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IPP261

Integrated Social and Environmental Assessment Study (Volume: 1.2) Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment And Tribal Development Plan

OF

TARGETED RURAL INITIATIVES FOR POVERTY TERMINATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

(ORISSA RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION MISSION)

Submitted To

Director (TRIPTI) - cum Addl. Secy. to Government Govt. Of Orissa, SIRD Building, Unit-VIII, Bhubaneswar

Submitted By

VARUN TECHNO INFRASTUCTURE PVT. LTD.

N-3/429, IRC Village, Bhubaneswar –751015

Ph/Fax-0674-2559555, [email protected]

1 Contents

Section One...... 7 State Scenario...... 7 1. Introduction...... 7 1.1 Social assessment summary, Key Findings...... 8 1.2 Tribal Development in Orissa – State Overview...... 10 1.3 Tribal Demography...... 10 1.4 Tribal Operational Holding:...... 11 1.5 Organization and Association:...... 11 1.6 Traditional Tribal Governance Mechanisms:...... 11 1.7 Devolution of Power- Emergence of system of local self-governance:...... 11 1.8 Strategies for Tribal Development, Orissa:...... 12 1.9 Tribal Development Programs in Orissa:...... 12 1.10 Regulations & acts, Protective and anti-exploitative legislations:...... 13 1.11 Tribal Education:...... 13 Section Two...... 14 Study Findings...... 14 2. Key Findings from the Tribal Development Assessment...... 14 2.1 Coverage of the study...... 14 2.2 Methodology – Consultation process...... 14 2.3 Tribal Demography:...... 17 2.4 Major tribes...... 17 2.5 Educational Status of Tribal in Study Area:...... 18 2.6 Tribal Economy:...... 19 2.7 Land/asset ownership of tribal:...... 19 2.8 Livelihood:...... 20 2.9 Cultural Identify and Social Assimilation:...... 20 2.10 Accessibility to institutions and government schemes:...... 20 2.11 Tribal Development Issues:...... 23

2 2.12 SHG Intermediation for Tribal Development:...... 25 2.13 Scope for Tribal Development...... 28 2.14 Conclusion:...... 29 Section Three...... 30 Tribal Development Plan...... 30 3. Tribal Development Plan...... 30 3.1 Objective...... 30 3.2 Project Coverage...... 30 3.3 Principles...... 31 3.4 Plan Components...... 31 3.5 Overall Project Design...... 32 3.6 Management & Implementation Structure...... 33 3.7 Key Elements of the Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy...... 34 3.8 Implementation Strategies for Tribal Development...... 35 3.9 Description of the Tribal Development Strategy – ...... 36 3.10 Additional Provision as Part of the TDP...... 39 3.11 Legal Entitlement:...... 40 3.12 Convergence...... 41 3.13 Operational Arrangements...... 41 3.14 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework...... 43 Annexure 1...... 47 Annexure 2...... 48 Annexure 3...... 50 Annexure 4...... 51 Annexure 5...... 52 Annexure 6...... 56 Annexure 7...... 57 Annexure 8...... 57 Annexure 9...... 58 Annex 10 : Minutes of ISEA State Level Consultation Workshop REFERENCES...... 60

List Of Tables 3 Table-1 Demography of the Project Area Table-2 Different indicative Tribal Programs Table-3 Exclusive Regulation to Protect Tribal Interest Table-4 Demographic profile of sample villages Table-5 Major Tribes & Population in Study Villages Table-6 Literacy status of tribal and other social groups at state level Table-7 Special educational institutes for tribal in selected study districts Table-8 Category wise livelihood pattern in the sample villages Table-9 Specific Tribal Issues in Study Villages Table-10 Number of Tribal SHGs in sample villages Table-11 No. of Blocks in ST population range Table-12 Percentage of tribal by project districts Table-13 Project Objective and Component Linkage Table-14 Implementation Strategy as per Tribal Population Range Table-15 Implementation arrangements, Organisation and Management Table-16 Key issues for Monitoring and Evaluation of TDP Table 17 Tribal Development Plan – Components Summary

List of Abbreviations

4 BPMU Block Project Management Unit CC Cluster Coordinators CIF Community Investment Fund DPMU District Project Management Unit EC Executive Committee GoO Government of Orissa GPLF Gram Panchayat Level Fund IEC Information, Education and Communication IS Institutional Strengthening ISD Institutional Strengthening and Development ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency LF Livelihood Fund MIP Micro Investment Plan OBC Other Backward Class PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SC Schedule Caste ST Schedule Tribe TIDS Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy TSC Tribal Sub Committee TRIPTI Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure

List of Annexure:

Annexure-1 Scheduled Areas in Orissa 5 Annexure-2 List of Scheduled Tribes of Orissa Annexure-3 Tribal Population in Studied Districts Annexure-4 Category of Scheduled Tribes in Study districts Annexure-5 A profile of the population of the community development blocks of Orissa: Census-2001. Annexure-6 Blocks classified according to % of STs Population: 2001 Census Annexure-7 Special Educational Facilities for Tribal and Number of Schools Annexure-8 Specific Educational Facilities for Tribal Annexure-9 Project district wise literacy status of tribal and other communities

6 Section One State Scenario

1. Introduction

The state of Orissa has the second highest percentage tribal population of the Indian State. As per the census 2001, the ST population of the State of Orissa stands at 8,145,081. This constitutes 22.13 % of the total population of the state and 9.7 per cent of the total tribal population of the country. The decennial population growth rate of Scheduled Tribe has been 15.8 per cent, which is 0.5 per cent lower than the overall population growth [16.3 %].

Despite a number of specific development initiatives, and some progressive policy moves, tribal have lagged behind in Orissa in terms of socio-economic development. These differentials are most apparent in the case of literacy rate of the STs, which is considerably below the national average at 47.1% and the state average at 63.08%. Male literacy has increased from 34.4 per cent to 51.5 per cent while female literacy has gone up from 10.2 per cent in 1991 to 23.4 per cent during1991-2001.

Ecological imbalance is now seriously undermining the livelihood patterns of the tribal and increasing vulnerability. A small land base, low agricultural productivity and low incomes have led to rising indebtedness, trapping tribal into a vicious circle of exploitation. The life of the tribal is increasingly vulnerable due to a persistent lack of assured entitlements to their resource base. Land alienation has deprived them of their land; forest legislation has turned them into encroachers on land they have always used; and they have also been disproportionately affected by displacement due to mining operations, irrigation projects, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. These have led to social discontent and unrest which provide fertile ground for extremist activities and violent protests.

Tribal generally suffer from social and political marginalization and remain vulnerable to exploitation. In order to redress this situation to alleviate the suffering of tribal communities and to remove obstacles to their development, different constitutional amendments have been introduced. It is expected that, by bringing suitable amendments, the acts should create an enabling environment for promoting the interests of the tribal communities and for harnessing their untapped potential for overall social and economic development of the state and nation.

The Tribal Development Plan is based on information derived from the Social Assessment commissioned by the project. An External Agency was commissioned to undertake a Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and to recommend critical implementation mechanisms for its implementation. The preparatory activities efforts involved consultations with a range of stakeholders as well as field based consultation in 11 villages from three sample districts selected by the project. A round of consultations on the plan is planned by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) during January 2008 to disseminate and seek feedback on the proposed TDP.

Specific Issues of Tribal Development in the Project Area: Though the demographic figure of tribal in the study districts is comparatively at a lower side in comparison to some of the districts of the state in western and southern part, still a persistent gap in the process of mainstreaming appears when interacted with the tribal families in the local context.

7 As most of the studied areas/districts do not fall in to Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) or Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA) area due to less tribal concentration i.e. less than 50 % of the total population in a geographical set up, they have been deprived of exclusive provisions of tribal development. As certain schemes meant for scheduled area is not applicable in such cases, the scattered tribal families are remaining deprived of the welfare based development benefits.

The TRIPTI project aims to promote economic and social development among the poor in rural Orissa. As such, tribal development issues will be addressed through the project, and the emphasis that is being given to social inclusion will ensure that the interest of the poor and marginalized tribal will be addressed. However, a number of mechanisms will be created to ensure that the tribal communities benefit from the various components of the project, which defines the project’s Tribal Development Plan

The “Tribal Development Plan” [TDP] for the project adopts a diversified strategy reflecting the different condition of tribal groups in the project area on the basis of their population at the GP level. In addition, in light of the fact that, in many areas, tribal are concentrated in small hamlets but remain a minority at the GP level, emphasis will be given to developing intermediary institutions for tribal in the form of sub-committees at the GP level and on ensuring community investment funds are reserved for their exclusive use in the development stage of the project.

The emphasis of the following strategy is on creating the conditions whereby tribal communities will be integrated into the people’s institutions and economic development objectives of the project. As such, the emphasis will be on ensuring long-term sustainability beyond the life of the project.

1.1 Social assessment summary, Key Findings

1. The study covered eleven villages in ten proposed project districts of the state to understand socio-economic situation of tribal. The Social and Tribal Assessment was carried out based on intensive consultation with potential project beneficiaries in 11 villages, selected from three project districts i.e. Jagatsinghpur, Nayagarh and Angul. The sample villages were selected based on concentration of different social communities like Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Classes.

2. Among all the project districts, Anugul and Balasore observed to be having relatively high percentage of scheduled tribe population In scheduled caste category, relatively high percentage of scheduled caste observed to be in the district of Jajpur followed by Bhadrak and Jagatsingpur district. Lowest % among the studied districts observed to be in the district of Khurda. Major tribes observed In the district of Anugul and Balasore, are mainly Gond, Kondh and Kissan Santal, Bhumija and Kolha. Of the total eleven study villages, tribal presence observed to be very high in some villages of study District. In pockets of Nayagarh and Anugul tribal concentration is relatively more in some villages in comparison to other districts. No tribal population was also observed in a few studied villages

3. Tribes normally observed in the studied villages are Kandha and Kolha in Nayagarh and Munda and Bhuyan in the district of Anugul. Study observed the key prevalence factors associated with the tribal in these districts are migration based, rehabilitation based or origin based.

4. In social and human development front, it is observed that tribal literacy percentage is comparatively low to the educational status of all other communities residing in the studied

8 villages. Even, in the educational front, their status is relatively low than that of scheduled caste communities.

5. The predominant livelihood options of the tribes depend upon agriculture, animal rearing and forest apart from temporary migration and wage engagement. Over a period of time, there has been a shift in the land ownership status i.e. from tribal to other social communities due to various socio-economic and political factors. As a result, other caste sections, considered higher in the social ladder own better quality of productive land than that of the tribal. The existing tribal groups mostly hold unproductive or less productive up land. Most of the tribal families are engaged in agriculture and wage activities, which has been their primary source of livelihood. With the poor productive asset base, engagement as laborer is prominent in study villages. Apart from aforementioned livelihood means, tribal families are also observed rearing livestock to supplement their earning. With the changing economic scenario, shift in livelihood means is also observed in many villages. Rampant forest depletion has contributed to a large extent in this regard pushing many families for migrating out of the district and state.

6. Observing culture and tradition is a part of tribal identity and they keep their cultural identity intact where their concentration is relatively high and they stay in a concentrated pocket. The process of social assimilation is slow but emerging in the gradual process of change. Some of the promoted community groups observed having both tribal and non-tribal members and they work together for the common interest.

7. As the study reveals, Accessibility of tribal to government provisions is relatively less in comparison to other classes. Various associated factors are observed responsible such as schematic understanding, approachability on part of tribal families, less tribal development concentration due to scattered demographic situation etc. As most of the studied areas do not fall in to Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) or Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA) area the residing tribal families have been deprived of exclusive tribal development provisions

8. Looking at the prevailing situation in the studied districts, as per the findings, the study proposes to have a tribal inclusion and development plan called TID Plan which will benefit the tribal in maintaining and upholding their interest in cultural and other livelihood related aspects. The plan is having a diversified strategy reflecting the different condition of tribal groups in the project area on the basis of their population at the GP level.

9. In view of the project and its context from tribal perspective, the study unfold that the approach of SHG and federation could be useful instruments to foster the development of tribal in an inclusive and mainstream mode

10. Savings and credit activities observed commonly prevalent among the tribal SHGs though rate of saving and amount of credit availability is relatively less. Multi-facet source of credit is normally not available from other sources apart from rare cases of formal credit linkages.

11. Several key issues have been identified which could have a negative bearing on the functioning of federations like functional skill and Capacity; conflict among the groups and members, fund investment / utilization etc. The study proposes key measures to minimize and mitigate such upcoming critical issues for smooth functioning of the federations.

12. The study has explored different scope for tribal development in project districts such as promoting tribal SHGs in tribal concentrated pockets, inclusion of tribal families in the existing

9 or to be formed groups, making inclusion fund available for development inclusion of tribal and other vulnerable sections, creating scope for skill improvement, making available untied fund provision etc.

1.2 Tribal Development in Orissa – State Overview

The sizeable population of tribal in the state assumes significance both in terms of socio-economic and political processes defining the context of developmental intervention. The history of vulnerability and prolonged marginalization of the ST in the state along with their present socio-economic conditions in terms of work-participation, education, health, etc preempt their inclusion and targeting in all developmental activities undertaken by the state. To get a clear understanding on the poor socio- economic status of ST in Orissa, a comparative analysis of ST with State averages is presented here:

. The overall literacy rate of ST is only 37.4% as compared to the state average of 63.08% . The ST population in the State is overwhelmingly rural, with 94.5 percent residing in villages as compared to the state total of 85% people living in rural areas. . 54.41% of the total tribal populations live in the Scheduled area and the remaining 45.59% live outside the Scheduled area . Among the total workers, 57.4 per cent are ST main workers where as the main workers for the whole State is accounted for 67.2% . Workers engaged in household industries constitute 4.77% of the total ST workers. . Agricultural Laborers constitute the highest proportion [46.9 per cent] among the total ST main workers where as the percentage of agricultural laborers to the total main workers of the state is only 21.9%. . Various poverty indicators and access indicators reveal that around 63% are poor and 17% are very poor [survey undertaken by OTELP in their program area] . Vulnerability indicators [food security, migration, displacement] 5% have access to PDS and 70% of children are mal-nourished; 50% of the population have suffered some forms of displacement [survey undertaken by OTELP in their program area]

1.3 Tribal Demography Table 1: Demography of the Project Area The State has a total of sixty two Total population of the state 36804660 [62] Scheduled Tribe communities Scheduled tribes [ST] population 8145081 enumerated in the 2001 census. 13 Scheduled caste [SC] population 6082063 out of these 62 communities have Percentage of ST population to total population 22.13 been identified and declared as Percentage of SC population to total population 16.53 primitive tribal groups. In the state S.T. communities 62 context, the tribal population is predominantly rural, with 94.5 per S.C. communities 93 cent residing in villages.

