Joints and Fractures Review Test Sheet

Joints and Fractures Flashcards

1. What is a dislocation?  when a joint is not aligned properly 2. What is a luxation?  A dislocation in which the articulating surfaces of a joint are forced entirely out of position 3. What is a subluxation?  Damage to a joint so that it is slightly out of its normal position 4. What is ankylosis? stiffness in a joint, due to rigidity from injury or disease. A surgeon repairing a damaged joint must be certain to maintain the shape of the articulating surfaces, because incorrectly apposed articulating surfaces might develop abnormal ankyloses. Most joints have surfaces that match. If an injury occurs and the joint surfaces no longer match, bone spurs may form. The joint cannot alter its shape to adapt. 5. Which fracture is the most serious?  COMMINUTED

Which is the least serious?  STRESS

6. Define Comminuted fracture  Comminuted: bone shatters into many small pieces (at least 3). Bone graft might be needed.

7. Define Spiral fracture  Spiral: Bone was twisted, such as in skiing or rollerblading.

8. Define Greenstick fracture  Greenstick: Breaks on one side, bowstrings on other. Most common in children; like breaking 9. Which is most common in children? a green twig, it’s not completely broken. Bones in children are not fully mineralized.

 Epiphyseal: break occurs across epiphyseal 10. What is an epiphyseal fracture? plate; usually causes the bone to grow crooked.

 Epiphyseal and greenstick fractures are only 11. What fractures are ONLY seen in seen in children. children?

12. What fracture is the least serious?  Stress fracture: tiny, almost invisible breaks on Describe. outer surface on shaft/bone. Usually from overexertion. Muscle builds up faster than bone. Six weeks into military basic training camp, see lots of stress fractures from too much new running. 13. What type of fracture is when the bone  Simple (closed) fracture does not break through the skin? Joints and Fractures Flashcards

14. What type of fracture is when the bone Compound (open) fracture: Bone breaks and goes breaks through the skin? through skin. Increased chance of infections, which can be life-threatening. 15. Which fractures require hospitalization Compound (open) with IV antibiotics? 16. What is a displaced fracture? Produces new and abnormal bone arrangements 17. Define PATHOLOGICAL Pathological fracture: When the bone (especially FRACTURE the hip bone of someone with osteoporosis) breaks first, then the patient falls. 18. What is a Colles’ fracture? fracture of the distal radius in the forearm with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand. The fracture is sometimes referred to as a "dinner fork" or "bayonet" deformity due to the shape of the resultant forearm. Often occurs when a runner falls on their outstretched hands. 19. When does a pisiform fracture occur? in a fall on the outstretched hand with the wrist in extension or if the heel of the hand is used like a hammer. 20. Why is a pisiform fracture significant? The bone may need to be removed surgically, and being an anchor for several ligaments and muscles, when one fractures the pisiform, there is a 50% chance of additional fractures in the distal radius or another carpal bone. 21. What is the cause of a scaphoid fracture They frequently occur following a fall onto an and why it is significant? outstretched hand. Scaphoid fractures are among the most common injuries. X-rays taken soon after the injury may not reveal a fracture, but diagnosis needs to be made quickly to prevent death of this bone. Scaphoid fractures account for 60-70% of all carpal fractures. 22. What is the anatomical snuffbox? The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular deepening on the radial, dorsal aspect of the hand—at the level of the carpal bones, specifically, the scaphoid and trapezium bones forming the floor. 23. Why is the anatomical snuffbox In the event of a fall onto an outstretched hand, significant? this is the area through which the brunt of the force will focus. This results in the scaphoid bone being the most often fractured of the wrist. The scaphoid is a small, oddly shaped bone whose purpose is to facilitate mobility rather than confer stability to the wrist joint, so it is often the weak link. Interestingly, scaphoid fracture is one of the most frequent causes of medico-legal issues. 24. What is osteochondritis dessicans? When a bone dies from lack of blood supply Joints and Fractures Flashcards

25. Why is a scaphoid fracture often An interesting anatomical anomaly in the associated with osteochondritis vascular supply to the scaphoid is that blood dessicans? enters the scaphoid distally. In the event of a fracture, the proximal segment of the scaphoid will be devoid of a vascular supply, and avascular necrosis (death of tissue from lack of blood supply) will occur if action is not taken. Due to the small size of the scaphoid and its shape, it is difficult to determine, early on, whether or not the scaphoid is indeed fractured with an x-ray. Pain in the anatomical snuffbox is a presumptive diagnosis of a fracture. The patient would then be sent to get an MRI. 26. What is a transverse fracture? Bone breaks from right to left in the transverse plane 27. What is an oblique fracture? Bone breaks from top right to bottom left (or vice- versa). 28. What is an avulsion fracture? A strong muscle contraction pulls a piece of bone off where the muscle attaches to that bone. Example is a groin injury with avulsion fracture 29. What is an impacted fracture? Pressure was exerted on both ends of the SAME bone. Often seen in femur after falling from a height. 30. Define COMPRESSION fracture Compression: TWO bones are forced together, and bone is crushed, like the vertebrae in osteoporosis. 31. What is a depression fracture? When a blunt object crushes a bone, depressing it, such as skull fracture. 32. What is the difference between a FIBROUS JOINTS fibrous joint and a fibrocartilage joint? Are connected by fibrous connective tissue (not cartilage) FIBROCARTILAGE JOINTS Are connected by fibrocartilage (not connective tissue). 33. Which fibrous joints are immovable? Sutures and gomphosis What movement classification are they? They are synarthrotic (immoveable)

