Eora Satellite Accounts: Method and Data Notes

Eora Satellite Accounts: Method and data Notes

GHGs (Gg [1 Gg = 1 kiloton]) Several

Update, effective August 2017: Previously Eora used the constrained optimization approach to combine multiple data sources on GHG emissions to create the GHG satellite account rows. However this led to a situation where the Eora GHG territorial emissions inventory may not agree with any single other data provider. To address this issue we now provide CO2 and GHG emissions inventory satellite accounts rows from three different data providers: EDGAR, CDIAC, and the PIK PRIMAPHIST model. The sectoral allocation of emissions follows our original pattern. This means users can take the territorial emissions inventory from EDGAR, CDIAC, or PRIMAPHIST as the starting point for their analysis. We recommend the PRIMAPHIST dataset, as this include EDGAR and CDIAC data and includes interpolation and smoothing as needed. However for maximal agreement with other studies the EDGAR or CDIAC data may be a preferable starting point.

The original Eora GHG accounts remain in place but will not be updated for 2014 or future years. We now recommend for GHG satellite accounts you use one of EDGAR, CDIAC, or PRIMAPHIST instead. These line items are:

I-PRIMAP CDIACGgCO2FFuelCement CDIACGgCO2Bunkers I-EDGARrev2-CO2-TOTAL I-IEArev2-TOTAL

The PRIMAP-HIST model is described at these URLs.

http://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/pik/showshort.php?id=escidoc:2086888

https://www.pik-potsdam.de/paris-reality-check/primap-hist/

PRIMAP follows the IPCCC emissions cateogires, which are shown in the table below: All of the I-GHG-* rows will no longer be updated and it is recommended to use these CO2 rows instead. The text describing the I-GHG-* rows has been moved to the bottom of this document and is in strikethrough text.

Energy (by source) (TJ) I-ENERGY

The old I-ENERGY lines at lines 1:9 have been depreciated, as part of the switch to IEA data.

Please use the new ‘IEA GHG emissions (Gg) and energy use” rows at line 2578:2589. In particular see the “IEA – Total primary energy supply” row which is provided in units of Mtoe and PJ.

Employment (‘000 FTE) I-EMPLOYMENT

Employment, per sector, by male/female. Units are ‘000 Full-Time Equivalent. Data do not cover all countries. Source: ILO. Material usage

The material footprint of nations. TO Wiedmann, H Schandl, M Lenzen, D Moran, S Suh, J West. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (20), 6271-6276. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220362110

The footprint of using metals: new metrics of consumption and productivity. TO Wiedmann, H Schandl, D Moran. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 1-20. DOI: 10.1007/s10018-014-0085-y

Line items are:

A.999 TOTAL A.1.1.1 Cereals A.1.1.10 Other crops A.1.1.2 Roots and tubers A.1.1.3 Sugar crops A.1.1.4 Pulses A.1.1.5 Nuts A.1.1.6 Oil bearing crops A.1.1.7 Vegetables A.1.1.8 Fruits A.1.1.9 Fibres A.1.2.1 Crop residues (used) A.1.2.2.2 Grazed biomass A.1.3.1 Timber (Industrial roundwood) A.1.3.2 Wood fuel and other extraction A.2.1 Iron Ores A.2.2.1 Copper ores - gross ore A.2.2.2 Nickel ores - gross ore A.2.2.3 Lead ores - gross ore A.2.2.4 Zinc ores - gross ore A.2.2.5 Tin ores - gross ore A.2.2.6 "Gold, silver, platinum and other precious metal ores - gross ore" A.2.2.7 Bauxite and other aluminium ores - gross ore A.2.2.8 Uranium and thorium ores - gross ore A.2.2.9 Other metal ores - gross ore A.3.1.1 Ornamental or building stone A.3.1.2 Chalk and dolomite A.3.1.4 Chemical and fertilizer minerals A.3.1.5 Salt A.3.1.6 Other mining and quarrying products n.e.c A.3.2 Non-Metallic minerals - primarily construction A.4.1.1 Brown coal A.4.1.2 Hard coal A.4.1.4 Peat A.4.2.1 Crude oil and natural gas liquids A.4.2.2 Natural gas

N and P emissions, by Fertilizer/Manure application

I-TERR-NFertilizer I-TERR-PFertilizer I-TERR-NManure I-TERR-PManure I-TERR-N-FrtlAndMnr I-TERR-P-FrtlAndMnrCrop

Nitrogen and Phosphorus use by Fertilizer and Manure, in kg. Source: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/ferman-v1/sets/browse

Potter, P., N. Ramankutty, E.M. Bennett, and S.D. Donner. 2011. Global Fertilizer and Manure, Version 1: Phosphorus Fertilizer Application. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4FQ9TJR.

