5 Special Volumes Published by Eminentt Physicists in Honour of A.Zichichi to Celebrate

§ 5 SPECIAL VOLUMES PUBLISHED BY EMINENTT PHYSICISTS IN HONOUR OF A. ZICHICHI TO CELEBRATE SOME OF HIS DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS

 Lepton Physics at CERN and Frascati N. Cabibbo (ed), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 8 (1995). In this volume N. Cabibbo has selected the original contributions of A. Zichichi in the physics of leptons he has developed at CERN (in Switzerland) and at Frascati +  Laboratory (in Italy). Here an (e e ) collider (the most powerful of the world and called ADONE, for large ADA, Anello di Accumulazione) was working and N. Cabibbo writes: «Had the ADONE beam energy been 20% higher, the Heavy Lepton would have been discovered by A. Zichichi at Frascati, thus crowning a scientific engagement that he had been pursuing for many years. This is in fact typical of Nino's qualities: when he is convinced that something should be done, he never gives up». In the same volume, N. Cabibbo reports the testimony of another illustrious physicist Professor Gilberto Bernardini: «Meanwhile Nino had the idea of trying a new very simple technique ... polynomial fields of practically any desired  form could be built with better than 10 3 accuracy».  The Discovery of Nuclear Antimatter Proceedings of the Symposium in honour of Antonino Zichichi to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the discovery of Nuclear Antimatter. L. Maiani and R.A. Ricci (eds), Conference Proceedings 53, Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy (1995). L. Maiani was the President of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics (INFN) and R.A. Ricci was the President of the Italian Physical Society (SIF). Later L. Maiani become Director General of CERN (Switzerland) and now he is the President of the Italian National Research Council (CNR).  The Origin of the Third Family C.S. Wu, T.D. Lee, N. Cabibbo, V.F. Weisskopf, S.C.C. Ting, C. Villi, M. Conversi, A. Petermann, B.H. Wiik and G. Wolf. In honour of A. Zichichi on the XXX anniversary of the proposal to search for the third lepton at ADONE. First edition jointly published in 1997 by Academy of Sciences and University of Bologna, INFN and SIF. Published by World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 20 (1998). This volume is dedicated to the origin of the 3rd family of elementary building blocks of nature. The Introduction is by C.S. Wu, a lady physicist defined by W. Pauli “The M.me Curie of the XX century”. Here are few lines of the Introduction: «...it gives me great pleasure to present this introduction concerning the extraordinary history of the origin and development of the Third Family of the leptons. ... That all these matter were not trivial ones is proved by the fact that all the papers published before 1970, the date of the first Frascati results, never considered the idea of the heavy lepton proposed and searched for by A. Zichichi during more than a decade of experiments; the key point was its best signature, a new effect: the production,  above some threshold energy, of acoplanar (e ∓) pairs produced by time-like photons. This volume has two main components: reports and testimonies. Both will allow the reader to know how this new field of physics was opened, how it gave rise to new technological developments (now still of great value for electron and muon detection), and how much work was needed for the “peculiar symmetry” to be so “short-lived”».

 The Gran Sasso Laboratory 1979-1999. A vision becomes reality To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the project by A. Zichichi. A. Bettini, INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (1999). A. Bettini was the Director of the Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy and he is at present the Director of LSC, the Canfranc Underground Laboratory in Spain.

 The Creation of Quantum ChromoDynamics and the Effective Energy V.N. Gribov, G. 't Hooft, G. Veneziano and V.F. Weisskopf. In honour of A. Zichichi on the occasion of the Galvani Bicentenary celebrations. L.N. Lipatov (ed). First edition jointly published in 1997 by Academy of Sciences and University of Bologna, INFN and SIF. Published by World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 25 (2000). This volume testifies the discovery by A. Zichichi of the “Effective Energy”; the volume contains the original publications referring to this basic quantity in the interaction between quarks and gluons and the comments by eminent physicists of the relevance of this discovery in the most advanced field of High Energy Physics, Quantum ChromoDynamics. Let us quote a statement by V.E. Weisskopf (page 4): «Nino contributed to all of them with his skill and ingenuity».

