Table 1. Extracts of Ancient Books of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii

Ancient Books Extracts about Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii Shennong's Classic of Materia Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii can low back pain, strive scleromere, cold and dampness, panodynia, Medica ulcer does not recover the steam. ( 神农本草经 , Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing) The medicinal theory Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii can cure cold wind obstinate arthralgia, waist and feet unable to move ( 药性论 , Yao Xing Lun) voluntarily, hand and foot shock button, low back pain for a long cold renal bladder places water.

Rihuazi’s Materia Medica To cure paralysis sustained the flexible duct, dizziness with eye disease, water reservoir ( 日华子本草 , Ri Hua Zi Ben replenishment, harden the bones and tendons, boost essence, brighten eyesight and stroke with Cao aphonia. Compendium of Materia Medica The Dioscorea collettii, the drug of foot Yangming and Jueyin meridians. The Jueyin meridians master ( 本草纲目 , Ben Cao Gang Mu) tendon and is belong to wind, Yangming master meat and is belong to wet. Dioscorea collettii can eliminate rheumatism and slowly cure weak obstinate arthralgia, turbid urine, malignant sore and those which are rheumatoid. It can treat gonorrhea, penis pain, hemorrhoids and fistula pain.

Translation of Medicines The Dioscorea collettii, which is light in flavor and nature. It is beneficial to excreting dampness and able ( 药品化义 , Yao Pin Hua Yi) to relieve anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, man gonorrhea, penis pain, women leucorrhea and those diseases caused by stomach Zhuoqi, In this way human stomach became wet, then can heal their disease. It can cure sored itch, stagnation of dampness in pancreatic, disabled ying-wei , caused muscle and vessel contracture, hand and foot discomfort, infiltrate spleen with wet, produce reconcile blood. Miscellaneous Records of The Dioscorea collettii can treat impotentia, incontinence, the elderly five-loss sustained. Famous Physicians ( 名医别 Incontinence syndrome is normally due to uncontrolled bladder sphincter. It belongs to 录 , Ming Yi Bie Lu) reinforcement corrosion disease, which is one of the five sustained. Dioscorea collettii is good at five sustained governance, so can cure it.

Spekulation of Materia Medica For those wind cold dampness in the joints with lower back pain that Yin cannot dissolve, Dioscorea ( 本草思辨录 , Ben Cao Si Bian collettii can cure it. Cold and dampness is dark and dreary. Those who are incontinence, five Lu) sustained, Yang did not stretch, also use Dioscorea collettii guide Yang stretch.

True Interpretation of Materia The Dioscorea collettii, can dredge circulation path and relieve rigidity of muscles and joints. The Medica root is the useful part and is mainly for treating lower energizer, sinking down. Although slightly ( 本草正义 , Ben Cao Zheng bitter and dischargeable, Dioscorea collettii are light, heat and moisture, more qi, less blood. Yi)

Southern Yunnan Materia It can treat wind, warm veins and arteries, waist and knee pain, stubbor n, dredging stasis bladder Medica channel, red and white cloud. ( 滇南本草 ,Dian Nan Ben Cao) Others The Dioscorea collettii is the monarch drug of several prescriptions like Bixie Fenqing Decoction, Bixie Huashi Decoction, Bixie Huadu Decoction and so on. The Bixie Fenqing Decoction, is also called Fenqing power, Fenqing drink, Bixie drink, Bixie power and so on. The effect of the prescription is to warm kidney, eliminate dampness, separate purity from turbidity. Indications are pneuma insufficient, stranguria marked by chyluria and gonorrhea caused by lower energizer yang deficiency. Other indication include urinate frequently, turbid, white as “Migan”, condensate such as pastes, pale tongue musci white, sunken pulse and other symptoms. Main recorded in the following books: “Philanthropic Prescription(济生方 , Ji Sheng Fang)”, “Empirical Prescription of Ruizhutang( 瑞竹堂方 , Rui Zhu Tang Fang)”, “Danxi's experiential therapy( 丹溪心法 , Dan Xi Xin Fa)”, “Ancient and modern medical guide( 古今医鉴 , Gu Jin Yi Jian)”, “Longevity and Life Preservation(寿世保元 , Shou Shi Bao Yuan)”. Indications of Bixie Huadu soup are damp carbuncle, qi and blood kernel, contained in the “Experience Gained in Treating External Diseases( 疡科心得集 , Yang Ke Xin De Ji)”. Indication of Bixie Shenshi decoction is ecthyma of dampness-heat attacking lower energizer, is recorded in “Experience Gained in Treating External Diseases( 疡科心得集 , Yang Ke Xin De Ji)”. It can be seen from the above records, the history of the Dioscorea collettii is time-honored. It used in rheumatism arthralgia, gonorrhea, but it is not common to use it alone.