Potter, P., N. Ramankutty, E.M. Bennett, and S.D. Donner. 2010. Characterizing the Spatial Patterns of Global Fertilizer Application and Manure Production. Earth Interactions 14 (2): 1- 22.http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009EI288.1.

Accessed July 1 2015. Data were converted from kg/ha per grid cell to total kg per country.

Note: there are newer, per-crop maps available from http://www.earthstat.org/data- download/ but these have not been incorporated into Eora yet.

Crop and Pasture Area CroplandHa, PastureHa

Crop and pasture area, per country, in hectares (ha). Note: 1 km2 = 100 ha, and 10000 m2 = 1 ha. Source: http://www.earthstat.org/data-download/

Ramankutty, N., A.T. Evan, C. Monfreda, and J.A. Foley (2008), Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB1003, doi:10.1029/2007GB002952.

Crop Area. Production, and Average Yield

I-RCROP-AREA, I-RCROPPRDOUCTION, I-RCROP-AVERAGEYIELD Crop harvested area (hectares), production (tonnes), and average yield (t/ha) for 172 major crops, for every year.

The crop names are identical to those used by Monfreda and Ramankutty (2008), but data are taken from FAOSTAT3. This is for convenience in linking the accounts to the Monfreda maps.

Monfreda Maps:

Source: http://www.earthstat.org/data-download/

Metadata: http://www.earthstat.org/wp- content/uploads/METADATA_HarvestedAreaYield175Crops.pdf

Monfreda, C., N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley (2008). Farming the planet. Part 2: Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB1022, doi:10.1029/2007GB002947.

Water Use (Mm3) WaterFootprintNetwork

Update October 2017: the “WF” and “WATER-*” and “WSCARCITY-*” lines have been deprecated.

New lines 2485:2502, designated “WaterFootprintNetwork” have been introduced as a replacement.

The original lines came from data sources that went through several stages of processing and disaggregation. These were difficult to maintain and have been deprecated.

The new lines come directly from the Water Footprint Network, dataset “National Water Footprint Statistics: water footprints of national production (1996-2005)” at this web page:

http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/water-footprint-statistics/#CP3

These data were originally published as part of:

Hoekstra, A.Y. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2012) The water footprint of humanity’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9): 3232–3237.

Based on this data a timeseries was interpolated. The WFN data are provided as the annual average usage during the period, 1996-2000. To create a timeseries, we assumed that the water intensity of each sector (Mm3/yr/$) remains constant and scaled the water use according to the growth in each sector, using the year 2000 as the base year. For use by industry, the sectoral gross output was used to calculate intensity. For water use by households, total final demand by households in each country was used to calculate intensity.

More details about the original Water account can be found in

Lenzen, M., Moran, D. et al. International Trade in Scarce Water. Ecological Economics 94:78-85. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.018 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800913002176

Azusa et al. Nitrogen AzusaEtAlNitrogen

Source:

Oita, A., Malik, A., Kanemoto, K., Geschke, A., Nishijima, S., & Lenzen, M. (2016). Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade. Nature Geoscience, 9(2), 111–115. doi:10.1038/ngeo2635.

The satellites are calculated from three data sets: the related EDGAR air emissions data, the calculated agricultural emissions data, and the calculated emissions from household wastewater. The agricultural emissions are calculated with coefficients taken from the 2006 IPCC guideline and data from FAOSTAT and IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association). The emissions from household wastewater are calculated using FAO food balance sheets, FAO food waste data, OECD wastewater treatment data, and some related literature.

The account contains several line items:

N_N2O : Nitrogen emission to air in the form of N2O (Gg)

N_NH3: Nitrogen emission to air in the form of NH3 (Gg)

N_NOx: Nitrogen emission to air in the form of NOx (Gg)

N_Nwp: Nitrogen exportable to water bodies, including organic and inorganic nitrogen (mainly NO3-) potentially goes in leaching and runoff to surface and underground water

Primary data sources:

- Air emissions data from industries (EDGAR): http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datasets_list.php?v=42

- Production data, emissions data, and food balbance sheets (FAOSTAT): faostat3.fao.org/home

- Fertilizer data (IFA):

http://www.fertilizer.org/imis20/images/Library_Downloads/AgCom.13.39%20- %20FUBC%20assessment%202010.pdf - FAO food waste data http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e.pdf

- Wastewater treatment data (OECD): http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264185715-en