 From the Preshower to the New Technologies for Supercolliders In honour of A. Zichichi. B.H. Wiik, A. Wagner and H. Wenninger (eds), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 31 (2002). This volume – edited by three great experts in the field of Subnuclear Technologies – contains a series of papers on the technological inventions by A. Zichichi. The Rector of the University of Bologna, Fabio Roversi Monaco, and the President of the Bologna Academy of Sciences, Ovidio Capitani, in the Foreword say: «During the year 2000, the City of Bologna will be the European Capital for Culture. For this reason, the University of Bologna and its Academy of Sciences, following the Gugliemo Marconi Centenary and the Luigi Galvani Bicentenary Celebrations, have decided to call attention to the major achievements of their most distinguished members, in the field of science and technology. This volume is devoted to a series of inventions and technological developments, some thought of and directly implemented by Professor Antonino Zichichi, others suggested and developed under his leadership, all of them having contributed to the discovery of new particles and new phenomena in the field of Subnuclear Physics. The volume was conceived by an eminent scientist, Professor Dr. Björn H. Wiik, Director of Germany’s most prestigious physics laboratory, DESY in Hamburg. It would not have been published were it not for Professor Dr. Albrecht Wagner, Chairman of the DESY Board of Directors and Dr. Horst Wenninger from CERN in Geneva, the greatest European physics laboratory. To all of them we express our gratitude». In the opening page it is reported what V.F. Weisskopf – CERN Director General in the early sixties – stated: «New physics needs new technological developments».

 The Roots of LEP and LHC R. Aymar, L. Cifarelli, L. Rossi and M. Vivargent, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of CERN. In honour of A. Zichichi in recognition for his important contributions to INFN and Italian Particle Physics and to CERN and European Particle Physics. CERN/DG-2004-306/0 (1 September 2004). This volume recalls the contributions of A. Zichichi to the origin and the implementation of the two greatest European facilities in High Energy Physics, LEP and LHC.

 Searching for the Superworld R.M. Mössbauer, M.J. Duff and S. Ferrara. In honour of A. Zichichi on the occasion of the Sixth Centenary celebrations of the University of Turin, Italy. S. Ferrara and R.M. Mössbauer (eds), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 39 (2007). This volume contains the contributions of A. Zichichi to the phenomenological, theoretical and experimental searching for the Superworld. In his introductory paper, Rudolf Mössbauer writes: «These “details” illustrate how many important properties, of the Superworld physics to be described, had been neglected by many authors, including those whose claim was to “predict” the energy scale at which supersymmetry was expected to be broken. ... In this note I have restricted my introduction to three effects which have attracted my interest, thanks to Nino’s discussion on several occasions during many years, and in particular in 1979, and then in the years following 1991, when he decided to step in the field in order to avoid the general “theoretical” trend discouraging to search for superparticles below the TeV-mass-range. The analysis of all experimental data and of all quantities having an effect on the experimental search for the Superworld is documented in the papers by A. Zichichi and collaborators reproduced in the present volume. This will be a guide not only for the forthcoming experiments in the new energy range opened by the CERN LHC Collider, but also for the future searches of the Superworld».

B) SELECTED PUBLICATIONS: PHYSICS DISCOVERIES, TECHNO-LOGICAL INVENTIONS AND PROJECTS PHYSICS Discoveries – 1) the first example [1, 2] of nuclear Antimatter, the Antideuteron; 2) the Effective Energy [3, 4] in the forces which act between quarks and gluons; 3) the “time-like” electromagnetic structure [5] of the proton; 4) the first example of a baryonic particle [6] having a quark of the 3rd family; 5) the Leading Effect in the production of baryons with flavour charges of the 2nd [7] and the 3rd [8] family of quarks; 6) the fact that the last constituent of our universe, the proton, cannot be broken down at the maximum energies investigated [9].

Inventions – 1) a new method for constructing high-precision polynomial [10] magnetic fields; 2) a new technology [11, 12] able to detect with extremely powerful efficiency lepton-antilepton pairs; 3) a new electronic device to determine, with 70 picoseconds precision [1, 2], the time of flight of subnuclear particles; 4) the neutron missing-mass spectrometer [13] with high resolution power in space and time; 5) the Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC), a new charged-particle detector [14]. Original Ideas – 1) that of a 3rd leptonic family [15, 16] of elementary particles, which led to the discovery of the 3rd lepton; 2) that of the study of new vector meson states decaying into neutral lepton pairs [11, 12], which led to the discovery of vector mesons composed of quark- antiquark pairs of the 2nd and the 3rd family of elementary particles; 3) that of computing the effect of the evolution of gaugino masses in the convergence of the fundamental forces, which led to the discovery [17, 18] of the so-called EGM Effect, thus lowering by a factor of 700 the level of energy required for the possible discovery of the Superworld, an energy level whose absolute value is still unknown. High-precision Measurements – 1) of the universal weak [19] charge; 2) of the muon [7] magnetic moment; 3) of the universality of the electromagnetic forces [20] at very high energy; 4) of the quark mixings in the pseudoscalar [21] and in the vector meson states [22].