10 1.4 Tribal Operational Holding:

There are 40.67 lakh operational holdings in Orissa with an area of 50.81 lakh hectares according to the Agricultural Census- 2000-2001. Small [2.5 to 5 acres] and marginal [1 – 2.5 acres] holdings accounted for 83.8% with an area of 53.12 %. 16.2% of holdings are semi-medium and large categories with an area of 46.88%. Out of 40.67 lakh operational holdings, 42.22% belong to tribal.

1.5 Organization and Association: Among all the category of tribes, conformity to customs, norms and social integration continue to be achieved through their traditional political organizations. As the traditional leaders continue to wield influence over their fellow tribesmen, it is worthwhile to take them into confidence in the context of economic development and social change.

1.6 Traditional Tribal Governance Mechanisms: The main organizing principle of the tribal society is the kinship system with little stratification. The traditional political organization of the tribes follows a hierarchical order, with the King [symbolizing the State] is at the apex and the family is at the bottom most rung, preceded by the lineage, village and Pargana. The roles of the lineage and village heads are very crucial in maintenance of social and political order. After, the introduction of the statutory Panchayati Raj system, the traditional tribal political organizations are gradually becoming feeble, yet are considered as important socio-cultural institutions.

1.7 Devolution of Power- Emergence of system of local self-governance: As institutional mechanisms for decentralized governance, PRIs Act was introduced in 1990s. For Tribal, a separate act called Panchayat [Extension to the Scheduled Areas] Act of 1996, [popularly known as PESA Act] was passed in the year 1996 [Refer Annexure 1 for list of PESA districts]. As a result traditional Gram Sabhas in the tribal areas are being endowed with special functional powers and responsibilities to ensure effective participation of the tribal societies in their own development and in harmony with their culture so as to preserve/ conserve their traditional rights over natural resources. As scheduled tribes live in contiguous, an area approach for development activities as well as regulatory provisions to protect their interests was taken up under the constitutional frame and such areas were declared as “Scheduled Area”. The criteria for declaring “Scheduled Area” under the fifth schedule are [1] Preponderance of tribal population [2] Compactness and reasonable size of the area [3] A viable administrative entity such as a district, block or taluk, and [4] Economic backwardness of the area as compared to the neighboring areas. Introduction of PRI system of local governance, through initiated modern development initiatives in tribal pockets, still it failed to substitute the traditional culture based tribal governance system. But success of the PRI system is mostly to induce development works at tribal pockets taking in to account their concerns and expectations.

With the enactment of PESA, certain powers were given to tribal with regard to forest, land and water. Apart from that, as per recent provisions, tribal can use the local forest [excluding reserved forest and sanctuary] to met their requirements and rights over the collection and sale of 69 Non Timber Forest based Products have been recently transferred to local bodies (see annex…).

11 1.8 Strategies for Tribal Development, Orissa: The Constitution of India has provided many safeguards for the welfare and development of the tribal. The relevant articles can be classified under four major heads: [A] protective provisions [B] developmental provisions [C] administrative provisions and [D] reservation provisions. The administrative provisions under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules give special powers to the State for the protection and governance of tribal areas and the reservation provisions ensure due representation of the STs and SCs in legislative bodies and government jobs.

S.T. & S.C. Development Department is the nodal Department of GoO for the welfare of the ST and SC communities. Various programs have been undertaken for the development of STs in the state with assistance from Centre, fund allocation under State plan and Grants-in-Aid received from various agencies.

1.9 Tribal Development Programs in Orissa: A number of tribal development programs are in place sponsored by both Central and State Government. The table below reflects different development initiatives taken for tribal development at state level.

Table No. 2 : Different indicative Tribal Programs Name of Program Central State Geographical Coverage Availability in Study Program Districts [Yes / No] Tribal Sub-Plan Both State and 12 Districts, 118 Blocks Partially Centre Micro Projects for Both State and 12 Districts, 20 Blocks No Primitive Tribes Centre MADA Both State and 17, Districts, 47 Blocks Partially Centre Dispersed Tribal Both State and State Partially Development Program Centre RLTAP Both State and KBK Districts No Centre

The Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Development Department is the nodal Department of the State Government for the welfare of the ST & SC communities.

District Welfare Officer [DWO] in every District and Assistant DWO at Sub-divisions 21 Integrated Tribal Development Agencies [ITDAs] covering the Scheduled Areas In areas outside the Tribal Sub-plan areas having tribal concentration, 46 MADAs and 14 Clusters programs under implementation. 17 Micro Projects for focused program implementation for Primitive Tribal Groups [PTGs]. The Orissa Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation implements program for the development of Scheduled Castes and dispersed tribal population [DTDP] & minorities. The Tribal Development Co-operative Corporation [TDCC] support marketing of minor forest produce and surplus agriculture produce for the benefit of the tribal.

12 1.10 Regulations & acts, Protective and anti-exploitative legislations: On account of their ignorance and simplicity, tribal normally fall an easy pray to the unscrupulous money lenders and middlemen who exploit them in many ways. To curb the exploitation several protective regulations have been enacted from time to time and subsequently amended to cope up with the changing situations. Some of the important enactments are stated below.

Table No. 3: Exclusive Regulation to Protect Tribal Interest

Regulations Acts Objectives Implemented in Study area Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of To control and check transfers of No Immovable Property [by Scheduled Tribes] Immovable property in the Scheduled Regulation, 1956 Areas of the State of Orissa by Scheduled Tribes. Orissa Scheduled Areas ] Money Lenders’ To control and regulate the business of No Regulation, 1967 [Regulation 2 of 1968] money lending in the Scheduled Areas of the State of Orissa. The Orissa [Scheduled Areas] Debt Relief To provide for relief from Indebtedness to No Regulation, 1967 [Regulation 1 of 1968] the Scheduled Tribes in the State of Orissa. The Orissa Reservation of Vacancies in To provide adequate representations of Yes Posts and Services[ for Scheduled Caste & Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes in Sch. Tribe Act 1975 ] Posts and Services under the State Government and in the State Public undertakings and autonomous or local bodies. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 To prevent commission of offences of Yes atrocities against the members of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe communities. The Act also provides for setting up of Special Courts for trial of atrocity cases. Special Employment Exchange To facilitate in absorbing reservation Yes facilities and employ them in government jobs. Monetary Relief to the victims of Financial support to tribal victims of Yes Atrocities atrocity. Provision of Legal Aid to Scheduled Financial and legal support to tribal Yes Castes and Scheduled Tribes persons

1.11 Tribal Education: The Scheduled Tribes [STs] and Scheduled Castes [SCs] are educationally backward. The percentage of literacy among the STs and SCs is 37.37% and 55.53% as against the general literacy level of 63.08 % as per 2001 census. The overall literacy rate of the STs has increased from 22.3 per cent in 1991 to 37.4 per cent in 2001. Despite this improvement, the literacy rate among the tribals is considerably below the national average at 47.1% and the state average at 63.08%. Male literacy has increased from 34.4 per cent to 51.5 per cent while female literacy has gone up from 10.2 per cent in 1991 to 23.4 per cent during1991-2001. Orissa was the pioneer in setting of special type of Residential Educational Institutions for their educational development. The Department has established and manages different Residential Educational Institutions all over the state to promote tribal education [Refer Annexure 7 & 8].

13 Section Two Study Findings

2. Key Findings from the Tribal Development Assessment

2.1 Coverage of the study The study covered eleven villages in ten proposed project districts of the state to understand socio- economic situation of tribal. Under the scope of the study, consultation made with a total of twenty five tribal families in these sample villages through Focus Group Discussion. It was observed that out of the total 35% households in the sample villages belong to Scheduled Tribes while remaining are from other caste categories. Inferences and conclusions are drawn from the analysis of available information.

2.2 Methodology – Consultation process The Social and Tribal Assessment was carried out based on intensive consultation with potential project beneficiaries in 11 villages, selected from three project districts (Jagatsinghpur, Nayagarh and Angul). Free in informed consultation with tribals assumes added important in formation of a TDP and planning for activities to be undertaken to ensure their participation in the project. While preparing the present TDP, extensive consultation were held with local tribal communities and other stakeholders including villager leaders and officials at the block level. The findings of this assessment and the proposed TDP have been discussed in a state level consultation, with representative from government and non- governmental stakeholders, held in Bhubaneswar on the 4th January 2008. Details of these proceedings 14 have been given in annex xx. In addition, further district level consultation are planned by the project, pre-appraisal.

Selection of sample villages In each selected block of the sample district three revenue villages have been selected based upon the following criteria.  One village dominated by General Castes  One village dominated by Backward Castes.  One village dominated by Scheduled Castes

Besides two more revenue villages were be selected from Angul and Nayagarh district- one with very high concentration of STs (more than 80%) and the other with STs Concentration in the range of 20 – 30%.

Table – 4: Demographic profile of Sample villages Total District Block GP Village HH Population Male Female SCs STs Literacy Bandhabhuin Jamardiha 123 709 433 276 24 578 230 Parachhat Karadakhaman 39 197 104 93 0 183 55 Angul Pallalahada Muduribeda Nuagan 110 552 265 287 20 155 256 Batisuan Ranjana 75 367 179 188 37 151 128 Kapagadu Kapagadu 77 333 169 164 228 105 123 Korada Mahitama 286 1310 685 625 474 0 775 Nayagarh Nuagaon Nuagaon Mudaranga 57 208 96 112 126 59 106 Sikrida Sorada 346 1461 733 728 182 0 822 Mangarajpur Hasina 520 2640 1323 1317 1315 100 1558 Jagatsinghpur Kujanga Gopikuda Samgol 438 2044 1065 979 168 6 1412 Bagoi Bagoi 350 1880 966 914 165 2 1343

15 2.2.1 Methodology for fieldwork

a) Village Level Study b) Interview with the key informants at the state, district, block, GP, village level

Framework: Key Questions for Social and Tribal Assessment

P  Local perceptions of poverty o  Who are poorest of the poor v  Why people are poor e  Perception of poor for the different routes out of poverty r  Attempts by different agencies to take people above poverty line and t their impacts y

S  Social exclusion process and forms. o  Conflicts sources and addressing mechanism. c  Peoples’ perception regarding conflict resolution mechanism. i a l E x c l u s i o n L  What are existing key occupations in the village? i  Which occupations are most preferred? v  Why these occupations are most preferred? (Input / Resource / e Market / Institution / Skill etc.) l  What are the bottlenecks in pursuing these options? i h o o d

I  Reasons for poor not being able to access the institutions meant for n the poor. s  Which are the sections who benefit and benefit most from different t development / livelihood schemes implemented in the village? i  Why the benefits of different schemes do not reach the poor? t  What the poor consider necessary so that they get the benefit? u t i o 16 n s

SHGs  Status of SHGs  Institutions facilitating the SHGs. and difficulties faced.  Participation and Federation Issues  Social Outcomes of Self-Help G  Household Role division and participation of women in village life e  Specific issues on age group (adolescent, reproductive and old). n  Range of issues and gender perspective : dowry, domestic violence, d un-touchable, reproductive rights and decision making power e  Activities exclusively practiced by women. r I s s u e s

T  Major occupation of tribes r  Specific tribal community management systems i  Access to institutions/ programs (PESA, ITDA, etc) b  Gender dynamics/ aspects in tribes a l D e v e l o p m e n t

2.2.2 Limitations of the Study

 Sample Size in proportion to the target number of villages may not be representative.  Time line of the Study  Availability of Researchers both at the Field level and the Central Level.  Secondary data is based on 2001 census

17 2.3 Tribal Demography: Among all the project districts, Anugul and Balasore observed to be having relatively high percentage of scheduled tribe population i.e. 11.67 % and 11.28 % respectively of the total district population in comparison to other studied districts. It is followed by 7.76 % of tribal population in the industrial district of Jajpur, 5.88 % in Nayagarh and 5.18 % in Khurda. The lowest tribal population observed to be in the district of Puri [0.30 %] followed by 0.52 % in Kendrapara and 0.82 % in Jagatsingpur. In scheduled caste category, relatively high percentage of scheduled caste observed to be in the district of Jajpur i.e. 22.99 % followed by 21.5 % in Bhadrak and 21.05 % in Jagatsingpur district. Lowest % among the studied districts observed to be in the district of Khurda to the tune of 13.54 %.

2.4 Major tribes Observed differ to certain degree and also have a resemblance though their demographic situation varies. In the district of Anugul and Balasore, where sizeable number of tribal resides, are mainly Gond, Kondh and Kissan in Anugul and Santal, Bhumija and Kolha in Balasore.

Table No. 5: Major Tribes & Population in Study Villages GP Village Names of Population Key Total Other ST % of Dist/Block Tribes Popul ST ation Kapagadu Kapagadu Kandha 333 228 105 31 Sorada Mahitama - 1310 1310 0 0 Nayagarh Nuagaon Mudarnga Kandha & 208 149 59 39 Nuagaon Kolha Sikrida Sorada - 1461 1461 0 0 Bandhabhuin Jamardiha (Pabudi) Bhuyans 709 131 578 82 Angul Parachhat Karadakhaman Khajuria 197 14 183 93 Pallahada Muduribeda Nuagaon Bhuyans 552 397 155 28 Batisuan Ranjana Munda 367 216 151 41 Jagatsinghpur Mangarajpur Hasina Kolha 2640 2540 100 3.8 Kujanga Gopikuda Samagol Kaibartya 2044 2038 6 0.3 Bagoi Bagoi - 1880 1878 2 0.1

Of the total eleven study villages, tribal presence observed to be very high in two villages of Anugul District. In pockets of Nayagarh and Anugul it was observed that tribal concentration in some villages in these districts is relatively more in comparison to other districts. No tribal population was observed in two villages in the district of Nayagarh and very low in the district of Jagatsingpur [Refer Annexure 7 for Major Tribes in the project districts].

Presence of tribal in coastal tract and central part of the state is basically due to a number of factors such as either such districts are adjacent to some of the forest area or the districts where tribal concentration is relatively high like that of Anugul. Secondly, concentration of “migrated tribal” also observed in many studied districts like that of Khurda, Cuttack and Puri district. In case of Jajpur, tribal concentration is basically due to industrial nature of the district coupled with forest base and hilly terrine pockets.

Tribes normally observed in the studied villages are Kandha and Kolha in Nayagarh and Munda and Bhuyan in the district of Anugul. Study observed the key prevalence factors associated with the tribal in these districts are migration based, rehabilitation based or origin based.

18 2.5 Educational Status of Tribal in Study Area: It is an established fact, both at the national and state development scenario, that educationally tribal communities are backward in comparison to any other social groups in the societal hierarchy. Though there are many factors that are responsible for this, still “isolative presence” considered to be one of the key factors for educational backwardness.