Table 2. EDGAR GHG Emissions Classification (EDGAR) to Eora Aggregated Categories Forest Fires and Energy Cement/ Ag. Natural Other codename name Production Minerals Solvents Burning Decay Waste Sources

EDGAR-1 Public electricity and heat production 1 ------

EDGAR-2 Other Energy Industries 1 ------Manufacturing Industries and EDGAR-3 Construction 1 ------

EDGAR-4 Domestic aviation 1 ------

EDGAR-5 Road transportation 1 ------

EDGAR-6 Rail transportation 1 ------

EDGAR-7 Inland navigation 1 ------

EDGAR-8 Other transportation 1 ------

EDGAR-9 Residential and other sectors 1 ------

EDGAR-10 Fugitive emissions from solid fuels 1 ------

EDGAR-11 Fugitive emissions from oil and gas 1 ------

EDGAR-12 Memo: International aviation 1 ------

EDGAR-13 Memo: International navigation 1 ------

EDGAR-14 Production of minerals - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-15 Cement production - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-16 Lime production - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-17 Production of chemicals - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-18 Production of metals - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-19 Production of pulp/paper/food/drink - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-20 Production of halocarbons and SF6 - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-21 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-22 Foam Blowing - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-23 Fire Extinguishers - 1 - - - - - EDGAR-24 Aerosols - - 1 - - - -

EDGAR-25 F-gas as Solvent - 1 - - - - - Semiconductor/Electronics EDGAR-26 Manufacture - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-27 Electrical Equipment - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-28 Other F-gas use - 1 - - - - - Non-energy use of lubricants/waxes EDGAR-29 (CO2) - 1 - - - - -

EDGAR-30 Solvent and other product use: paint - - 1 - - - - Solvent and other product use: EDGAR-31 degrease - - 1 - - - - Solvent and other product use: EDGAR-32 chemicals - - 1 - - - -

EDGAR-33 Solvent and other product use: other - - 1 - - - -

EDGAR-34 Enteric fermentation - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-35 Manure management - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-36 Rice cultivation - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-37 Direct soil emissions - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-38 Manure in pasture/range/paddock - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-39 Indirect N2O from agriculture - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-40 Other direct soil emissions - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-41 Savanna burning - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-42 Agricultural waste burning - - - 1 - - -

EDGAR-43 Forest fires - - - - 1 - -

EDGAR-44 Grassland fires - - - - 1 - -

EDGAR-45 Decay of wetlands/peatlands - - - - 1 - -

EDGAR-46 Other vegetation fires - - - - 1 - -

EDGAR-47 Forest Fires-Post burn decay - - - - 1 - -

EDGAR-48 Solid waste disposal on land - - - - - 1 -

EDGAR-49 Wastewater handling - - - - - 1 -

EDGAR-50 Waste incineration - - - - - 1 -

EDGAR-51 Other waste handling - - - - - 1 -

EDGAR-52 Fossil fuel fires ------1 Indirect N2O from non-agricultural EDGAR-53 NOx ------1 Indirect N2O from non-agricultural EDGAR-54 NH3 ------1

EDGAR-55 Other sources ------1 This text applies to the old, deprecated, I-GHG-* rows:

CO2 and GHG emissions follow the EDGAR classification scheme. There are two top-level groupings: CO2 emissions except those from biomass burning, and CO2 emissions from biomass burning. The first group (“except from biomass burning”) still contains line items for bunker fuels, peat bog decay, and forest fires. We provide a “CO2 excl. LULUCF” which starts with EDGAR’s “CO2 emissions except from biomass” and further excludes these land use/land-use change/fires, and bunker fuels, line items.

The EDGAR classification details emissions in 33 categories. For both total “CO2 emissions except from biomass” and total “CO2 emissions from biomass burning plus from non-biomass burning” we provide these broken into 7 categories (from energy production, cement, etc.).

The most commonly used indicator is

CO2 From Energy Production I-GHG-CO2-FUEL

Which is total CO2 used for energy production excluding biomass burning.

Energy (by source) (TJ) I-ENERGY

The old I-ENERGY lines at lines 1:9 have been depreciated, as part of the switch to IEA data.

Please use the new ‘IEA GHG emissions (Gg) and energy use” rows at line 2578:2589. In particular see the “IEA – Total primary energy supply” row which is provided in units of Mtoe and PJ.