Table 2. Similarities and Differences of Medicinal Herb of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii denomination another name nature and effect Indications place of origi remarks flavor, channel Tropism Rhizoma Large Dioscorea Bitter, mild. Eliminating stranguria marked by Zhejiang,Hubei Pharmacopoeia Diroscoreae collettii,Rhizoma Kidney, dampness,dispelling chyluriawhitish, of the People's Septemliba Dioscoreae Collettii, meridian, wind-evil, dredging gonoblennorrhea,leukorrhagia Republic of Hard balls,King Kong stomach, arthromyodynia rheumatism arthralgia pain, China (2010 and so on meridian joints, and lumbar knee pain Edition) Rhizoma Huang Dioscorea Bitter, mild. using diuretic of Rheumatism obstinate Zhejiang, Pharmacopoeia Dioscoreae collettii, Huang Rhizoma Liver, meridian, hydragogue to arthralgia, waist and knee Guangdong, of the People's Hypoglaucae Alpiniae Japonicae, stomach, alleviate water pain, difficulty in micturition, Guangxi Republic of Rhizoma Coptidis bladder retention, dispelling water turbidity, nocturnal China (2010 Brevisepalae and so on meridian. wind-evil and emission, damp, sore with HIV. Edition) eliminating dampness Rhizoma Smilacis small Dioscorea Sweet, a little dispelling wind- Rheumatoid arthritis, urinary Middle and National Herbal Mairei colletti,small Rhizoma bitter, flat. evil,dehumidification, tract infections, nephritis and western part Compendium Smilacis Mairei,Flower regulate edema, chronic gastritis, of Yunnan vine,Flower Dioscorea menstruation, menstruation. collettii, the Dioscorea diuresis collettii of Yunnan Jiang denomination another name nature and effect Indications place of origi remarks flavor, channel Tropism Rhizoma Rhizoma smilacis Sweet, light, Detoxification, Syphilis, water turbidity, pain Anhui, Pharmacopoeia Heterosmilacis Glabrae, Limonite, flat. Live dehumidification, in bones and tendons, Zhejiang, of the People's Gaudichaudianae White surplus meridian, facilitate joint beriberi, furuncle, Scrofula, Jiangxi, Fujian, Republic of grain,Grass Limonitum stomach spasm caused by syphilis and Hunan, Hubei, China (2010 and so on meridian, mercury poisoning, pain in the Guangdong, Edition) spleen meridian bones and muscles. Guangxi, Sichuan,Yunna n

Rhizoma Rhizoma Smilacis Pungent, slightly dispelling wind-evil, Rheumatic pain in the bones Middle and National Herbal Dioscoreae Ferocis, Rhizoma bitter, mild. dehumidification, and muscles, enteritis, western part Compendium Gracillimae Smilacis Mairei, clearing heat and dysentery, cystitis, difficulty in of Yunnan Meirenshan diuresis micturition. Table 3. Summary of Chemical Composition of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Spongiosae Categorization English denomination teroidal compounds. Spirostan saponins (1 -3 ) diosgenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside prosapogenin A of dioscin prosapogenin B of dioscin dioscin gracillin (25S) -spirost-5-en-3β,27-diol-3-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosy-(1y2) -β-D- glucopyranosyl(1y3) ) glucopyranoside Furosemide saponins (1,3) 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3β,26-dihydroxy-25(R) -furosta-5,20( 22) -dien-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl( 1y2) -β-Dglucopyranoside

pseudoprotodioscin pseudoprotogracillin dioscoreside C dioscoreside E 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxyfurost5-ene-3β,26-diol-3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl(1y2-) β-D-glucopyranoside

protodioscin protoneodioscin

protogracillin protoneogracillin methyl protodioscin methyl protoneogracillin methyl protogracillin methyl protoneogracillin Pregnane glycosides (1,3,4 ) spongipregnolosidesA spongipregnolosidesB spongipregnolosidesC spongipregnoside D pregnadienolone3-O-β-chacotrioside 21-methoxy-l3β-((O-A-L-rhamnopyranosy-l(1y2) -O-(α-L- rhamnopyranosy-l(1y4) ) -B-D-glucopy-ranosyl) oxy) pregn-5, 16-en-20- one hypoglaucin F hypoglaucin G Cholestane glycosides (1) spongioside A spongioside B Steroidal Sapogenin class diosgenin (2,5 ,6 ) ruscogenin △ uscogeninSapogenin β-sitosterol Organic acids and their palmitic acid esters, compounds (2,5,6) diosgenin palmitate dodecanoicacid, methyl easter 3,7-dimethyl-6-octeno-l-formate Diaryl heptanes (7 ) diosponginA diosponginB diosponginC Lignin (7) sesaminone piperitol (+) -syringaresinol Other ingredients (1,7,8 ) (R) -oct-1-ene-3-ylO-α-L-arabinopyranosy-l(1y6) -B-D-glucopyra-noside zizyvoside I daucosterol 3-phenyl-6, 8-dihydrodihy-droisocoumarin 4, 8-dimethy-l 1, 7-nonadien 5-isopropy-l 2, 8-dimethy-l cy-clodecanone N, N-dinitro-1, 2-cyclohexandiamine 4-ol-1-octyn In addition, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Spongiosae also contains tannins, polysaccharides and phlegmatic ingredients