Table No. 6 Literacy status of tribal and other social groups at state level

Community % of Literacy [1991 census] % of Literacy [2001 census] Total Male Female Total Male Female

General 49.09 63.09 34.68 63.08 75.35 50.51 ST 22.31 34.41 10.21 37.37 51.48 23.37 SC 36.78 52.42 20.74 55.53 70.47 40.33 Source – Census 2001

In all the project districts, tribal literacy percentage is comparatively low to the educational status of all communities. Even, in the educational front, their status is relatively low than that of scheduled caste communities.

In view of the educational backwardness of tribal, thrust has been given to promote tribal educational status all over the state through education improvement initiatives like establishing special tribal schools, Ashram schools, girl’s hostels etc. Apart from that, different educational incentives have been provisioned like supply of free books, dresses, exemption of school fee for tribal boys and girls, provision of stipend etc.

Table No. 7: Special educational institutes for tribal in selected study districts

Sl. Districts High Ashram Residential Primary ST girls Total schools & schools & Sevashrams school hostels girls high Kanyashrams hostels [40 schools [40 seated] seated] in [in KBK ITDA only] areas

1 Anugul 3 4 1 0 0 8 2 Balasore 3 2 4 22 0 31 3 Bhadrak 1 0 1 0 0 2 4 Cuttack 2 2 6 0 0 10 5 Jagatsingpur 0 1 1 0 0 2 6 Jajpur 4 2 8 0 0 14 7 Kendrapara 0 2 3 0 0 5 8 Khurda 2 3 2 0 0 7 9 Nayagarh 3 2 6 0 0 11 10 Puri 1 1 1 0 0 3 Orissa 218 149 143 1548 400 2458

19 In the project districts, special educational provision is also made by government in shape of establishing various exclusive educational institutions for tribal students. In Kapaguda village, one Ashram school has been sanctioned. The construction of the building is under process.

2.6 Tribal Economy: Like other tribal groups, the tribes existing in the study villages follow more or less the same livelihood earning means predominantly through agriculture, animal rearing and depending upon forest. It is observed that Kolhas remain with worst livelihood condition due to the reason that scanty opportunity and less capacity to trap and utilize the resources. As the study revealed, traditionally land occupancy status was lying with the tribal but in the gradual process of change, it has been transferred to other communities called Chasas [farming community] by various means of legal transfer. Now the situation is such that the upper caste / Chasas own more and productive land than that of the tribal [Kolhas]. The existing tribal groups mostly hold the up land which is having a relatively low productivity with poor water retaining capacity. No irrigation facility is available at the up land to save the standing crops or to opt for bi or multi cropping system.

2.7 Land/asset ownership of tribal: Tribal families are engaged mostly in agriculture and wage activities, which has been their primary source of livelihood. With the poor productive asset base, engagement as laborer is much prominent in study villages. The average holding size varies between 1 to 2.5 acres [including encroachment] with a few case of holding more than 3 acres. Holding size observed to be comparatively in an advantageous position in tribal clusters which have relatively high tribal populations. As higher percentage of land under occupancy is high / up lands, the land productivity or yield per acre is comparatively less. Having no scope of irrigation is another contributing factor in this regard to save the standing crops at the time of need. Almost all farming communities have common agricultural implements like Sickle, Plough etc. but possession of modern agricultural equipment do not prevail in study villages. Most of the tribal families observed having silver ornaments, though quantitatively less, which they normally wear.

Livestock has been one of the economically productive assets for them which they use to meet their emergency requirements. Commonly prevalent livestock species observed in the study area are Goats and Chicks even some families also have cattle with them used mostly for agricultural purposes.

Table No. 8: Category wise livelihood pattern in the sample villages

Sl Tribal livelihood Details

1. Agriculture Paddy & Vegetables 2. Animal Husbandry Poultry, Goat rearing and piggery (including wild boars) 3. Forest Produces Collection of Sal leaves, Sal Seed etc. 4. Non-farm [IGA] Basket making, bamboo based products As agricultural laborers or contract labor under contractors 5. Laborer Agricultural Labor Construction of roads, Ashram schools etc. To brick kilns in Uttar Pradesh 6. Migration Tea Gardens in West Bengal and Assam. As agricultural laborers to Punjab.

20 2.8 Livelihood: Apart from minimized holding size, a shift in livelihood earning means is also marked. With the depletion of forest coverage, dependency of tribal groups over forest has decreased substantially and a shift of livelihood means from forest based to farm and non-farm [not substantial] based is marked . But, simultaneously, inadequate availability of land has further pushed them to work as agricultural laborer and/or daily wage workers. Due to scanty survival means, they are compelled for illegal fuel wood trading exploiting the existing forest resources. Their marginalization is directly contributing to over exploitation of natural resource base which had been their means of livelihood since years.

With the changing overall economic scenario of the studied districts, another patter of livelihood arrangement which is emerging is migration based livelihood. Many able bodied tribal members, both male and female are now migrating to different near by urban and sub-urban set ups in search of their livelihood. Though, the trend started years back, but now it has been more rampant in these districts. This trend of livelihood means is prevalent in almost all the project districts depending upon the amount of scope that prevails. In the studied villages of Nayagarh, it is also observed that there is not only intra and inter district migration, there is also inter state migration where members from some tribal families have migrated to other states in search of employment such as to Gujarat as labors for textile mills, brick kilns in UP and as laborers to work in tea gardens in Assam. Tribal those migrate to Assam tend to settle down there as they find opportunities of employment round the year.

2.9 Cultural Identify and Social Assimilation: The study attempted to examine this component in a “heterogeneous community” where tribal families live along with other social groups. It is observed that where tribal concentration is of reasonable size, they stay together in a hamlet within the geographical boundary of the revenue village. In this way they maintain their tribal identity and keep their culture intact among themselves. But tribal social assimilation is restricted in nature leaving a few situations like common village festival and life cycle events. The study also observed that apart from independent identity, there is a community sentiment and we feeling among all the community members in relation to common local issues. As the process of assimilation is a slow but continuous process which takes its socially regulated course, at this point, it can be said that the tribal communities in the studied villages are in the process of mainstreaming as part of the community along with their tribal identity. As a result, in some of the social groups that have been formed at village level are represented by tribal members along with members from other communities.

As the project foresees strengthening SHG / Federation as means of women empowerment, it would be beneficial for the tribal in the sense that it can help to bring members from all social groups to a common platform, may be either in the shape of SHG or Federation. It will help further in strengthening the assimilation process by bringing we feeling among the members. So, the proposed intervention will promote and strengthen this objectively driven assimilation process with regard to development of people allowing maintaining identity of the tribal intact.

2.10 Accessibility to institutions and government schemes: In comparison to scheduled or tribal concentrated districts of the state, accessibility of tribal in study districts and villages is relatively less to government provisions. Factors assessed to be responsible are of many folds like non-availability of provision of such exclusive services / benefits for the tribal in these districts as they are relatively scattered. Secondly, understanding of tribal about the schemes / provisions is very poor due to illiteracy / poor education, lack of awareness and ignorance factors.

21 Shyness and fear of approaching officials, in this regard, may also be considered contributing factors for having poor access to various benefiting schematic services.

Case:

In Mudribeda village of Anugul, 155 families belong to rehabilitated population displaced due to the Rengali Dam Project. These tribal are not considered as a part of the village population by the host community. This non-acceptance deprives them from accessing the Panchayat and other development provisions.

2.10.1 Legal Provision and Enforcement :

Despite having some of the most progressive policies in the country, including the transfer of rights to collect and sell 69 NTFP and legislation against the transfer of immobile property from tribals to non- tribals, the livelihood situation of tribal communities was found to be hampers by the poor quality of enforcement of these rights. During the consultation as part of the tribal development assessment, it was found that knowledge of these provision remained limited and, perhaps more importantly, communities felt distant from the local enforcement agencies, namely the block officials, police etc.

Policy change in Orissa in March 2000

Orissa’s policy of creating private monopolies attracted a great deal of criticism, both from the Government of India (GoI) and civil society. In December 1996, GoI passed a new law, according to which Panchayats in tribal areas are the owners of NTFPs. These developments forced the GoO to review its lease-oriented policies. It passed a new order on 31st March 2000 vesting on the Gram Panchayats (GPs) the authority to regulate the purchase, procurement and trade so that the primary gatherers get a ‘fair price for the NTFPs gathered by them’. Although kendu, bamboo and sal seeds continue to be under government monopoly, 68 other NTFPs, such as tamarind, honey, myrabolans, etc, have been kept under the control of Panchayats throughout the State. There would be no requirement of trade and transit permit, no levies and no royalties for these 68 items. The new policy abolished the ‘leasing system’ and Panchayats were given the power to register the traders at local level and to monitor their function especially with regard to price.

N.C.Saxena, 2003, Overseas Development Institute

The educational backwardness of tribal, subsistence farming, low yield due to small land holdings, the tribal is not able to meet the food requirement for the year and hence depend heavily on NTFP and migration for wage earnings. Apart from minimized holding size, a shift in livelihood earning means is also marked. With the depletion of forest coverage, dependency of tribal groups over forest has decreased substantially and a shift of livelihood means from forest based to farm and non-farm based activities is evident in some areas. But, simultaneously, inadequate availability of land has further pushed them to work as agricultural laborer and/or daily wage workers. Due to scanty survival means, they are compelled for illegal fuel wood trading exploiting the existing forest resources. Their cultural

22 practices and low awareness on health care also contributes to their expenditure on health since they by nature do not avail of the health facilities provided by the government.

One particularly important finding of the Tribal Development Assessment was that access to forest was being restricted due to the high level of competition between SCs and STs residing in a similar locality. Historically the SCs have lived alongside the upper caste, albeit on the basis of substantial evidence. Through this relationship the SCs have developed access to markets and the norms of trade. In contrast the STs have traditionally lives apart from mainstream society, reliant on forest produce and small holdings of land in more remote areas. Over time, the SCs have taken control of land formerly cultivated by the SC, despite the official prohibition over the transfer of land title from ST to non-STs. This has resulted in major conflicts that have in case taken a violent turn. During this process, the some SCs in coastal Orissa have shifted residence away from their native villages and in the process have lost some of the tradition stigmas attached to their caste. As the process of encroachment in to tribal localities has progress, the SC have assumed the role of traders in goods such as salt, oil, cosmetics, and forest produce, acting as intermediaries between the STs and the market.

Strategies to raise awareness and enforce the specific provisions for tribal development – specifically relating to land and NTFP – are a prerequisite for tribal development and are a key area of focus of the TDP.

2.10.2 Potentiality of schematic convergence: Government is having a number of tribal development / welfare schemes which are exclusively meant for tribals. Apart from this, a number of development programs are designed which address both tribal and non-tribal sections. But, as the concentration of tribal in the study districts is comparatively less, several special tribal development provisions are not available like implementation of tribal sub-plan, ITDA intervention, implementation of MADA scheme/s, special Revised Long Term Action Plan Projects [RLTAP] etc. But a number of common plans are there like National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Public Distribution System etc. which is equally important for all sections of people including tribal. So, in case where there is less thrust of tribal development schemes due to earlier mentioned reasons, the available projects / programs / schemes may suitably crafted favoring the tribal section living in specific pockets or in a scattered manner. Apart from that, available resources under such benefiting schemes may be dovetailed focusing on tribal in such pockets so that they can have a greater and exclusive accessibility to the benefits.

The tribal SHGs and associated federations may also take up / avail various schematic benefits in an approved manner like taking land on lease for cultivation, leasing in government ponds for fishery, dealing with PDS as retailers, establishing brick kilns and supply of bricks for construction of Indira Awas under Indira Awas Yojana etc. Making available these sorts of scopes and bringing in to use may help the tribal to have a grater access to such benefits. So, as the study reveals, scope for scheme convergence and resource dovetailing prevails but requirement of framing suitable policy is required in this regard where all such schemes will have a tribal focus where different tribal groups exists.

23 2.11 Tribal Development Issues: During study, various issues pertaining to tribal were explored and analyzed from local context which influence their life and have a greater bearing on their present socio-economic status. Key issues identified can be segregated in to four different sections such as:

1. Issues of Livelihood 2. Issues of Governance 3. Issues of Social Capital Building 4. Issues of Skill, Knowledge and Capacity

Table No. 9 Specific Tribal Issues in Study Villages

Aspects of Tribal issues Specific Issues Poor productive asset holding Poor land occupancy Considered less credit worthy in the institutional front Poor access to institutional credit Earning does not support required family demand Livelihood No or less availability of supportive / alternative options Borrowing from informal sources in most cases Pay exploitative rate of interest Involvement in enterprising / trading / business is poor Poor knowledge & information on livelihood options Poor participation in local decision making Poor understanding of governance importance Governance Poor participation in governance structures Poor women participation in local governance Relatively poor educational status [in comparison to other] Poor Health and hygiene status Social Capital Lack of health education / awareness Poor gender strengthening and dev. integration initiatives Require market driven skills and vocational inputs Skill & Knowledge Gap in Enterprising / trading / business skills

2.11.1 Issues of Livelihood: Livelihood arrangement for improved quality of living has been one of the key issues that affect overall community living of tribal in all the studied villages. Though, scope of other sector involved for livelihood is marked, still it has been less adequate to arrange livelihood throughout the year. In one hand, gap in availability of own asset or access to resource base for productive investment is not available and in the other hand, no productive asset base exists which can other wise yield required livelihood for the family. Apart from this, poor capacity to engage in demanding sectors such as business unit establishment or trading etc. is also not prevalent among the tribal. As a result, economic dependency on external sources is relatively high leading to indebtedness and less asset base situation.

Livelihood support for tribal: 24 As the assessment reveals, requirement for strengthening livelihood of tribal demands multi fold support provisions in different livelihood options. “Opportunity options” need to be capitalized and “existing means” can be strengthened further through various inputs. The opportunity options basically relates to non-farm sector involvement of tribal families like fisheries, establishing business units – collectively or independently, enterprise / production / processing units, market penetration and other forward linkages for business promotion, implementation of government sponsored schemes, wherever feasible etc. While, the existing livelihood means like agriculture, animal husbandry etc. can be further strengthened and capitalized upon by making it profitable through various inputs like capacity building on management practices, development of irrigation potentials, farm mechanization etc. The scope to turning them out of forest dependency [wherever existing like Anugul and Nayagarh] to farm dependency seems prevalent and can be capitalized with appropriate inputs.

SHGs and Federations can play a pivotal role in this connection by providing financial support in shape of credit for productive asset building and investment. As finance will be available with less rate of interest from the market rate, it will create opportunities for tribal to make use of the available credit fund for livelihood improvement. On the other hand, availability of capital fund at group and federation level will keep them refrained from usurious rate of interest and frequent external dependency for credit support. They can also avail physical and moral support of other members of the group and federation at the time of need.