34. Which fibrous joints are moveable? Syndesmosis (ligament) What movement classification are they? It is amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) 35. What type of tissue is found in a Fibrous connective tissue syndesmosis? 36. What type of joint classification Amphiarthrotic permits only slight degrees of movement (partially movable)? Joints and Fractures Flashcards

37. What are the two types of Fibrocartilage- amphiarthrotic ( a little movement) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS? What Hyaline cartilage- synarthrotic (no movement) type of movement do they allow? 38. What are the two examples of Vertebral discs amphiarthrotic ( a little fibrocartilage joints in the classification movement) of Cartilaginous Joints? Pubic symphysis amphiarthrotic ( a little movement) 39. What are the two examples of hyaline Epiphyseal plate,which is synarthrotic (no cartilage joints, in the classification of movement) Cartilaginous Joints? Costal cartilage, which is synarthrotic (no movement) 40. SYNCHONDROSIS SYNCHONDROSIS  How much movement is  No movement (Synarthrotic) present?  Example is epiphyseal plate (growth plates in  Give an example children). 41. What type of tissue is found in a Hyaline cartilage synchondrosis? 42. Define SYMPHYSIS  SYMPHYSIS  How much movement is present?  Fibrocartilage, between bones.  Give two examples  Moves a little (amphiarthrotic)  Examples are pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs. 43. What joints are classified as having no  Suture (between skull bones), gomphosis movement? (tooth socket), and synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate). 44. What are the outer and inner areas of an  Outer ring of fibrocartilage called the intervertebral disc called ANNULUS FIBROSIS  What kind of cartilage is each area  Inner area of elastic cartilage called the made of? NUCLEUS PULPOSIS 45. What is the most common structure of  Synovial joints are the most common type of joint? joint  How much movement is present?  They are highly moveable.  Where are these joints found?  Almost every joint you think about is this type (elbows, knees, hips, fingers) 46. What is the main thing that stabilizes  The ligaments around the head of the femur the hip joint? (not the little one on the fovea capitis).  What type of cartilage is at the ends  hyaline cartilage of long bones? 47. What are the abbreviations for the  MPJ: Metacarpal phalangeal joints (fingers) or finger and toe joints? metatarsal phalangeal joints (toes).  IPJ: Interphalangeal joints (knuckles of fingers and toes)  There are two types of IPJ’s DIPJ: distal knuckles Joints and Fractures Flashcards

PIPJ: proximal knuckles  The thumb (pollex) and big toe (hallux) knuckle is just called its IPJ, but the knuckles of the other digits are identified specifically as a DIPJ or PIPJ 48. What lines the inside of the joint  SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, which makes capsule? SYNOVIAL FLUID  What is its function? 49. What are the 2 functions of  Function 1: Lubricates the joint, allows SYNOVIAL FLUID? smooth movement. Its viscosity (thickness) changes with pressure, so that bones will never touch, even when you jump up and down (just thickens up).

 Function 2: Nourishes articular cartilage (which is Avascular [no blood supply]). Every movement puts pressure on joint, forcing fluid into cartilage. Therefore, you need pressure on joints to feed the cartilage. 50. What is a ligament?  LIGAMENTS connect bone to bone. 51. What are ligaments made out of?  Made of dense regular connective tissue (NOT Muscle Tissue). 52. Why do ligaments take a long time to  Take a long time to heal because they do not h heal if torn? ave blood vessels of their own, like bones do. They already have enough fibroblasts and coll agen, though, so they eventually can heal. 53. What is a tear in a ligament called?  A torn ligament is a sprain.