GHG-CO2 (Gg) I-GHG-CO2

Following the EDGAR definition, total CO2 emissions except those from biomass burning. The EDGAR classification used for GHG emissions is available at: http://worldmrio.com/queries/classifications.jsp

CO2 (exlc. LULUCF) I-GHG-CO2EXLULUCF The same as "GHG-CO2 (Gg)" (i.e. exclusive of biomass burning) but further excluding the following emissions categories:

 Memo: International aviation

 Memo: International navigation

 Forest fires

 Grassland fires

 Decay of wetlands/peatlands

 Other vegetation fires

 Forest Fires-Post burn decay

Biomass Burning (Gg CO2) I-GHG-CO2b

Following the EDGAR definition, total CO2 emissions from biomass burning.

CO2 From Energy Production I-GHG-CO2-FUEL CO2 From Cement/Minerals I-GHG-CO2-MINERALS CO2 From Solvents I-GHG-CO2-SOLVENTS CO2 From Agricultural Burning I-GHG-CO2-AGBURNING CO2 From Natural Decay I-GHG-CO2-DECAY CO2 From Waste I-GHG-CO2-WASTE CO2 From Forest Fires and Other Sources I-GHG-CO2-FIRESETC

These seven subtotals sum to the sum of “GHG-CO2 (Gg)”. Note that some of these categories, e.g. Agricultural Burning, might be surprisingly low because these seven subtotals do not include biomass burning.

CO2 (including biomass burning) from Energy Production I-GHGincb-CO2-FUEL CO2 (including biomass burning) from Cement/Minerals I-GHGincb-CO2-MINERALS CO2 (including biomass burning) from Solvents I-GHGincb-CO2-SOLVENTS CO2 (including biomass burning) from Agricultural Burning I-GHGincb-CO2-AGBURNING CO2 (including biomass burning) from Natural Decay I-GHGincb-CO2-DECAY CO2 (including biomass burning) from Waste I-GHGincb-CO2-WASTE CO2 (including biomass burning) from Forest Fires and Other Sources I-GHGincb-CO2-FIRESETC

These seven subtotals sum to the sum of “GHG-CO2 (Gg)” plus “Biomass Burning (Gg CO2)”. Note that this means for some biofuel-intensive countries, “CO2 (including biomass burning) from Energy Production” could be larger than “GHG-CO2 (Gg)” because the former includes emissions from biomass burning.

Total CO2-e (Gg) I-GHG-CO2eTOTAL

CO2-equivalent, as calculated using the Global Warming Potential multipliers provided in Table 1 below. Note that this total includes LULUCF emissions and emissions from biomass burning.

NOTE: we are aware of some irregularities in the CO2e data in Eora. For this reason we suggest either re-calculating CO2e yourself based on your own preferred GWP factors, or using CO2/CH4/etc gasses directly.

CO2e (Gg) exl. LULUCF I-GHG-CO2e-EXLULUCF

Identical to "Total CO2-e (Gg)" except excludes LULUCF emissions of all GHG gasses.

CO2e (Gg) exl. LULUCF and biomass burning I-GHG-CO2e-EXLULUCFANDBIOMASS

Identical to "CO2e (Gg) exl. LULUCF" except further excludes all CO2 emissions from biomass burning. GHG-CO2 (Gg) Subset: CO2 (exlc. LULUCF) Subset: CO2 From Energy Production CO2 From Cement/Minerals CO2 From Solvents CO2 From Agricultural Burning CO2 From Natural Decay CO2 From Waste CO2 From Forest Fires and Other Sources

Biomass Burning (Gg CO2)

GHG-CO2 (Gg) plus Biomass Burning (Gg CO2) Subset: CO2 (including biomass burning) from Energy Production CO2 (including biomass burning) from Cement/Minerals CO2 (including biomass burning) from Solvents CO2 (including biomass burning) from Agricultural Burning CO2 (including biomass burning) from Natural Decay CO2 (including biomass burning) from Waste CO2 (including biomass burning) from Forest Fires and Other Sources

Total CO2-e (Gg) includes all GHGs from all emissions sources (ie. including LULUCF and biomass burning)

CO2e (Gg) exl. LULUCF Identical to the previous, except excludes LULUCF emissions

CO2e (Gg) exl. LULUCF and biomass burning Identical to the above except further excludes biomass burning

Table 1: GWP Multipliers Gas GWP CO2 1 CO2b 1 CH4 25 N2O 289 HFC125 3500 HFC134a 1430 HFC143a 4470 HFC152a 124 HFC227ea 3220 HFC23 14800 HFC236fa 9810 HFC245fa 1030 HFC32 675 HFC365mfc 794 HFC4310mee 1640 C2F6 12200 C3F8 8830 C4F10 8860 C5F12 9160 C6F14 9300 C7F16 9500 CF4 7390 cC4F8 10300 SF6 22800 NF3 17200