2.11.2 Issues of Governance: Participation in local governance system and decision making is considered to be one of the key indicators of empowerment. But it is observed that in the local decision making system and process, their participation is relatively negligible. One of the identified factors in this regard has been their poor concentration in the locality in comparison to other social groups. Secondly, as a member of the community, participation in local development process is also not so encouraging in comparison to others. As the study districts and villages do not fall in to scheduled zone, exclusive development benefits meant for tribal with regard to governance do not prevail. The scopes that are created by such legal provisions for increased governance participation is no more a promotional input to tribal of studied districts and villages.

2.11.3 Issues of Social Capital Building: Considering the human development parameters, status of the tribal is attempted to look in to during the study with regard to their education and health aspects. As elaborated earlier, education base of tribal is relatively poor in comparison to other social groups. Similar situation also observed persisting in relation to their health. Though under the scope of the present study, this aspect could not be captured extensively, still interaction during study reveals this fact of health negligence and lack of required minimum health awareness in tribal families.

2.11.4 Issues of Skill, Knowledge and Capacity: Contributing to poor socio-economic status, one important factor that crosscuts all section of problems of tribal is persisting gap in required skill, knowledge and capacity in comparison to other social groups. Lagging behind in the development ladder is because of such factors that affect to a great deal to their livelihood and living. Though education is one of the primes in this regard, there are some other factors found to be responsible in this connection like lack of formal or informal training and capacity building measures, trade based orientation, vocational inputs, market oriented capacity building to take up certain market driven opportunities etc. On the other hand, poor awareness, especially that of women

25 section, refrain them from exploring other opportunities in different sectors for improving their quality of living. Lack of awareness and ignorance identify them as a separate section within the community leading to poor development participation and allied isolation.

2.12 SHG Intermediation for Tribal Development: The study reveals, looking from project context, that SHG and federation as model of intervention, can be a useful instrument for strengthening tribal economy and women empowerment in the tribal pockets of the project districts. The study attempted to explore further possibilities of tribal involvement in SHG and federation base which not only will strengthen their livelihood base but also minimize their external dependency and interest exploitation from un-institutional credit rendering entities. The study also attempted exploring suitable SHG / Federation model / options for tribal development within the scope of the project.

Table No. 10: Number of Tribal SHGs in sample villages

District Name of Village No of HH No of SHG No. of Tribal SHG Sorada 350 12 2 Tribal SHGs Nayagarh Mutaranga 67 3 2 Tribal SHGs Kapagadu 66 3 1 Tribal SHG Ranjana 75 4 1 Tribal SHG Anugul Nuagaon 110 6 1 Tribal SHG Jamardih 123 7 5 Tribal SHGs

As it is observed, Self Help Group is not a new concept for the tribal in the studied villages. Where population of tribal is more, exclusive tribal SHGs exists like that of Sorada [2 ST groups] and Kapagadu [1 ST group] village of Nayagarh district and Ranjana [1 group] Nuagaon [1 group] and Jamardih [5 groups] village of Anugul district.

So, it is evident that where population of tribal is relatively more, they have formed exclusive groups taking members from tribal community only. Similarly, other social groups also have their own SHGs in their hamlets. So, more or less, tribal families are aware of SHG operation procedures due to their direct involvement in the promoted groups. So, the project can have a two way approach to deal with like the proposed project can use such existing platforms of tribal for their development and secondly, they can promote new tribal groups wherever it is feasible. The overall objective of the project can be realized by making use of such existing platforms.

26 Table No. 11 : No. of Blocks in ST population range

Sl. District No. of No. of HH Total S.T % of No. of Blocks in ST Blocks in Population Population STs Population Range No. the 0-10% 11-30% >30% Project 1 Angul 4 101423 499701 81172 16 2 1 1 2 Balasore 4 158920 804121 73083 9 2 2 0 3 Bhadrak 4 140004 776396 12465 2 4 0 0 4 Cuttack 2 57229 272578 12598 5 2 0 0 5 Jagatsinghpur 4 120483 594390 3150 1 4 0 0 6 Jajpur 4 122741 606732 90240 15 2 1 1 7 Kendrapara 4 258034 1227868 6044 0.5 4 0 0 8 Khurda 4 84814 462938 20780 4.5 3 1 0 9 Nayagarh 4 100156 480612 24612 8.3 2 2 0 10 Puri 4 108347 537843 1534 0.3 4 0 0 TOTAL 38 1252151 6263179 325678 5.2 29 7 2

Secondly, through these platforms, the micro finance operations can be rooted in to their families for further strengthening their livelihood and asset building. So, micro finance operation within a tribal community is a possibility with certain recommended options like relatively longer repayment period, initial provision of small and medium size of loan, hand holding and escorting for enterprise, loan for meeting both production and consumption needs etc.

SHGs as intermediaries for poverty reduction – key features For tribal inclusion 1. As it is evident from the study, SHG can be a viable means for strengthening tribal livelihood with appropriate operational approach 2. In a concentrated pocket, scope exists for promoting special tribal groups [SHGs] 3. The existing tribal groups [SHGs] can be strengthened further in relevant areas. 4. Where ever tribal are in dispersed state, scope is there to include them with other existing / new groups. 5. It is always desired to have integrated federal structures where tribal and non-tribal groups operate under common umbrella. 6. At the inception of federal structures, flexible operational norms with regard to sanction of loan, repayment, rate of interest etc. can be considered but it should not be an imposition on the federation and other members should not feel it as an imposition. 7. At federation level, tribal and other SHGs may be congregated and engaged in financial and non-financial transactions.

So, the scope of the project in strengthening the tribal livelihood through SHG and federal approach appears to be a feasible option. But, integration of tribal with non-tribal groups at federation level may be thought of taking care of associated group sentiments.

27 2.12.1 Status of tribal SHGs: Savings, as a part of SHG functioning, is commonly prevalent in all tribal SHGs in the study villages. But due to the influence of poor economic condition, the amount of savings per member per month is normally less ranging between Rs.5/- to Rs.10/-. Irregularity in savings also observed in case of many members across the interacted groups due to various factors like absence in the meeting to deposit savings, no availability of fund in time, casual attitude towards savings etc. However, the average group savings of tribal groups observed to be ranging between Rs.3000/- to Rs.5000/- which they have accumulated over a period of three to four years of functioning. Other source of fund availability in terms of grants or loan is not very common with tribal groups. Apart from this, no tribal group observed linked with the formal financial institutions for accessing credit. Even no tribal group is linked under schematic provision like SGSY.

2.12.2 Federation Approach, Exclusive Vs Inclusive Federations: As elaborated earlier, the settlement of tribal in proposed project districts is scattered in some pockets like that of Jagatsingpur and comparatively less scattered in some others like Anugul and Nayagarh district. So, looking at the nature of settlement, especially where there is concentration of tribal within a geographical / administrative boundary of the GP, a GP level federation covering both tribal and non- tribal SHGs would be a viable option. But in a scattered situation, cluster approach to federation may be worth thinking rather then GP level federation. Instead of a GP, a particular cluster may be thought of for promoting exclusive tribal federations based on concentration of tribal groups in a specific pocket. But, possibilities of number of groups to be associated in a federation structure may vary in an exclusive tribal federation and general federation.

Exclusive tribal federations may tend to enhance “isolative approach” to tribal development rather then tribal mainstreaming in the development process. Past experience over a period of time has proved that “park land” approach to tribal development does not yield desired result in the long run as that of “mainstreaming approach”. At this stage, it would be prudent to ensure participation in a strategised manner aiming convergence with the mainstream. Ignoring this aspect may again result in the tribals getting sidelined by other federation representatives. Care also needs to be taken to ensure that such SHGs have independent social identity should get assimilated at federation level where they can perform along with other members representing from different social groups. Operational mechanism of the federations should be designed in facilitates representation of tribal in decision making process at executive council / executive body level.

2.12.3 Key Issues of Federation Strengthening: Looking at the persisting scenario in study villages, seven potential areas are identified for increasing the scope for tribal development within the federations.

 Capacity Building in specific functional and operational areas  Sensitization and awareness of federation members [Executive Council] on federation functions and tribal involvement  Organizing exposure visits to successful similar cases  Interface with other potential stakeholders benefiting federation functions  Household or group based micro enterprise promotion – Linking credit with livelihood  Building attitude of project staff at district and block level to deal with tribal issues meaningfully.  Initial flexibility in the federation / group operation norms

28 The federations, so promoted could perform multi-dimensional functions. But proper capacity building is the prerequisite to have an appropriate strategy in this regard. Secondly, exclusive capacity requirement of tribal may be kept in mind during designing the training curriculum for tribal.

2.13 Scope for Tribal Development

2.13.1 Local Organization of Tribal: In cases, where tribal are found to be in a particular cluster or relatively less scattered, scope of organizing them to different community groups or SHGs is a possibility. It is expected that, by organizing them, a local level platform for tribal development can be created which will be a strategic means to deliver project designed services. The savings and credit operations can be managed effectively using such established platform/s where there will be organized development participation of tribal and ownership of the process.

2.13.2 Positive Biasness and Development Inclusion: Taking into account the deprived state of tribal, the project design [criteria for selection and project implementation] need to be positively biased towards tribal, in-spite of their lower concentration. The project and intervention / operational plan should encompass a pre-condition of inclusion of tribal section within the scope of the project in a desired manner so that they can optimally utilize the benefit of project services to improve their present status.

2.13.3 Tribal Inclusion and Development Plan: Giving due emphasis to STs in the project areas, the need for preparing a separate Tribal Inclusion and Development [TID] Plan can be thought of. TID Plan purview thus would relate to both Scheduled and non-scheduled areas especially where the ST population is residing.

2.13.4 Capacity Building and Skill Improvement Measures: For the purpose, two fold strategies can be thought of i.e. a welfare approach of considering them as a beneficiary of the project or adopting a development approach where they are equal partner of development process. It is always desirable to make them partners in development by promoting their skill, knowledge and capacity in the desired direction so that by making use of such resources, they can improve their living condition. So, different vocational trainings and allied inputs may be given them based on the market demand.

2.13.5 Credit Provision for Livelihood Promotion: Further, strengthening productive household asset base may be considered one of the Pre-requisite to make them self sustaining in the longer run. As discussed earlier, it is also equally important to develop their investment capacity by making available the required resource base at their level. As, required financial resource is not available with them for livelihood investment and equally they have poor access to such resources due to assetlessness and allied factors, it is important to make required provision in the project intervention by which they can access financial resources at the time of need. Provision of credit through formal and/or informal institutional mechanism can help them in minimizing their external financial dependency, which at present is exploitative, and strengthen their financial base through productive resource investment.

29 2.13.6 Additional support and Untied Fund Provision: The project may think up allocating additional financial and human resources in tribal pockets to serve to the specific needs of tribal. Such exclusive financial provisions could be of be in shape of “tied funds” or “untied funds” but it is advisable to have some “untied funds” provision placed with the promoted tribal groups for in-time utilization as “internal credit fund” for meeting emerging livelihood requirements.

2.13.7 Suitable Project Operational Mechanism / Operational Flexibility: This may be considered as one of the essentiality by which tribal families can be benefited. There should be operational flexibility to certain expected and tolerable degree for smooth execution of the project in tribal pockets. A suitable project operational strategy may be devised looking at their overall situation and capacity to cope with the demand of the project especially after their involvement in the project processes. To achieve expected results in a tribal pocket may take relatively more time in comparison to areas where people from other social strata reside.

2.13.8 Conflict Resolution: An important issue raised in the social assessment for this project is the extent of social conflict between ST and SCs. Both groups tend to be among the poorest groups in the village, often living in exclusive habitation that border one another. Conflict are common over access to resources and government schemes and there is a broad tendency for the SCs to dominate over the STs. It is therefore important that the project creates mechanisms to ensure that ST (and SC) has the opportunity to access grievance redressal mechanisms and that representation of these two groups on representative fora is managed appropriately.

2.14 Conclusion: Tribal development, in the context of the proposed project, requires a different kind of thinking apart from tradition mode of looking at tribal development. A paradigm shift in the approach seems more essential especially in the studied project districts i.e. from welfare approach to development approach. Social inclusion in a development paradigm would be the top priority in these districts with regard to tribal development on equity norms which will ultimately help in strengthening the overall process. So, socio-economic development of tribal under the scope of the project can be thought of suitably if plans are prepared accordingly making it a thrust intervention area. Initially, expected level of output may not be achieved in comparison to other social sections, still it seems wiser to make them a part of the process to achieve the overall tribal development objective in a longer run. Resource dovetailing and inter-departmental collaboration is another possibility where all concerns come to a common platform to address the tribal issues. As tribal population is relatively in a scattered mode in studied districts, suitable strategies need to be devised accordingly under the overall district development plan. So, a thoughtful action seems essential in the context for making the tribal development plan a success.

30 Section Three Tribal Development Plan

3. Tribal Development Plan

3.1 Objective The objective of the Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy under TRIPTI will be to empower the poor Tribal Communities and improve their livelihoods through:

(a) Developing and strengthening pro-poor local institutions/groups (including self-help groups); (b) Ensuring representation and benefits flow from gram panchayat level federations (c) Building skills and capacities of the Tribals; and (d) Financing productive demand-driven sub-project investments through value chain based support for key livelihood activities (e) To develop good practices in social inclusion that will be adopted more widely.

Given the context of the STs, care would be taken to evolve and follow a project implementation process that fosters full respect for dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness of the Tribal Communities; and that all be culturally and socially compatible.

The Tribal Development Plan has been developed in regard for the specific context of district of coastal Orissa and the blocks which have been selected by the GoO for implementation. Overall, these districts are among the lowest in terms of tribal population in the state, and tribal have received least support compared to other districts in Orissa. . Hence a three-pronged strategy has been developed, with different modalities for blocks depending on the population density.