Table 4. Summary of Chemical Composition of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae categorization English denomination Steroids Spirostan diosgenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside saponins prosapogenin A of dioscin (1,7-9 ) prosapogenin B of dioscin Dioscin Gracillin (25S) -spirost-5-en-3β,27-diol-3-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosy-( 1y2) -β-D-glucopyranosyl(1y3) ) glucopyranoside hypoglaucine A dioscoreside A Furosemide 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3β,26-dihydroxy-25(R) -furosta-5,20( 22) -dien-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl( 1y2) saponins(10-15 -β-Dglucopyranoside ) pseudoprotodioscin pseudoprotogracillin 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxyfurost5-ene-3β,26-diol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1y2-) β-D- glucopyranoside protodioscin protoneodioscin protogracillin protoneogracillin methyl protodioscin methyl protoneogracillin methyl protogracillin methyl protoneogracillin

Pregnane pregnadienolone3-O-β-chacotrioside glycosides 21-methoxy-l 3β-((O-A-L-rhamnopyranosy-l ( 1y2) -O-( α-L-rhamnopyranosy-l ( 1y4) ) -B-D-glucopy- (5,6,10-12,16 ,17 ) ranosyl) oxy) pregn-5, 16-en-20-one hypoglaucin F hypoglaucin G Cholestane spongioside A saponins (5,22) spongioside B Phytosterols Stigmasterol-3-0-D-glucoside (8,9,18 ) Stigmasterol β-sitosterol Steroidal Diosgenin sapogenin Ruscogenin and its △ uscogeninand its es esters Diosgenin palmitate (9,19 ,20 ) The diosgenin Palm acetate Diaryl diosponginA heptanes(21 diosponginB ,22 ) Lignin (27,28) Sesaminone Piperitol (+) -syringaresinol palmitic acid Organic 3,7-dimethyl-6-octeno-l-formate acids and dodecanoicacid, methyl easter their Twelve methyl esters, Diisobutyl phthalate compounds Mono (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate ester (7,24,23 ,24 ) Other (R) -oct-1-ene-3-yl O-α-L-arabinopyranosy-l (1y6) - B- D- glucopyra-noside ingredients dioscorone A (12,29,30) zizyvoside I N, N-dinitro-2-cyclohexandiamine 4-ol-1-octyn 4, 8-dimethy-l 1,7-nonadien Paraxylene 2,4- bis (1- methyl-1-phenylethyl) phenol It also contains polysaccharides, alkaloids, tannins, mucilage, and a variety of amino acids Table 5. Present Situation of Clinical Application of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii Indications Prescription Prescription Name Reproductive Chronic Bixiefenqing Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, poria, Semen system diseases prostatitis Decoction Plantaginis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae,Caulis Akebiae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Plumula Nelumbinis (25-27) Jiawei Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Cuscutae,Crows, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Bixiefenqing Concha Ostreae, talc, Semen Astragail Complanati, Semen Plantaginis, Radix Decoction Paeoniae Alba, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Dipsaci from Sichuan of China, Radix Glycyrrhizae (28-31) Bixiefenqing Pill Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, poria, Semen (medicine) Plantaginis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, Caulis Akebiae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Plumula Nelumbinis (32,33) Bixiexiaoyan Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Plantaginis, Fructus Toosendan, Flos Lonicerae Soup Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Herba Patriniae Scabiosaefoliae, Herba Hedyotidis, Radix Astragali Mongolici, Squama Manis, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Cuscutae, Spina Gleditsiae, Semen Vaccariae Segetalis, Rhizoma smilacis Glabrae (34) Bixietusi Soup Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Cuscutae, Herba Epimedii Brevicornus, poria, Semen Plantaginis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Herba Lycopi Hirti, Herba Hedyotidis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Radix Glycyrrhizae (35) Bixieshanjia Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Folium Pyrrosiae, Soup Polyporus, Semen Plantaginis, Fructus Malvae Vertillatae, Flos Lonicerae, Herba Patriniae Scabiosaefoliae, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus Gradeniae, stir-baked Squama Manitis, Semen Vaccariae Segetalis, Olibanum, Myrrha, Cortex Moutan, Radix Glycyrrhizae (36) SanrenBixie Semen Coicis, almond, Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Decoction Collettii Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Herba Patriniae Scabiosaefoliae, Herba Leonuri Japonici, Semen Plantaginis, Radix Cyathulae, Semen Vaccariae Segetalis, Radix Astragali Mongolici, Concha Ostreae, Semen Nelumbinis (37) Bixie Excreting Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus Dampness Gradeniae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Plantaginis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Cortex Soup Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Radix Glycyrrhizae (38) Bixiedanling Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Soup Macrocephalae, poria, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, Semen Plantaginis, Amber, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Semen Vaccariae Segetalis, Fructus Liquidambaris, Radix Glycyrrhizae (39) Semen is not Pubidihuang Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, based Soup Radix Rehmanniae preparata, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Fructus Lycii, Semen Cuscutae, Semen Plantaginis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Medulla Tetrapanaicis (40) Liquefied pill rehmannia dride rhizome, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, CORTEX