele L. Beccaro1

Received: 6 June 2016 / Accepted: 24 February 2017 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017

Responsible editor: Matthias Finkbeiner

1 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Turin, Italy

2 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D. Sustainable Resources, Italy

3 Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Sustainability (IRIS), Italy

 Alessandro K. Cerutti [email protected], [email protected]

1 The Life cycle Inventory (LCI) data of the proxy products in the study were based on different sources. The following table reports the list of references used for each proxy product.

Available data have been prioritised according to the following approach: Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) of Italian products have been selected whenever possible. When not available, data from Italian studies published in ISI Journals have been selected. Finally, if previous sources were not available, inventory data from European case studies published in ISI Journals were selected.

Table SM01 References for the Life Cycle Inventory data of proxy products

Food item Proxy product Sources of data for creating the average LCI

- EPD S-P-00217. Barilla, 2014. Pasta di Semola di grano duro confezionata in astuccio di cartoncino. - EPD S-P-00282. DeCecco, 2014. Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto Pasta di semola pasta pasta di grano duro De Cecco. - EPD S-P-00491. Voiello, 2014. Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto Pasta di semola di grano duro. (no EPD of Italian products) - Blengini, G. A., & Busto, M. (2009). The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy). Journal of environmental management, rice rice 90(3), 1512-1522. - Fusi, A., Bacenetti, J., González-García, S., Vercesi, A., Bocchi, S., Fiala, M. (2014). Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw management. Science of the Total Environment, 494, 119-128. (no EPD available) dehydrated Mila i Canals, L., Sim, S., García-Suárez, T., Neuer, G., Herstein, K., Kerr, C., King, H. soup soup (2011). Estimating the greenhouse gas footprint of Knorr. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 16(1), 50-58. - EPD S-P-00579, Valfrutta, 2015. Dichiarazione Ambientale di Prodotto Polpa di pomodoro gran cubetti cluster 3 sc.1/2. Sauce for 1 - EPD S-P-00494, Barilla, 2015. Pesto alla Genovese sauce. Environmental Product sauce pasta portion Declaration - EPD S-P-00493, Barilla, 2015. Arrabbiata sauce Environmental Product Declaration. - EPD S-P-00490 Barilla, 2015. Basilico sauce Environmental Product Declaration. (no EPD available) tuna tuna can Tan, R. R., Culaba, A. B. (2009). Estimating the carbon footprint of tuna fisheries. WWWF Binary Item, 17870, 14. (no EPD available) - Ziegler, F., Winther, U., Hognes, E. S., Emanuelsson, A., Sund, V., Ellingsen, H. (2013). The carbon footprint of Norwegian seafood products on the global seafood market. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17(1), 103-116. - Madin, E. M., Macreadie, P. I. (2015). Incorporating carbon footprints into seafood average fish other fish sustainability certification and eco-labels. Marine Policy, 57, 178-181. fillet - Iribarren, D., Vázquez-Rowe, I., Hospido, A., Moreira, M. T., Feijoo, G. (2010). Estimation of the carbon footprint of the Galician fishing activity (NW Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 408(22), 5284-5294. - Poovarodom, N., Ponnak, C., Manatphrom, N. (2012). Comparative carbon footprint of packaging systems for tuna products. Packaging Technology and Science, 25(5), 249-257. EPD S-P 00127, Granarolo, 2013. Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto delle uova egg/omelette eggs fresche da agricoltura biologica. Environmental Product Declaration. (no EPD available, no Italian study available) semi-hard cheese Berlin, J. (2002). Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of Swedish semi-hard cheese. cheese International dairy journal, 12(11), 939-953. EPD S-P 00128, Granarolo 2013. Dichiarazione Ambientale di prodotto della Mozzarella mozzarella cheese mozzarella da latte fresco alta qualità. beef Beef fillet EPD S-P-00495, COOP, 2013. Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto della Carne di bovino adulto a marchio Coop. Environmental Product Declaration.