3.2 Project Coverage • 10 Districts • 38 Blocks • 1020 GPs • 8,369 villages • Total rural families : 12,54,607 • ST : 6.22 % • SC : 20.19 % • OBC : 52.90 % • Others : 20.69%

Table No. 12: Percentage of Tribal by Project Districts 31 Sl. District % of STs No. of Blocks in ST Population Range

No. 0-10% 11-30% >30% 1 Angul 16 2 1 1 2 Balasore 9 2 2 0 3 Bhadrak 2 4 0 0 4 Cuttack 5 2 0 0 5 Jagatsinghpur 1 4 0 0 6 Jajpur 15 2 1 1 7 Kendrapara 0.5 4 0 0 8 Khurda 4.5 3 1 0 9 Nayagarh 8.3 2 2 0 10 Puri 0.3 4 0 0 TOTAL 5.2 29 7 2

3.3 Principles

The major project principles will also be applicable in the TDP implementation that includes:

 Focus on the rural poor  Specific components to target the most vulnerable and poorest social groups  Women will be in positions of decision-making  Transparency and accountability  Community driven development

3.4 Plan Components The project has five major components (a) Institution and Strengthening and Development (b) Community Investment Fund (c) Livelihoods Fund (d) Project Management, (e) Knowledge and Monitoring

Table No.13: Project Objective and Component Linkage

32 Sl. Objectives No. Components and Subcomponents 1 Institution Strengthening and A1 Community Level Institution Building A2 Developing Capacity of Project Staff Development 2 Community Investment Fund B1 Financing Micro Investment Plans B2 Pro-poor Inclusion Fund 3. Livelihood Fund C1 Value chain proposal C2 Skill Building for Rural Youth C3 Innovations on livelihoods enhancement and promotion 4. Project Management, D1 Project Management : Staff Salary D2 Monitoring and Evaluation Knowledge Management and D3 Learning : Thematic Studies and Pilots Replication

3.5 Overall Project Design Component A: Institution Strengthening and Development Community level institutional building will focus on needs assessment and capacity building for SHGs and Gram Panchayat Federation in order to reach quality and inclusiveness criteria for release of funds. A specific sub-component of this project has been developed to focus on the inclusion of the poor and vulnerable section of the community and to enhance access to, and quality of, key public services at the village level.

Component B: Community Investment Fund: The Project will transfer financial resources to Panchayat- level and Block-level federations of Self Help Groups in the form of the Community Investment Fund.. These resources will be transferred as grants and used as a revolving fund towards investments at the household level through SHGs. CIF will be released in two tranches to the SHG federations on the basis of their achieving clear and transparent readiness indicators. A process of Micro Investment Planning (MIPs) at the household-level, and the aggregation and prioritization of these plans at the SHG and SHG federation levels will be a key readiness indicator. Other readiness indicators will include extent of outreach achieved among the poor, the quality of functioning of the constituent entities of the federation, and the maturity and quality of functioning of the federation itself. A portion of the CIF (X %) will form the ‘pro-poor inclusion fund, offering targeting grant based assistance, channeled through GPLF and SHG, of up to Rps 5000 to the extreme poor and vulnerable individuals to allow them to participate on a par with other SHG members. Pro-poor inclusion fund will also finance innovative capacity enhancing activities for the extreme poor and vulnerable groups, including aids to disabled persons and crèche facilities for working mothers.

Component C : Livelihood Development Fund: The livelihood promotion fund will increase the share of SHG households in the value chain of key commodities or products and promote skill training for rural youth and the poor. Livelihoods enhancement will include enhanced production, productivity and profitability across key supply chains like dairy, vegetable production, and handlooms, key rural livelihoods in the coastal districts. This would be achieved through improvements in production technologies and management practices, better market linkages, more efficient and effective delivery of key support services, and augmentation of community-level productive capacities as well as infrastructure. This component will also support skill upgradation for rural youth and an innovation fund livelihoods activities.

Component D: Project Management, Knowledge Management and Replication: The first sub-component will ensure the smooth implementation of project activities, monitoring of project implementation progress and outputs/outcomes achieved, staff recruitment and training. The second component will include base-line and evaluation survey, as well on-going MIS and participatory monitoring activities. In addition, thematic studies on issues including participatory and community 33 process, institutional sustainability and empowerment will be carried out in order to feed learning’s across the project. This component will also support learning across other departments and districts in Orissa. This will ensure sustainable monitoring & evaluation even after the End of Project.

3.6 Management & Implementation Structure Orissa Poverty Reduction Mission (OPRM) Executive Committee

State Project Management Unit (SMPU) State Project Director

Programme Unit Monitoring Programme Support Additional Project Learning & Unit Additional Director Evaluation Unit Project Director ML & E Specialist MIS Officer Strategic Institution CIF Cell Livelihood Communication Financial Mgmt Human Administ- Building Promotion Cell Officer & Procurement Resource Grievance Cell Development ration Cell Institution Building MF Specialist Livelihood Handling Cell Specialist Bank Linkage Officer Promotion Officer Financial Section Officer CB Officer Fund Management Specialist Management HR Specialist Social Devp. Officer Specialist Officer Skill Development Accounts Officer Officer (Jobs) Procurement Officer

District Project Management Unit (DMPU) Chaired by District Collector

TEAM Leader Block Project Institution Building Facilitation Team Livelihoods Block Level Financial Management & MIS (BPFT) Federation

Customer Coordination Gram Panchayat Level Federation

Community Resource Persons Self Help Groups

34 3.7 Key Elements of the Tribal Inclusion and Development Strategy

The TRIPTI project is a targeted approach to improve livelihoods of the rural poor in Orissa through mobilizing women’s self-help groups, improving access to credit for productive activities and specific livelihood support. In addition, additional support for the poorest and most vulnerable section of society are part of the project design, operationalized though a social inclusion fund that will provide seed capital to widows, destitutes, disabled persons and other individuals that the community identifies as being among the poorest of the poor. As such, issues of tribal development – focusing on the poorest and socially excluded sections among the tribal population – are integral to the project design. However, the strategy set out below will ensure that tribals are not left out of the community driven process.

Given the wide variation in the tribal social and economic scenario across the selected project districts in coastal Orissa – with block level populations ranging from 0.3% to more than 50% in a few cases - TDP has been designed in three modes to reflect the differing needs for tribal integration in project process.

35 3.8 Implementation Strategies for Tribal Development – Key safeguard measures as part of Project Cycle

Table No. 14: Implementation Strategy as per Tribal Population Range

GP level tribal population Activity 0-10% 11-30% 30%+ Start up Tribal leaders included in initial meeting Tribal Situation Analysis activity Tribal Inclusion Analysis as part of Situation Analysis IEC campaign Specific tribal IEC campaign to be developed Institution At least one CC received training in tribal At least one CC from tribal community formation development Mobilization (Left out poor criteria applied to tribals) . At least 40% of BPL households including tribals are in SHGs and are part of GPLF before release of CIF I . At least 60% of poorest households including tribals who are members of SHGs are financed by first tranche of CIF before release of CIF2 Representation Priority tribals as Sub-committee of Tribal hold at least 4 posts on 11 member part of Social tribal as part of GPLF executive inclusion fund Provision for informal habitation level groups to support minority/weaker section inclusion At least one tribal member on `At least one tribal member of each five participatory monitoring committee member GPLF sub-committee (participatory monitoring, procurement, asset monitoring, CIF etc) GPLF Appraisal of disbursement to tribal groups strengthening MIP and District level workshops on tribal economic activities consolidation Appraisal of tribal MIPs Livelihood Inclusion plan for tribal development At least one sub-project aimed at tribal Fund as part of livelihood assessment livelihoods (Block level) Where population 30% Skill training 8% of job for rural tribal youth for rural youth (15% for SC) Innovation At least 10% of fund to be used for activities that support tribal livelihoods Fund Institutional Project objectives to be applied to tribal groups Sustainability Project aim to promote 75% inclusion of the poorest (BPL) groups in sustainable federations.

36 3.9 Description of the Tribal Development Strategy – according to project components

3.9.1 Institutional Strengthening & Development Principles a)Engagement of tribal groups in project entry activities b)Ensuring mobilization strategies (IEC, training etc) are developed in culturally sensitive manner c) Mobilizing SHG formation among tribals d)Ensuring representation on the GP level federation e) Developing accessible grievance redressal mechanism for tribal groups

Strategy The project will support and develop inclusive, self-reliant, self-managed and sustainable, SHGs and their GP level Federations (GPLF) for livelihoods improvement.

(a) SHGs: As part of the mobilization process, Tribal communities will be provided information, rules, and non-negotiables, through appropriate channels/medium about the program. Further, Tribal communities will be encouraged to be part of the SHGs and will receive additional training on key issues including: concept of saving, book keeping, and meeting. In areas where there are concentrated tribal populations, SHGs of tribal communities will be promoted and nurtured. In areas of mixed populations, efforts will be made to mobilize tribal communities along with the other left out poor in the village into SHGs. The Cluster Coordinators and Community Resource Persons facilitating this process will have and or will be capacitated with the requisite skills and expertise to work with Tribal communities. (b) GPLF: In the formation of federations, three different modalities for tribal representation will be employed. In all cases, 50% of tribals are to be mobilized into SHG as a condition for the release of the CIF II.  In GP where tribal population less that 10% Tribal groups to be included as part of the Social Inclusion Fund, and will be prioritized for receiving ‘seed grants’. As per the guidelines for social inclusion component, beneficiaries will be integrated into the GPLF as a condition for the release of CIF II.  In GPs where tribal population 10-30% Tribal sub-committee to be formed as part of the GPLF  In GPs where tribal population 30%+ At least 4 posts in the 11 member executive committee should be allotted to tribals.

3.9.2 Pro-poor inclusion Principles a) Ensuring that the poorest and most vulnerable section of the tribal population receives addition project support to pull them out of poverty b) Institutionalizing planning for the inclusion of the needs of vulnerable groups by federation members. Strategy This grant fund will be used to provide seed money to the poorest and most vulnerable groups (disabled, destitutes, and extreme poor) at GP level. Training and intensive action research pilots will be carried out in blocks with both high and low tribal concentration to formulate guidelines and methods for including the most poor and vulnerable groups based on their needs.

37 3.9.3 Community Investment Funds Principles a) Enhancing the sources of credit for private asset creation and livelihood activities among tribals b) Ensuring inclusion of tribal through collective planning by the GPLF Strategy  These funds will be released to federations following the achievement of a number of key eligibility criteria, in two tranches. Social inclusion is an important requirement for CIF release. For the first tranches, GPFL need to plan that at least 40% of BPL households are in SHGs and are part of GPLF and 60% of poorest households who are members of SHGs have plans to be financed by CIF.  For the second tranch, at least 60% of poorest households who are members of SHGs are financed by CIF II.

For the first release of the first tranche of the CIF will be dependent on the GPLF giving an inclusion plan, setting out how the needs of the poorest of the poor and the tribal groups will be prioritized. After release of first tranche of CIF, GPLF Strengthening & Sustainability Plan would focus on inclusion of extreme poor groups including tribal groups in the GPLF and empowering them to access social and development programmes. The release of the second CIF will be dependent on the performance of the GPLF in reaching these goals.

3.9.4 Livelihood Development Fund Priorities: a) Screening Process on MIP and livelihood activites to ensure that no sub-prpojects adversely affect tribal livelihoods b) Upgradation and development of indigenous knowledge and skills for tribals through innovations and support c) Augmentation of community level productive capacities as well as infrastructure d) Building community level institution for establishment of sustainable and self-managed livelihood promotion e) Fostering linkages between community level institutions with various public and private institutions f) Better input and output linkages.

Strategy: Tribal communities are primarily forest or natural resources-based. Natural resources form an integral part of their lives, skills and livelihoods. Villages inhabited by these communities are the poorest and devoid of the infrastructure and livelihood supporting mechanisms conducive to their lifestyle. A majority of these communities depend on collection of forest produce seasonally as their only source of livelihood. During other times, they are wage-gatherers - a significant population is marginal or landless. One of the critical roles of the project in the tribal area would be to ensure an environment to help grow a symbiotic relationship between tribal people and the natural resources. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the agencies involved in the project should be to closely work with the tribal communities in the protection, conservation, regeneration and sustainable development of the natural resources. This will mutually benefit developing natural resources-based livelihood enterprises and options.

This requires the project, take both a regulative and proactive approach. All MIP and livelihood activities will be screened for adverse effects on tribal livelihoods. The principle mechanism for this will be the appraisal process at the Gram Sabha and by the federation executive.

38 Considering the immense importance of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) in the lives of the tribals, especially the landless tribals, and the policy issues involved in ensuring the rights of the tribals over the resource, the various issues involved in NTFP development need to be addressed. For example:  The issue of NTFP Conservation & Augmentation,  Sustainable Harvesting mechanisms,  Value addition, Marketing and Enterprise Development

In each of the tribal areas, NTFP groups/associations – including VSS committees – will be linked to the GPLF, or formed where needed. They would also be trained as the key unit for other diversification and development initiatives to take off. Close cooperation and joint project initiatives need to be put in place between the Orissa Forest Department and this project will have to be given a priority for addressing issues of NTFP trade, control and value addition. Where present, forest management committees will be inducted into the project’s natural resource management framework. It is imperative therefore; that the present project revisits these marginalized communities through: a) Holistic Natural Resource Based Livelihood Approach and b) An Institutional Development & Local Governance perspective which builds from existing traditional cultural practices and has the ability to converge with project initiatives

The second aspect of the tribal livelihoods plan will ensure that tribal livelihoods to be supported through value chain analysis and asset creation for producer companies, through the prioritization of tribal livelihood activities (for example non-timber forest produce) in blocks where population is higher than 30%. In other areas, value chain analysis will prioritize the inclusion of tribals in value chain activities. In addition, innovative approaches ensuring gainful involvement of the communities will be achieved through the skill training component of the project (7% of jobs created by the project will be for tribals) and the innovation fund (10% to focus on tribal livelihood activities).

3.9.5 Project Management Principles a) Ensuring project staff is trained in tribal development issues b) Front line staff is chosen to ensure engagement with tribal groups c) Ensuring linkages to tribal development agencies for convergence at the state level

Strategy All Project functionaries working in the tribal areas, especially the CC, CRPs and nodal members and the staff at the State, Block and District Project Units would be sensitized and oriented towards tribal culture and development issues to enable them to appreciate the importance of “tribal way of life” (culture) while working among the tribals. With this participatory strategy in place, the possibility of any potential adverse impacts on the tribals, as they are completely involved in each and every stage of the intervention process would be remote. In blocks where tribal population is higher than 30%, at least one CC will be from tribal community. This may require the education level recruitment criteria for CCs to be reduced in the case of tribals. In GPs where tribal population is higher than 10%, at least one CC will receive training in tribal development issues.

39 3.9.6 Monitoring and Learning Principles a) Ensuring that tribal issues, and project learning’s are developed and replicated in the project b) Developing robust methods to track tribal development objectives of the project c) Specialist Support from a partner agency to development specific components of the TDP, including legal entitlements and awareness inputs.

Strategy Thematic studies on tribal development carried out throughout project cycle.

Tribal Development indicators are being developed and are to be included in PME, MIS and evaluation process.

3.10 Additional Provision as Part of the TDP The critical processes related to the prior arrangements and mechanisms that need to be set in place, for implementation of the TDP, are described below.