MOUTAN, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Plantaginis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Semen Cuscutae, Herba Epimedii Brevicornus, Rhizoma Alismatis (41) Bixiefenqing Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, poria, Semen Decoction Plantaginis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, Caulis Akebiae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Plumula Nelumbinis (42,4344) Immune Bixiedanshen Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Radix Astragali Mongolici, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Infertility sanhe Soup Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Semen Persicae, poria, Rumulus Ginnamomi, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Rhizoma Alismatis, Semen Coicis (45) Infection male Biewuwei Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, rehmannia dride rhizome, Flos Lonicerae, Flos infertility xiaodu Dendranthematis Indici, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Rhizoma smilacis Glabrae, Caulis Decoction Sargentodoxae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, achyranthes bidentata, Semen Plantaginis, Semen Cuscutae, Fructus Lycii, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Astragali Mongolici, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Codonopsis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Herba Epimedii Brevicornus (46) Urinary system Pediatric urine Bixiefenqing Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, poria Semen diseases turbidity Decoction Plantaginis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, Caulis Akebiae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Plumula Nelumbinis Non-gonococcal Biechaihu Rhizoma Dioscoreae Spongiosae, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Rhizoma Chanxiong, Radix urethritis Particles Cyathulae, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma smilacis Glabrae, Radix Glycyrrhizae preparata (47) Fungal vaginitis Bixie Dampness Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus Soup Gradeniae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Plantaginis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Radix Glycyrrhizae Chyluria Bixiefenqing Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, poria, Semen Decoction Plantaginis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, Caulis Akebiae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Plumula Nelumbinis (48,49,50) Arthritis Rheumatoid Bixiehuadu Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus arthritis(51) Prescription Gradeniae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Plantaginis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Radix Glycyrrhizae (52-55) Gouty arthritis Bixie pills Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, poria, Semen and gout(56) Plantaginis, Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis,Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae, Caulis Akebiae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Plumula Nelumbinis (57-59) Tulingbixie Rhizoma smilacis Glabrae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, Herba Lycopi Decoction Hirti, Rhizoma Alismatis, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Flos Carthami, Semen Persicae, et al (60-62) Other Erythema Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, poria, nodosum (63,64) Cortex Moutan, Rhizoma Alismatis, talc, corydalis tuber, Caulis Lonicerae, Radix Rubiae Cordifoliae, Radix Cyathulae Lower limb Bixie Excreting Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus erysipelas (65) Dampness Gradeniae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Plantaginis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Cortex Soup Addition Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Radix Glycyrrhizae (66,67) and subtraction Lower extremity Bixie Excreting Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus thrombosis of Dampness Gradeniae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Plantaginis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Cortex superficial Soup Addition Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Radix Glycyrrhizae phlebitis (68) and subtraction lower extremity Pulse Bi Radix Cyathulae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Lithospermi, Rhizoma Chanxiong, old thrombosis Decoction rehmannia dride rhizome, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Cortexmoutan, Radix Sophorae (69) Flavescentis, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii Multiple sleep Bixiefenqing Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Cuscutae, Crows, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, soundly Decoction Concha Ostreae, talc, Semen Astragail Complanati, Semen Plantaginis, Radix diseaset(70) addition and Paeoniae Alba, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Dipsaci from Sichuan of China, subtraction Radix Glycyrrhizae Chronic New Betau Herba Epimedii Brevicornus, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Stemonae, Rhizoma bronchitis (71) cents piece Dioscoreae Collettii, Spica Prunellae Vulgaris, Rhizoma smilacis Glabrae, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, ammonium glycyrrhizinate Infant eczema Bixie Excreting Rhizoma Dioscoreae Collettii, Semen Coicis, Herba Taraxaci Mongolici, Fructus (72,73) Dampness Gradeniae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Semen Plantaginis, Cortex Moutan Radicis, Cortex Soup Addition Phellodendri Amurensis, Radix Bupleuri Chinensis, Radix Glycyrrhizae and subtraction

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