2 Food item Proxy product Sources of data for creating the average LCI

EPD S-P-00496, COOP, 2013. Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto della Carne di vitello a carne bianca a marchio Coop. Environmental Product Declaration. (no EPD available, no Italian study available) Basset-Mens, C., Van der Werf, H. M. (2005). Scenario-based environmental assessment of farming systems: the case of pig production in France. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 105(1), 127-144. pork Pork fillet Dalgaard, R., Halberg, N., Hermansen, J. E. (2007). Danish pork production: an environmental assessment. Aarhus Universitet, Det Jordbrugsvidenskabelige Fakultet. Reckmann, K., Traulsen, I., Krieter, J. (2013). Life Cycle Assessment of pork production: A data inventory for the case of Germany. Livestock Science, 157(2), 586-596. (no EPD available, no Italian study available) -Pardo, G., Cirruelos, A., Lopez, N., Gonzales, L., Saioa, R., Zufia J. (2012). Environmental improvement of a chicken product thorough life cycle assessment methodology. Proceeding of the 8th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector, pages 82-87 chicken breast poultry -Boggia, A., Paolotti, L., Castellini, C. (2010). Environmental impact evaluation of fillet conventional, organic and organic-plus poultry production systems using life cycle assessment. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66(01), 95-114. - Leinonen, I., Williams, A. G., Wiseman, J., Guy, J., Kyriazakis, I. (2012). Predicting the environmental impacts of chicken systems in the United Kingdom through a life cycle assessment: Broiler production systems. Poultry Science, 91(1), 8-25. EPD S-P-00577, Valfrutta, 2015. Dichiarazione Ambientale di Prodotto Borlotti freschi cooked vegetables beans cluster 3 sc.1/2. fresh vegetables potatoes EPD SP-00889, Selenella, 2015 Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto della patata classica fruit apple EPD S-P-00369, Assomela, 2015. Dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto mele italiane. EPD S-P 00131, Granarolo 2015. Dichiarazione Ambientale di prodotto degli yougurt yogurt fruit yogurt biologici alla frutta. EPD S-P-00578, Valfrutta, 2015. Dichiarazione Ambientale di Prodotto Nettare di pera fruit juice pear juice brik Brik 200ml cartone open top 8cluster x 6 brik. EPD S-P 00482, Granarolo, 2015. Dichiarazione Ambientale di prodotto degli yougurt dessert cream yogurt alta qualità bianco cremoso e bianco dolce EPD S-P-00322, Barilla, 2015. Pagnotta di grano duro e integrale. Dichiarazione bread soft bread ambientale di prodotto

3 Table SM02 For each proxy conventional food item considered in the baseline scenario, a dedicated LCI was developed for assessing the CF of the organic counterpart. The new set of organic food proxies was created considering:

(I) (input) Pesticide reduction: all pesticides were removed from the LCI with the exception of the products allowed for organic agriculture in the annex I of the regulation EC. 889/2008;

(II) (input) Nutrient reduction: all chemical fertilizers were removed from the LCI with the exception of the products allowed for organic agriculture in the annex I of the regulation EC. 889/2008;

(III) (output) Yield reduction: data are collected from the RICA1 database released by the National Institute of Agricultural Economy (INEA2). The relative yield reduction is calculated comparing the average yield of conventional farms with the average yield of organic farm, for the year 2013 and considering the national territory. Results of yield reductions were also verified with general values reported described in technical agricultural manuals from the Italian association for organic agriculture (AIAB3) and organic product specifications from the Italian Ministry of Agriculture (Mipaaf4).

The potential increase of emission due to the higher number of agricultural operations (such as multi-year rotations, use of legumes, sowing catch crops and others) was not considered because of the lack of data valid of the national territory. The following table reports the CF of module 1 for each organic food item considered CF values are expressed as kgCO2eq per kg of food item and gCO2eq per standard portion.

Considered yield Main reference for the Food Item reduction of the kgCO2eq/kg gCO2eq/portion agricultural phase agricultural reference pasta wheat 27% 0.85 60 rice rice 23% 1.09 76 soup vegetablesa 29% 1.83 64 sauce tomatoes 25% 0.48 38 tunab n.a. n.a. 13.58 1086 other fishb n.a. n.a. 3.12 436 egg/omelette corn 12% 1.55 171 cheese forage 11% 10.99 879 mozzarella cheese forage 11% 8.74 786 beef forage 11% 17.72 1595 pork feedsc 15% 14.15 1273 poultry corn 12% 4.67 467 cooked vegetables vegetablesa 29% 0.34 51 fresh vegetables vegetablesa 29% 0.82 41 fruit fruitd 18% 0.09 12 yogurt forage 11% 0.16 20 fruit juice fruitd 18% 0.41 82 dessert forage 11% 1.91 191 bread wheat 27% 1.16 70 Notes:

1 Rete di Informazione Contabile Agricola http://arearica.inea.it/

2 Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria http://www.rica.inea.it/public/it/index.php

3 Associazione Italiana per l’Agricoltura Biologica http://www.aiab.it/

4 Ministero per le politiche agricole, alimentari e forestali https://www.politicheagricole.it

4 a average yield values from vegetables available in the RICA database b same CF value used for conventional food item c average yield values from feeds available in the RICA database d average yield values from fruit available in the RICA database