(i) Project level : The major project level arrangements for the implementation of the TDP include selection of team for carrying out this project, training to team members on Tribal issues, selection of tribal villages, organizing stakeholder workshops to analyze data and observations and make changes to the project implementation plan, field investigation on existing activities – group under traditional, project/Government intervention – what works, why and what does not and why, and mapping of resources and mapping of skills in different geographical zones with links to markets, trader chains….

(ii) Policy Level: A study has been proposed to be carried out after inception of the project to explore the potential links of tribals to other line departments and based on the findings of the study a convergence strategy for the project will be developed. This will help to ensure participation of the tribals in the social and economic development programmes.

(iii) Information: A major aspect of the limited success with programs and the participation of Tribals, especially the poorer sections, are related to the inadequate availability of information regarding different programs and schemes. Information dissemination of project aspects like project components, basic principles, non-negotiables, roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are critical to elicit interest and participation of the Tribal communities. The IEC strategy of the project has taken into account the specificities of the Tribal areas and is putting together a special strategy to reach out to Tribals. Some of the methods being looked at are folk art, street theatre, films and simple pamphlets. The emphasis will be on creating resource persons from within the Tribal community to provide information and local insight.

(iv) Gende r: The participation of women would be the key factor in implementing the TDP. Tribal men and women would be sensitized for enhancing the women’s participation in community affairs. The strategy would be to promote women’s active involvement in the process of development and their effective participation in decision making. All project functionaries would be sensitized on gender issues.

40 (v) Grievance Redressal: In the process of strengthening the SHGs and GPLFs, besides CB on Credit flow and management, stress will be made to cover social and convergence issues. Conflict resolution and grievance redressal procedures will be built in to enable the community not only to resolve the issues related to credit management and social issues, but also to grievances related to various schemes and entitlements. A participatory monitoring Sub- committee will be formed in the GPLF for complaints handling at Panchayat level. Apart from this, contact numbers and official addresses will be displayed and made public for faster redressal of complaints. A HOTLINE number and postal address will also be provided so that the community can lodge complaints immediately.

(vi) Social outcomes: the TRIPTI project aims to leverage the potential of improved organization and voice of the poor to enhance development outcomes more generally. Specific focus is given to improving the quality of mid-day meal provision and the public distribution system. As such, this objective will be part of the tribal inclusion and development strategy, focusing on the specific issues facing tribal groups in accessing these institutions. In addition, given the poor health and education indicators of tribal groups in Orissa, a special action research study of these issues will be carried out as part of the institutional inclusion component of this project

3.11 Legal Entitlement:

Given the centrality of legal provision, and the enforcement of the same, to tribal development in Orissa, issues of tribal legal empowerment will be incorporated into the project plan for tribal districts, as part of the first year activities under the project. This component will draw on lessons and learning from existing projects, studies and reports available in the state. If needed, a specialist agency will be recruited to develop this component. The scope of the component will include examination and synthesis of provision for tribal empowerment and production of inputs on capacity building and institutional arrangements in the following areas:

 Land alienation and Restoration  Transparency and Access to Land Records  Tenancy Reform  Access to Common Property Resources  Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996  Regularisation of Habitations in Forest Areas  Rights of the tribal communities vis-à-vis forest areas  Access and Support for Legal Assistance for land claims.  Other Empowerment Issues:  Implementation of Orissa Moneylenders Act  Implementation of Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act  Access of tribals to other government schemes and programmes.  Legal Assistance for the above.

This component will be managed by the State and District Management Units, who will be responsible for producing an operational manual for and natural resource implementation and sub-project screening, IEC material on legal provisions, and capacity building training for different actors for addressing tribal development issues. These materials and training packages will draw on lessons form other tribal livelihood projects in the state, notably Orissa Tribal Empowerment and Livelihoods Program (OTELP), Western Orissa Rural Livelihoods Project (WORLP) and the World Bank funded non- lending technical assistance on Social Development in Orissa. 41 No land acquisition or displacement of tribal or other groups is envisaged under the project, however, if deemed necessary due to land dispute or entitlement claims, an action plan for legal recognition of land ownership, occupation or usage – to be integrated into the project process.

3.12 Convergence The Tribal Inclusion and Development Plan is a part of the TRPTI which is being implemented as part of the Orissa Rural Poverty Mission. For effective implementation, the TDP envisages convergence with the Tribal Welfare Department and Forest Department whose involvement is critical to the TDP in order to promote the implementation of legal provisions pertaining to tribal land and resource entitlements. Convergence arrangement will be different in areas of high tribal density (where special agencies are present) and in areas where tribal population are sparse. Accordingly, a diversified strategy will be developed.

Convergence arrangement will also be examine with respect to tribal heath and education. Linkages are also envisaged with other externally funded poverty eradication projects.

Given the important of this component, the project director has agreed to commission a study of convergence potential that is to be implemented in the first months following initiation of the project.

The TOR for the convergence study will to:  Assess major rural development schemes that provide potential linkages to the TRIPTI project  Draw on findings of ISEA and assess another further areas of convergence that the project needs to address (i.e. forestry, employment, etc)  Analyze implementation process  Undertake a rapid participatory assess of implementation – leading to a SWOT type analysis  Organizing a meeting with implementation department to assess convergence options

This convergence study should aim towards Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) – Several MoUs will be put in place for better implementation – Forest Department and Tribal Welfare Department. In principle, the MoU should contain that a Project Steering Committee established at the State and the village level to continuously monitor the progress of the project, difficulties, challenges and what needs to be done. This Steering Committee should sit 3 times in a year. Decisions taken at the Steering Committee are shared through newsletters, media campaigns and other approaches that are understood by tribals

3.13 Operational Arrangements

Staffing: For implementing the Tribal Development Plan, the project will have a Tribal and Vulnerability Co-ordinator anchoring this aspect under the project at the SPMU.

All BPMU members working in areas where tribal population exceeds 10% will be sensitized on tribal issues and the BPMU members working in Tribal areas will undergo a comprehensive training to implement the TDP. In blocks like Pallahara in Angul and Sukinda in Jajpur, which have ST populations higher than 30%, the Project Coordinator (Institution Building and Tribal Issues) will have experience in working with tribal development.

42 Since the scheduled tribes inhabiting the different project districts exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religious traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits, an in depth understanding of the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious life of the tribals will be imparted to all the project functionaries, right from the district level to the village level, including the NGOs involved in TDP at the time of their entry into project. This would run concurrently with the rest of the Project.

Table 15 : Implémentation arrangements, Organisation and Management

Level Nodal Agent for Tribal Functions Development Project Level State level Executive  Providing necessary guidance and Committee with Director, support to the Project in tribal areas. Tribal Welfare Department, ITDA, SC corporation State level Tribal Development and  Coordination with DPMUs and other Vulnerability Coordinator line depts. activities.  Support DPMUs and BPMU in social mobilization and capacity building of tribals and their institutions  Support DPMUs and BPMUs in generating and grounding community sub-projects District Level District Program Manager  Coordination with BPMUs and GPLFs and other line depts. Staff.  Support BPMU in social mobilization and capacity building of tribals and their institutions  Support GPLF in generating and grounding community sub-projects Block Level Project Executive  Coordinate CCs and GPLF with tribal Management (Institution Building and inclusion and livelihood activities Unit Tribal Development)  Grievance Redressal Cluster Level Cluster Coordinators  Facilitating communities identify the poor and poorest of the poor through PRA tools.  Mobilization of women/men to form into SHGs,  Formation of EC and GPLF  Assist in the preparation of MIPs and demand driven sub-projects  Facilitate implementation of the plans.  Registering Grievances Village level Community Resource  Mobilization and Facilitation. Persons  Coordination with other activities.  Monitoring and reporting.  Registering Grievances

43 3.14 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework The Monitoring and Evaluation (M and E) of the Tribal Development Plan is similar to the process and specific activities for the project as a whole and are integrated into the M and E framework designed for the project. The overall project M&L System will ensure a) input and output monitoring b) process monitoring and c) impact evaluation would ensure effective implementation of Tribal Development Plan. For the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of Tribal Development Plan, basic data relating to village wise information on tribal population, infrastructure facilities, land utilization, cropping pattern, livelihoods etc. would be recorded in the village registers that will be kept with the GPLF. The project interventions planned in the village as part of the Annual Plan and the project interventions actually implemented will also be captured in the MIS. The data collection would be the responsibility of the BLMU in association with the CC and CRPs of each village in her/his jurisdiction. The BLMU in turn would report the progress to the DLMU and SPMU for taking up remedial measures, if any.

The community would be involved in process monitoring through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques, wherever required in order to know the quality of project implementation and inputs provided under the project. The villagers will monitor the performance of all project functionaries, starting with the Community activists, Community Para professionals and the BPMU.

Monthly progress reports on the progress of various sub components of the project in Tribal areas would be submitted by the DLBSU to the SPMU.

Table 16 : Key issues for Monitoring and Evaluation of TDP Indicators Start up activity Habitation and Village baseline data Present status (group inclusion, links to federation etc) Number of Tribal Situation Assessments conducted IEC campaign Development of Tribal focused materials Coverage of IEC campaign Awareness levels among tribal groups Institution formation Training for CCs Number of tribal CCs and CPRs recruited Mobilization and GPLF strengthening Number of Tribals in SHGs before release of CIF 1 Number of Tribals in SHGs before release of CIF 2 Number of Tribals member of federation Number of Tribal MIPs financed by CIF Number of Tribals supported by Pro-poor inclusion fund Representation Number of Tribal Sub-committees as part of GPLF Number of Tribals on GPLF EC Tribal membership in sub-committees MIP and consolidation District level workshops held on tribal economic activities held Number of MIPs approved Livelihood Fund Inclusion plan for tribal development – submitted (Block level) Funding flows to livelihood activities Number of sub-projects directed at tribal groups financed Skill training for rural youth Number of tribal benefiting from job training Innovation Fund Percent of innovation funds directed to tribal development Grievance Redressal Number of grievance from tribal submitted, time take to resolve Monitoring and Learning Number of thematic studies on tribal issues completed Partnerships with tribal development agencies and EAPs established and workshops held

44 Monitoring will be ongoing and periodic, done internally by the Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Unit at the SMPU level and supported by District Level and Block Level Financial Management and MIS Officers.

The M and E system will comprise of the following components o Baseline and Impact Assessments (external agency) o Regular MIS system o Participatory Monitoring – at the GP level o Thematic studies and learning activities

3.14.1 Dissemination Plan

Community Level Consultations Pre-appraisal State Level Consultation Consultation District Level Consultation (planned by end Jan 2008 – Angul District) Copy of TDP to be send to all DCs and ZPs Pre-appraisal in districts with tribal population above 10% Disclosure Translated Summary Posted Publically in all project districts

Forging Linkages to NGOs and CSO working in tribal districts Project Activities State level co-ordination with the tribal development agencies, and donor funded projects for joint learning and dissemination

3.14.2 Costing for the Tribal Development Plan

Since the Tribal Development Plan forms an integral part of TRITPI, the budgets for the above interventions are not shown separately. The required budgets will form part of the Annual Plans and Budgets of the SPMU, based on the village livelihoods, institutional strengthening and capacity building interventions planned and the sub-projects prepared by the village level organizations and other project interventions. The scheduled tribes constitute 6.22% of the population in the project area. However, considering their low levels of development, the target tribal population to be covered under TRIPTI is expected to be much higher than 6.22%, since the poverty ratio in the tribal population is quite high. It is difficult to state the exact ratio at this time. This ratio will differ from district to district. Since the project is aimed to cover, the poorest of the poor, all poor tribal families will be covered under the project. Accordingly, a significant percentage of the project outlay with regard to cost estimates of all project components will be earmarked for tribal development.

45 Table No. 17: Tribal Development Plan – Components Summary

Strategy Likely activities under TDP Project Primary Support Component Responsibility Institutions

Objective 1: Institutional Developing and Strengthening

Start Up Project Orientation workshop for community IB fund BPMU DPMU Activities at GP level CC  Discussion with tribal option leaders Orientation  Initial needs identification IB fund BPMU DPMU meeting at the  Federation assessment CC village level for SHGs Communicatio  Development of specific IB fund DPMU SPMU n campaign communication products for tribal localities Formation of  Identification of key tribal IB fund BPMU DPMU tribal sub- spokespersons and opinion leaders CC committees  Training and orientation of roles

Training and  Training for CCs and CRPs on the IB fund BPMU DPMU and sensitization importance of women’s participation in Resource SPMU on tribal developmental activities to the field Agency for development functionaries and the tribal community. Tribals  Orientation to other departmental staff

Mobilization  Separate SHG for tribal group IB fund GPLF DPMU of Tribal (homogenous groups) in BPMU women into villages/habitations exclusively CC SHGs inhabited by tribal groups.  Separate SHGs for Tribals and non- Tribals in mixed villages.  Representation of tribal groups in federations

Inclusion of  Identification of destitute, vulnerable, IB fund BPMU DPMU the poorest and disabled, widows etc through CC most community process (support vulnerable HH  Prioritization for tribal groups in agency) Inclusion fund GPLF  Assessment of GPLF training needs IB fund BPMU DPMU strengthening  Separate tribal plan for villages where CC plan population greater then 30% Training and  Exposure visits and training workshops IB fund BPMU SPMU capacity for tribal SHG, sub-committee and EC DPMU building members

46 Objective 2: Community Investment Fund

Formation and  Screening MIPs for adverse effects on IB fund GPLF DPMUU appraisal of tribals BPMU and SPMU MIP  Workshop/training on tribal livelihoods, asset management, investment planning.

Capacity  Training and facilitation support for IB fund BPMU SPMU support in SHG and GPFL to support pro-poor DPMU assessment investment planning and prioritization of the poor

Component 3: Livelihood promotion fund

Identification  Screening of sub-projects to ensure no Livelihoods Livelihoods DPMU and and proposal adverse impact on tribal land rights and promotion fund resource SPMU of value livelihoods agency  Assessment of sustainable tribal BPMU livelihoods and priorities  Planning and vision programs Training and  Providing training to producers Livelihoods Livelihoods DPMU and capacity  Formation of Natural Resource Promotion Fund resource SPMU building Protection Committees agency  Identification of market linkages. BPMU Promotion of  Demand survey for tribal products Livelihoods Livelihoods DPMU and marketing  Training on latest techniques of promotion fund resource SPMU production. agency  Assistance to purchase locally available BPMU material.  Provision of market linkages.