 What is a tear in a muscle called?  A torn muscle is a strain

 What will heal faster – a sprain or  A strain will heal faster because it has a better strain? blood supply 54. What are MENISCI and what type of  Fibrocartilage tissue are they?  Menisci are fibrocartilage pads in some joints (knee). Acts as a guide for movement of joints to prevent unwanted movement such as lateral movement in the knee. (Common injury). However, they are NOT the structures that are the most important in keeping the knee from moving. The collateral ligaments are. 55. Ligaments outside a joint capsule are called Extracapsular. what? Give examples.  Patellar ligament (patellar tendon)  Medial collateral ligament  Lateral collateral ligament 56. Ligaments inside a joint capsule are  Intracapsular: Anterior and posterior cruciate Joints and Fractures Flashcards

called what? Give examples. ligaments 57. In the knee joint, what structures are  The collateral ligaments MOST important in keeping the knee from moving medially to laterally? 58. Define BURSA and its function  A bursa is a sack of synovial fluid that does 59. What’s an inflamed bursa called? not need to be attached to any bone. It has a synovial membrane, and involved in lubrication between a muscle/ligament or tendon/bone, etc  Bursitis 60. Name the 6 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL 1. PLANE (GLIDING) JOINTS: like the JOINTS, characterized by types of royal wave of the hand; carpals slide past movement each other. 2. HINGE JOINTS: one plane; knee, elbow,  Give examples of each. phalangeal joints 3. PIVOT 4. CONDYLOID 5. SADDLE 6. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS: shoulder, hip; lots of mobility. 61. What is a plane joint? Movement in only one plane: transverse or frontal plane. Examples: The carpal and tarsal bones, between the articular processes of the vertebrae, and at the sternoclavicular joint 62. What is a hinge joint? Movement in only one plane: sagittal plane. Examples: The elbow, knee, and IPJ = interphalangeal (finger and toe) joints 63. What is a pivot joint? Allows only rotational movements, and the rotational movement is in only one plane: transverse plane. The joint between the first two vertebrae and proximal radioulnar joint, where the annular ligament on the ulna encircles the head of the radius 64. What is a condyloid joint? Movement in two planes (biaxial) Example: Metacarpal-phalangeal joints (MPJ’s): these are biaxial condyloid joints 65. What is a saddle joint? Movement in two planes (biaxial) Each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in the other. They fit together like a rider on a saddle. Examples are at the base of the thumb (between the trapezium and metacarpal I). Saddle joints are biaxial joints; in primate anatomy, allows for the opposable thumb Joints and Fractures Flashcards

66. What is a ball and socket joint? Movement in all three planes Shoulder and hip joints are ball and socket. This type of joint is multiaxial. 67. Name the 3 Types of ARTHRITIS ARTHRITIS: (“itis” means inflammation; “artho” we discussed means joint). 1. OSTEOARTHRITIS 2. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 3. GOUTY ARTHRITIS 68. What is osteoarthritis? A chronic disorder of joints in which the articular cartilages degenerate and bony spurs form 69. Which type of arthritis is characterized OSTEOARTHRITIS by bone spurs?

70. What is known as “wear and tear” OSTEOARTHRITIS arthritis?

71. What is the most common disorder of OSTEOARTHRITIS joints?

72. What causes RHEUMATOID RA is not a disease of old age. It’s an ARTHRITIS? autoimmune disease where body attacks and Is it characterized by bone spurs destroys the cartilage in synovial joints. (proliferative in nature) or is it degenerative It does NOT make many bone spurs; it is in nature? degenerative in nature. 73. What causes GOUTY ARTHRITIS Gout is a genetic error in the metabolism of uric (gout). acid.  What triggers it? An episode is triggered by eating too much red  What is the process where gout meat or protein. leads to pain? The breakdown product of proteins is urea, which  Is gout known for producing bone leads to uric acid crystals in the cooler areas of the spurs? body, especially the MPJ’s (metatarsal-phalengeal joints) of the base of the big toes. The crystals poke the cartilage like needles. **Gout is not known for spur formation, unlike osteoarthritis. 74. What is Osteomalacia? Osteomalacia (“malformed bones”; Osteo= bone; mal=bone) a genetic malformation of the bones. 75. How do children get Rickets ? Rickets is a type of osteomalacia caused by lack of vitamin D (not genetic). 76. What part of children’s bones are All types of Osteomalacia particularly affect the affected by osteomalacia? epiphyseal plates (children). 77. Define Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis is a BACTERIAL infection of bone. (Not a viral infection) 78. Define Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is a genetic condition where the bones don’t develop properly and causes a type of Joints and Fractures Flashcards

dwarfism. The epiphyseal plates are affected 79. Define Chondromalacia Chondromalacia is a condition in which the patella rubs on the femur in the knee joint. 80. What are the three characteristics of excessive bone deposition (extra bone forms Paget’s disease outside of joint)more common in older persons, and may be related to a viral infection. 81. What type of arthritic disease has several Ankylosing Spondylitis features, including the binding together of the vertebrae, limiting the flexibility spine? 82. What’s the difference between Ankylosis Ankylosis is when bone spurs connect the and Ankylosing spondylitis? vertebrae. Ankylosing Spondylitis is a syndrome that includes Ankylosis and several other features. 83. What arthritis can result from a Lyme disease bacterial infection after a tic bite? 84. Define Synovitis Synovitis is the inflammation of the synovial tissues. May need cortisone injections.  Define Arthroplasty Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to repair or remodel a damaged joint.