Skill  Identification of rural youth Livelihood Skill DPMU and development  Provision of training promotion fund Development SPMU  Support in securing employment Resource Agency BPMU Innovation  Support for innovations that contribute Livelihood SPMU Fund to tribal livelihoods promotion fund

Monitoring and Learning

Mand E Periodic reporting on the implementation Mand E SPMU DPMU status of the TDP Learning and Tribal Development Legal Support Partner M and E SPMU best practice Thematic studies on tribal development to be promotion conducted Periodic workshops, training events, with government departments, NGO and other actors on tribal development issues

47 Annexure 1

Scheduled Areas in Orissa

Fully Scheduled District Partially Scheduled District

Mayurbhanj Kuchinda Tahasil – Sambalpur District Sundergarh Keonjhar and Telkoi Tahsils of Keonjhar sub-division, and Champua and Barbil Tahsils of Champua sub-division in Keonjhar district Koraput R. Udayagiri Tahsil, and Guma and Rayagada blocks of Parlakhemundi Tahsil of Parlakhemundi sub-division,in Gajapati district Malkangiri Surada Tahsil, excluding Gazalbadi and Gocha Gram Panchayats of Ghumsur sub-division, in Ganjam district Rayagada Thuamul Rampur Block of Kalahandi Tahsil, and Lanjigarh Block, falling in Lanjigarh and Kalahandi Tahsils, in Bhawanipatna sub-division in Kalahandi district. Nabarangpur Nilgiri Community Development Block of Nilgiri Tahsil in Nilgiri sub-division in Balasore district. Kandhamal

48 Annexure 2

List of Scheduled Tribes of Orissa

Sl List of Scheduled Tribes notified [after addition/deletion]as per the Scheduled Castes No and Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 as amended by Modification Order, 1956, Amendment Act, 1976 and The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order [Amendment] Act 2002 No. 10 dated 8.1.2003 of Ministry of Law & Justice republished by the Notification No. 7799/ L dated 7.6.2003 of Law Deptt, Govt. of Orissa 1 Bagata, Bhakta 2 Baiga 3. Banjara, Banjari 4. Bathudi, Bathuri 5. Bhottada, Dhotada, Bhotra, Bhatra, Bhattara, Bhotora, Bhatara 6. Bhuiya, Bhuyan 7. Bhumia 8. Bhumij, Teli Bhumij, Haladipokhria Bhumij, Haladi Pokharia Bhumija, Desi Bhumij, Desia Bhumij, Tamaria Bhumij 9. Bhunjia 10. Binjhal, Binjhwar 11. Binjhia, Binjhoa 12. Birhor 13. Bondo Poraja, Bonda Paroja, Banda Paroja 14. Chenchu 15. Dal 16. Desua Bhumij 17. Dharua, Dhuruba, Dhurva 18. Didayi, Didai Paroja, Didai 19. Gadaba, Bodo Gadaba, Gutob Gadaba, Kapu Gadaba, Ollara Gadaba, Parenga Gadaba, Sano Gadaba 20. Gandia 21. Ghara 22. Gond, Gondo, Rajgond, Maria Gond, Dhur Gond 23. Ho 24. Holva 25. Jatapu 26. Juang 27. Kandha Gauda 28. Kawar, Kanwar 29. Kharia, Kharian, Berga Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Erenga Kharia, Munda Kharia, Oraon Kharia, Khadia, Pahari Kharia 30. Kharwar 31. Khond, Kond, Kandha, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kandha, Kondh, Kui, Buda Kondh, Bura Kandha, Desia Kandha, Dungaria Kondh, Kutia Kandha, Kandha Gauda, Muli Kondh, Malua Kondh, Pengo Kandha, Raja Kondh, Raj Khond 49 32. Kissan, Nagesar, Nagesia 33. Kol 34. Kolah, Loharas, Kol Loharas 35. Kolha 36. Koli Malhar 37. Kondadora 38. Kora, Khaira, Khayara 39. Korua 40. Kotia 41. Koya, Gumba Koya, Koitur Koya, Kamar Koya, Musara Koya 42. Kulis 43. Lodha, Nodh, Nodha, Lodh 44. Madia 45. Mahali 46. Mankidi 47. Mankirdia, Mankria, Mankidi 48. Matya, Matia 49. Mirdhas, Kuda, Koda 50. Munda, Munda Lohara, Munda Mahalis, Nagabanshi Munda, Oriya Munda 51. Mundari 52. Omanatya, Omanatyo, Amanatya 53. Oraon, Dhangar, Uran 54. Parenga 55. Paroja, Parja, Bodo paroja, Barong Jhodia Paroja, Chhelia Paroja, Jhodia Paroja, Konda Paroja, Paraja, Ponga Paroja, Sodia Paroja, Sano Paroja, Solia Paroja 56. Pentia 57. Rajuar 58. Santal 59. Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara, Arsi Saora, Based Saora, Bhima Saora, Bhimma Saora, Chumura Saora, Jara Savar, Jadu Saora, Jati Saora, Juari Saora, Kampu Saora, Kampa Soura, Kapo Saora, Kindal Saora, Kumbi Kancher Saora, Kalapithia Saora, Kirat Saora, Lanjia Saora, Lamba Lanjia Saora, Luara Saora, Luar Saora, Laria Savar, Malia Saora, Malla Saora, Uriya Saora, Raika Saora, Sudda Saora, Sarda Saora, Tankala Saora, Patro Saora, Vesu Saora 60. Shabar Lodha 61. Sounti 62. Tharua, Tharua Bindhani

Annexure 3

50 Tribal Population in Studied Districts

Sn Districts Population % to state ST % to dist. SC % to dist. Total population population population population Population

1 Anugul 1140003 3.10 132994 11.67 196109 17.20 .

2 Balasore 2024508 5.51 228454 11.28 381422 18.84 .

3 Bhadrak 1333749 3.63 25141 1.88 286723 21.50 .

4 Cuttack 2341094 6.38 83591 3.57 446789 19.08 .

5 Jagatsingpur 1057629 2.88 8640 0.82 222634 21.05 .

6 Jajpur 1624341 4.42 125989 7.76 373513 22.99 .

7 Kendrapara 1302005 3.55 6822 0.52 267186 20.52 .

8 Khurda 1877395 5.11 97186 5.18 254251 13.54 .

9 Nayagarh 864516 2.35 50836 5.88 121409 14.04 .

1 Puri 1502682 4.08 4482 0.30 273917 18.23 0 .

Orissa 36804660 100 8145081 22.13 6082063 16.53

Source – Census 2001

51 Annexure 4

Category of Scheduled Tribes in Study districts Sn Districts Prime Scheduled Population Prime Scheduled Population Tribes Castes

1 Anugul Gond 23747 Pan Pano 87494 Khond 23451 Haddi 22294 Kisan 15949 Dhoba 21103 2 Balasore Santal 84713 Kandra 79037 Bhumija 59281 Pan Pano 59984 Kolha 40194 Gokha 58300 3 Bhadrak Kolha 8029 Pan Pano 105431 Munda 5900 Gokha 72793 Santal 3202 Dhoba 35172 4 Cuttack Shabar 26976 Bauri 100215 Munda 15961 Dewar 85162 Saora 13246 Pan Pano 76509 5 Jagatsingpur Santal 2560 Bauri 73218 Munda 1907 Kandra 46159 Kolha 1145 Dewar 40218 6 Jajpur Munda 35685 Pan Pano 180145 Shabar 31840 Kandra 62850 Kolha 18569 Dhoba 29245 7 Kendrapara Santal 1901 Kandra 114660 Shabar 1258 Dewar 34847 Munda 762 Dhoba 31353 8 Khurda Saora 27871 Dewar 62037 Shabar 27684 Bauri 56367 Santal 10072 Dhoba 27059 52 9 Nayagarh Khond 39103 Pan Pano 47742 Saora 4099 Dewar 19237 Shabar 3952 Dhoba 14901 10 Puri Kondadora 924 Bauri 85456 Shabar 924 Bhoi 49865 Saora 436 Dewar 41542

Source – Census, 2001

Annexure 5

A profile of the population of the community development blocks of Orissa:: Census 2001 s e - Total Population g e

a s l o s s l i u i t T C s o a e V S n d S l

H e l

R o

a l f d f District Name of the Block S.C S.T o f s e a o o x r t h

m o

i

e e e . M b S P % % a F o h N n I 19. ANUGUL 1 Anugul 221 28329 144783 73410 71373 972 27759 2 11574 8.0 18. 2 Banarpal 136 34396 180275 92966 87309 939 33108 4 9138 5.1 19. 3 Chhendipada 174 29219 145259 73934 71325 965 28483 6 11035 7.6 15. 18. 4 Athmallik 301 19922 96812 48448 48364 998 14556 0 17572 2 14. 17. 5 Kishorenagar 230 19679 95502 48344 47158 975 13720 4 17017 8 15. 36. 6 Pallahara 274 23953 112847 57122 55725 976 17152 2 40991 3 17. 7 Kaniha 187 29122 136530 70816 65714 928 24473 9 11747 8.6 15. 8 Talcher 138 28987 143603 76166 67437 885 22886 9 10305 7.2 166 21360 105561 54120 18213 17. 12937 12. Sub Total* 1 7 1 6 514405 950 7 3 9 3 Source: Population Profile: Block Primary Census Abstract, 2001, Registrar General of India, Govt. of India, 1991 Census:

53 s e - g e

a s l o s s l i u i t T C s o a V S d S

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f d f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f e o o x t h

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i

e . b S % % a o h N n I 29. BALASORE 1 Bahanaga 159 23712 120846 62061 58785 947 35871 7 3160 2.6 Balasore 25. 12. 2 Sadar 247 43695 217988 113068 104920 928 55622 5 26889 3 19. 3 Baliapal 189 31582 176526 90640 85886 948 34539 6 9721 5.5 15. 10. 4 Basta 295 32055 162910 83759 79151 945 24507 0 17809 9 16. 5 Bhograi 318 50201 253290 129712 123578 953 41466 4 6282 2.5 14. 18. 6 Jaleswar 208 34138 173329 88406 84923 961 25732 9 31625 2 22. 7 Khaira 338 30886 159514 79845 79669 998 35593 3 8287 5.2 24. 14. 8 Remuna 228 32207 153664 79179 74485 941 36947 0 22249 5 21. 9 Similia 155 21608 105564 53558 52006 971 22677 5 4867 4.6 1 Soro 157 25633 121002 61589 59413 965 24443 20. 6890 5.7 0 2 1 Oupada 156 14224 70551 35190 35361 100 11934 16. 12751 18. 1 5 9 1 1 Nilagiri 137 24965 110232 55975 54257 969 10418 9.5 61902 56. 2 2 Sub Total* 258 36490 182541 93298 892434 957 35974 19. 21243 11. 7 6 6 2 9 7 2 6

54 s e - g e

a s l o s s l i u i t T C s o a V S d S

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f d f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f e o o x t h

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e . b S % % a o h N n I 23. BHADRAK 1 Basudebpur 172 36433 195674 98915 96759 978 44954 0 862 0.4 19. 2 Bhadrak 149 34377 187705 95067 92638 974 37050 7 9036 4.8 Bhandari 22. 3 Pokhari 161 22388 117344 59341 58003 977 26801 8 2836 2.4 24. 4 Bonth 196 25019 135211 68166 67045 984 33691 9 6034 4.5 20. 5 Chandabali 276 37531 217638 110549 107089 969 44391 4 1595 0.7 21. 6 Dhamanagar 137 27731 163727 82058 81669 995 35902 9 1304 0.8 27. 7 Tihidi 152 31663 175379 88585 86794 980 48910 9 972 0.6 124 21514 119267 60268 27169 22. Sub Total* 3 2 8 1 589997 979 9 8 22639 1.9 d - e t e i

s b o s s i u a t T C s o h a S n d S

H l I R

f f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f s o o x e h

o

e g . a S % % o l l i N V JAGATSINGHPU 19. R 1 Balikuda 224 32103 151279 75702 75577 998 29646 6 257 0.2 31. 2 Biridi 79 16225 75352 38289 37063 968 24067 9 341 0.5 19. 3 Ersama 195 27033 134211 67634 66577 984 25972 4 423 0.3 4 Jagatsinghapu 161 28741 132862 66973 65889 984 32276 24. 540 0.4

- s o s s e i e

District Namer of the Block Total Population t S.C 3 S.T s g T C a a u l S S l

s R 5 Kujang 159 31416o 159310 81653 77657 951 37952 23. 1729 1.1 i

f f d H x l o o V

e o

f 8 d S h o % e %

t . 6 Naugaon 87i 16405 73316 36716 36600 997 13396 18. 247 0.3 o b a

N 3 h n 7 Raghunathpur 80I 16565 77583 39376 38207 970 18584 24. 934 1.2 NAYAGARH 1 Bhapur 111 19756 93921 47973 45948 958 9827 10.0 3263 3.5 8 Tirtol 242 29931 149590 74257 75333 101 29782 19.5 741 0.5 2 Dasapalla 348 20640 92497 47452 45045 9494 18872 20.9 19167 20. Sub Total* 122 19841 953503 48060 472903 984 21167 22.4 5212 0.57 3 Gania 987 69539 34650 180310 16619 922 81525 23.2 3917 11. 5 3 4 Khandapada 170 20072 99618 51843 47775 922 18292 18. 2949 3.0 4 5 Nayagarh 144 26818 132644 69115 63529 919 14960 11. 621 0.5 3 6 Nuagaon 216 18550 84249 43872 40377 920 14637 17. 10222 12. 4 1 15362855 13. 7 Odagaon 203 31931 79597 74031 930 20056 1 2141 1.4 8 Ranapur 241 29035 150238 76044 74194 976 13921 9.3 8123 5.4 153 17375 43392 11871 14. Sub Total* 1 5 841445 7 407518 939 7 1 50403 6.0 d - e t e i

s b o s s i u a t T C s o h a S n d S

H l I R

f f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f s o o x e h

o

e g . a S % % o l l i N V 26. PURI 1 Astaranga 96 16514 78069 39761 38308 963 20402 1 53 0.1 14. 2 Brahmagiri 154 20310 119224 60176 59048 981 16885 2 573 0.5 18. 3 Delanga 128 20265 112476 56449 56027 993 21018 7 475 0.4 20. 4 Gop 202 30710 153508 77824 75684 973 32040 9 124 0.1 20. 5 Kakatpur 103 22441 98878 49931 48947 980 20556 8 100 0.1 13. 6 Kanas 128 20134 122709 61419 61290 998 16750 7 141 0.1 Krushnaprasa 22. 7 d 115 14041 78626 40279 38347 952 17950 8 437 0.6 21. 8 Nimapada 237 37570 176304 89332 86972 974 37830 5 234 0.1 21. 9 Pipili 195 22819 126801 64649 62152 961 27679 8 503 0.4 1 17. 0 Puri Sadar 141 23553 129962 65885 64077 973 23194 9 1123 0.9 1 20. 1 Satyabadi 92 19325 102097 51494 50603 983 20822 4 299 0.3 159 24768 129865 65719 25512 19. Sub Total* 1 2 4 9 641455 976 6 7 4062 0.3 s e - g e

a s l o s s l i u i t T C s o a V S d S

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f d f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f e o o x t h

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e . b S % % a o h N n I 14. 12. CUTTACK 1 Athagarh 185 25776 127407 65029 62378 959 18588 6 16247 8 18. 2 Baramba 134 27637 134269 69405 64864 935 24152 0 7405 5.5 21. 3 Narasinghpur 227 29592 138309 70856 67453 952 29848 6 5193 3.8 13. 4 Tigiria 47 13671 68364 35125 33239 946 8902 0 3001 4.4 15. 5 Banki 103 21315 99097 50364 48733 968 15199 3 5320 5.4 Banki- 20. 6 Dampara 43 18148 86393 44278 42115 951 17475 2 6659 7.7 26. 7 Barang 75 16349 84068 42692 41376 969 22067 3 4902 5.8

56 s e - g e

a s l o s s l i u i t T C s o a V S d S

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f d f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f e o o x t h

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e . b S % % a o h N n I 27. KHURDA 1 Balianta 92 19537 100557 51440 49117 955 27768 6 2984 3.0 25. 2 Balipatna 87 21424 106908 54285 52623 969 27605 8 148 0.1 18. 3 Bhubaneswar 107 20072 105992 54335 51657 951 19864 7 10118 9.5 15. 4 Jatani 89 15609 84875 43403 41472 956 12803 1 6840 8.1 101 5 Banapur 194 20437 106148 52566 53582 9 10265 9.7 7469 7.0 10. 11. 6 Begunia 160 21200 114691 58105 56586 974 11490 0 13383 7 7 Bolagarh 216 22536 117783 59955 57828 965 9587 8.1 9940 8.4 27. 8 Chilika 127 19443 107867 55538 52329 942 29860 7 1130 1.0 10. 9 Khurda 117 21648 120117 61024 59093 968 12485 4 10914 9.1 1 16. 0 Tangi 169 24634 139823 70817 69006 974 22726 3 3283 2.3 135 20654 110476 56146 18445 16. Sub Total* 8 0 1 8 543293 968 3 7 66209 6.0

57 d - e t e i

s b o s s i u a t T s C o h a S n d S

H l I

R

f f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f s o o x e h

o

e g . a S % % o l l i N V 109 22. KENDRAPADA 1 Aul 123 27274 136297 65116 71181 3 30272 2 133 0.1 24. 2 Derabis 172 27938 129532 65635 63897 974 31209 1 503 0.4 101 21. 3 Garadpur 134 22666 98297 48916 49381 0 20681 0 59 0.1 100 24. 4 Kendrapara 129 27913 137512 68747 68765 0 33194 1 291 0.2 17. 5 Mahakalapada 189 40995 191745 97750 93995 962 33441 4 2966 1.5 18. 6 Marsaghai 107 27221 115103 57802 57301 991 20959 2 111 0.1 107 26. 7 Pattamundai 142 31330 147194 71125 76069 0 39631 9 24 0.0 110 21. 8 Rajkanika 156 24523 126887 60230 66657 7 27074 3 10 0.0 11. 9 Rajnagar 255 28174 145301 73059 72242 989 16735 5 1947 1.3 140 25803 122786 60838 101 25319 20. Sub Total* 7 4 8 0 619488 8 6 6 6044 0.5

58 s e - g e

a s l o s s l i u i t T C s o a V S d S

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f d f District Name of the Block Total Population S.C S.T o f e o o x t h

o

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e . b S % % a o h N n I 17. JAJPUR 1 Badachana 221 43116 206129 105067 101062 962 36338 6 16459 8.0 101 28. 2 Bari 96 29984 140240 69457 70783 9 39840 4 511 0.4 101 32. 3 Binjharpur 107 33113 155265 76946 78319 8 49614 0 156 0.1 100 32. 4 Dasarathpur 150 37788 181707 90792 90915 1 59426 7 504 0.3 22. 28. 5 Danagadi 104 21395 104116 53347 50769 952 23462 5 29293 1 19. 6 Dharmasala 239 39124 195545 99556 95989 964 37655 3 15696 8.0 24. 7 Jajapur 179 30077 153072 78366 74706 953 37998 8 1937 1.3 26. 8 Korai 217 26087 138504 70337 68167 969 36413 3 9481 6.8 18. 9 Rasulpur 158 29130 154548 78792 75756 961 27935 1 2730 1.8 1 11. 35. 0 Sukinda 104 24434 125364 64475 60889 944 14051 2 44747 7 157 31424 155449 78713 36273 23. 12151 Sub Total* 5 8 0 5 767355 975 2 3 4 7.8

59 Annexure 6

Blocks classified according to % of STs population: 2001 Census

Sl. District Name No. of Blocks according to % of ST populstion Total No. Less or >10 & >20 >30 >40 >50% equal to <=20% & & & 10% <= <= <= 30% 40% 50% 1 Angul 5 2 0 1 0 0 8 2 Balasore 6 5 0 0 0 1 12 3 Bargarh 0 6 5 1 0 0 12 4 Bhadrak 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 Bolangir 1 3 6 4 0 0 14 6 Boudh 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 7 Cuttack 12 2 0 0 0 0 14 8 Deogarh 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 9 Dhenkanal 4 3 0 1 0 0 8 10 Gajapati 0 1 0 1 0 5 7 11 Ganjam 20 2 0 0 0 0 22 12 Jagatsinghpur 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 Jajpur 8 0 1 1 0 0 10 14 Jharsuguda 0 0 0 2 1 2 5 15 Kalahandi 0 3 4 4 1 1 13 16 Kandhamal 0 0 0 0 2 10 12 60 17 Kendrapara 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 18 Keonjhar 0 2 0 0 4 7 13 19 Khurda 9 1 0 0 0 0 10 20 Koraput 0 0 0 1 4 9 14 21 Malkangiri 0 0 0 1 0 6 7 22 Mayurbhanj 0 0 0 1 3 22 26 23 Nabarangpur 0 0 0 1 2 7 10 24 Nayagarh 5 2 1 0 0 0 8 25 Nuapada 0 0 2 1 2 0 5 26 Puri 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 27 Rayagada 0 0 0 1 1 9 11 28 Sambalpur 0 0 3 1 2 3 9 29 Sonepur 4 2 0 0 0 0 6 30 Sundargarh 0 0 0 0 1 16 17 Total 109 37 23 23 23 99 314 Source: Block Primary Census Abstract, Orissa, Census 2001 NB: > Greater than; <= Less than or equal to

Annexure 7

Special Educational Facilities for Tribal and Number of Schools Educational Facilities Numbers

Residential High Schools for Boys 155 Residential High Schools for Girls 91 Total High Schools 246 Establishment of Model Tribal Schools on the pattern of Nayodaya Vidyalaya 10 Ashram Schools for Boys [M.E. Standard] 112 Residential Sevashrams [Primary School with residential facilities 143 Sevashrams [Primary School non-residential] 1031 Primary School Hostels [1 per each Grama Panchayat of the Tribal Sub-Plan areas] 1548 Special Adivasi Hostels 7 Hostels for providing residential facilities at Post-matric and Pre-matric level 569 Residential facilities at Primary level for Tribal Girls in KBK districts 400 Teachers Training Schools 2 Vocational Training Centres attached High Schools facilities for the students prosecuting their 17 studies in the Educational Institutions of the Department

Annexure 8

61 Specific Educational Facilities for Tribal

1. Supply of Nationalised Text Books, Reading Writing materials and Garments 2. Excursion for students. 3. Health measures. 4. Provisions of School Uniforms 5. Special Coaching. 6. Agricultural Activities. 7. Drinking Water Facilities 8. Cash Rewards to Teachers and students 9. Inspection of Educational Institutions through the Inspecting wing comprises of Circle Inspector of Schools, District Inspector of Schools, and Sub-Inspector of Schools. 10. Provisions of Cots, Beds, Blankets, Mosquito nets and Utensils. 11. Book Bank for Medical and Engineering Colleges. 12. Provisions of Sports and Games materials. 13. Provisions of Science apparatus, Library Books, Maps, Charts, Globes, 14. Stipend to I.T.Is students 15. Scholarships to SC, ST students of those parents engaged in unclean occupation.

Annexure 9

Project district wise literacy status of tribal and other communities Sn Districts Education Status All Communities Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Caste Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 Anugul 68.79 81.43 55.37 45.35 60.25 30.05 56.99 71.71 41.77 2 Balasore 70.56 81.69 58.90 31.88 45.63 17.69 59.41 74.48 43.75 3 Bhadrak 73.86 84.65 62.85 27.44 38.00 16.43 59.35 74.78 43.45 4 Cuttack 76.66 85.82 66.90 35.75 50.49 20.14 61.40 74.97 47.20 5 Jagatsingpur 79.08 88.55 69.28 48.62 59.87 35.91 66.30 79.48 52.77 6 Jajpur 71.44 81.89 60.76 31.41 45.48 16.93 54.61 69.27 39.27 7 Kendrapara 74.14 87.11 66.76 40.07 53.52 25.21 60.73 75.20 46.07 8 Khurda 79.59 87.90 70.36 49.91 65.43 33.07 64.98 78.17 51.02 9 Nayagarh 70.52 82.66 57.64 47.09 64.81 28.83 57.27 72.13 41.96 10 Puri 77.96 88.08 67.57 58.72 73.37 42.11 64.05 78.51 49.30 Orissa 63.08 75.35 50.51 37.37 51.48 23.37 55.53 70.47 40.33 Source – Census 2001

62 Annexure 10

Minutes of ISEA State Level Consultation Workshop

Dt. 04/01/2008

Key points of discussion:  Investment on social infrastructures like schools and healthcare facilities is essential to strengthen the project.  Social engineering process needs to be strengthened to ensure the participation of tribals in the community based organisations.  Financial institutions do not differentiate between term loans and working capital. As a result the clients have to pay a higher rate of interest even if they cannot utilize the funds. So specific microfinance products need to be developed meeting their specific requirements.  The project needs to make second tier investments like establishing market chain and building supportive infrastructure to minimize the economic risks of livelihood sub- projects.  Single window/platform needs to be developed to interact with the SHgs- Uniformity needs to be developed in all processes including grading, federation structure etc.  TRIPTI project will focus on standardization of SHG processes so that the clients do not get confused any more.  Concrete database about SHGs and its federations needs to be developed.  As subsidized loans are leading to group conflicts, they should not be encouraged.  VSS can be linked up with SHGs and federations in tribal areas.  The project needs to focus on promoting the internal leaders and respecting their local wisdom. In future consultations, the community should be encouraged to participate so that the project can learn from their experiences.

Name Designation Organisation Dr. Bishnu Mishra Tech.Expert APICOL B.K. Prusti Asst. Ex. Admin. VARUN TECH. S.B. Rath Managing Director VARUN TECH. Niranjan Sahoo M & E SPL WORLP Dr. U. Das Asst Prof. CET, BPUT A.K. Singha Director CTRA Nashir Ali SPM, CYSD CYSD Dr. B.P. Mishra Tech. Executive APICOL Somnath Chand Project Consultant SAKAR Manas Satpathy Programme Director PRADAN Access Development Narendra Nayak Manager Sercice

63 Dr. M.C. Dash Ex-V.C. Sambalpur University VARUN TECH. Mr. Naresh Jena Advisor Vikash Nagar, Cuttack Aide-et- Sudha Srivastav Senior Coordinator Action.Bhubaneswar Professor,,Dept. of Sociology, Utkal Anup Dash University VARUN TECH. Parimal Sadaphal WB Environment Consultant Benjamin Powis WB Social Development Consultant Bijay Pattnaik Deputy Manager ALPHA FOUNDATION Avinash Team Leader SRIJAIN Mr. Saroj Nayak Tribal Expert SPITRON CONSULTANT Manoj Ku. Mohapatra - Bishwa Juba Kendra Urmila Singh CDPO ICDS Project, Nuagaon Nirmala Biswal CDPO ICDS Project, Ranpur Pratima Rath CDPO ICDS Project, Pallahara Smt. Nirupama Sahu CDPO ICDS Project, Angul Smt. Saraswati Devi CDPO ICDS Project, Dasapalla Prativa Parija CDPO ICDS Project, Baramba Sanjubala Behera CDPO ICDS Project, Kujang M.M. Nayak CDPO ICDS Project, Begunia Smt. Subhalaxmi Patnaik CDPO ICDS Project, Nayagarh S. Mishra CDPO ICDS Project, Nimapara ICDS Project, Naugaon Sarala Devi CDPO (J.S.Pur) Satyabhama Devi CDPO ICDS Project, Tigiria (CTC) Mrs. M. Mohanty CDPO ICDS Project, Nayagarh S.K. Mohapatra A.C.F. Athagarh (CTC) K.C. Mishra A.C.F. Nayagarh S.K. Pradhan Addl. BDO Begunia Samik Sundar Das WB Ambika Nanda PM Action Aid, Bhubaneswar Latika Beur - Ersama, Jagatsinghpur S. Sing sahoo Project Officer - Gopinath Rout Secretary RDO,

REFERENCES

1. Tribal Welfare Department. 1994. Tribal Education in Orissa in the Context of Education for all by 2000 A.D.: A Status Paper. Bhubaneswar: Tribal Welfare Department, Government of Orissa. 2. Kundu, M. 1990. “Tribal Education in India – Some Problems” (pp. 246-254), in: B. Chaudhuri (ed.), Education and Literacy Programmes. Delhi: Mittal Publications. 3. GoO, NCCDS and UNDP, Orissa Human Development Report, 2004

64 4. Planning Commission, Draft Eleventh Plan, Government of India, 5. Census of India, 2001, Government of India 6. Census of India, 2001, Government of Orissa 7. The Orissa Gazette, Orissa Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy, 2006, No. 651, Resolution, 14th May 2006 8. ICMR Bulletin, Health Status of Primitive Tribes of Orissa, Vol-33, No.-10, October 2003 9. Satpathy S., Orissa Vision, 2020 10. Das P.K., Dimensions of Tribal Population in India 11. The Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable properties, Orissa regulation No. 2 of 1956, To Control and Check Transfer of Immovable Property in the Scheduled Areas of the State of Orissa by Scheduled Tribes, Regulation 1956. 12. Joshi D.K., Mund S., Mishra M. Prasad, The Kandha Revolution in Kalahandi, Orissa Review, August 2007. 13. Minorities and Backward Classes Welfare Department, Activities of ST & SC Development Department, Year 2005-2006 14. Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste Development Department, Meeting Proceedings, 10.04.2007, Proceedings of Tribal Advisory Council [TAC]

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