PROJECTS The great projects of European Physics: LEP and LHC at CERN (Switzerland), GRAN SASSO at INFN (Italy), HERA at DESY (Germany) and LAA at CERN are all linked to his name, for his seminal contributions either in their concept phase or in their study and implementation phases. The LEP Project [23] provided the most powerful research tool for the study of the interaction between electrons and positrons. The LHC will provide the most powerful collider for subnuclear physics (in the following ten years) [23]. The GRAN SASSO Project [24] provided the largest underground laboratory in the world for the study of cosmic neutrinos, of neutrinos generated in CERN, and for the study of matter stability. The HERA Project provided the most advanced laboratory for the study of the interactions between electrons and quarks. The LAA Project [25, 26] was the first in the world to systematically study and invent new subnuclear technologies.

AT PRESENT At present, he is the director of the LAA project at CERN (Switzerland) where the study of a new detector with very high time resolution – 20 picoseconds – is going on [27]; he is the chairman of the TOF project of the ALICE experiment for the LHC (CERN); at DESY (Germany) he is responsible for the Italian component of the ZEUS experiment with the HERA collider (which has finished its activities last year; the group is at present engaged in the data-analysis program); at the GRAN SASSO (Italy) underground laboratory he is the spokesperson of the LVD experiment. He is the director at INFN (Italy) of the ELN Project for the study of the utmost proton supercollider at the highest levels of energy and luminosity, in order to allow future research in the ten challenges of subnuclear physics [28]. At CERN he is responsible for the new project to study how was the world few tenths of billionth of seconds after the Big-Bang [29]. DETAILED REFERENCES OF THE PHYSICS DISCOVERIES, TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS AND PROJECTS, QUOTED ABOVE [1] The Discovery of Nuclear Antimatter Proceedings of the Symposium in honour of A. Zichichi to celebrate the 30 th anniversary of the discovery of Nuclear Antimatter. L. Maiani and R.A. Ricci (eds), Conference Proceedings 53, Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy (1995). [2] Experimental Observation of Antideuteron Production T. Massam, Th. Muller, B. Righini, M. Schneegans and A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento, 39, p. 10 (1965). [3] The Creation of Quantum ChromoDynamics and the Effective Energy V.N. Gribov, G. ‘t Hooft, G. Veneziano and V.F. Weisskopf. In honour of A. Zichichi on the occasion of the Galvani Bicentenary celebrations. L.N. Lipatov (ed). First edition jointly published in 1997 by Academy of Sciences and University of Bologna, INFN and SIF. Published by World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 25 (2000).   [4] Evidence of the Same Multiparticle Production Mechanism in p-p Collisions as in e e Annihilation A. Zichichi et al., Physics Letters, 92B, p. 67 (1980). [5] Search for the Time-Like Structure of the Proton M. Conversi, T. Massam, Th. Muller and A. Zichichi, Phys. Lett., 5, p. 195 (1963); The Leptonic Annihilation Modes of the Proton-Antiproton System at 6.8 (GeV/c)2 Timelike Four-Momentum Transfer M. Conversi, T. Massam, Th. Muller and A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento, 40, p. 690 (1965). [6] Evidence for a New Particle with Naked “Beauty” and for its Associated Production in High-Energy (pp) Interactions M. Basile, G. Bonvicini, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, A. Contin, G. D’Alì, P. Di Cesare, B. Esposito, P. Giusti, T. Massam, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, G. Valenti and A. Zichichi, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 31, p. 97 (1981).

[7] The Leading Effect in production at = 62 GeV in Proton-Proton Collisions M. Basile, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, A. Contin, G. D’Alì, P. Di Cesare, B. Esposito, P. Giusti, T. Massam, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, G. Valenti and A. Zichichi, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 30, p. 487 (1981). [8] The Leading-Baryon Effect in Production in Proton-Proton Interactions at = 62 GeV M. Basile, G. Bonvicini, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, A. Contin, G. D’Alì, P. Di Cesare, B. Esposito, P. Giusti, T. Massam, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, G. Valenti and A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 65A, p. 408 (1981). [9] Quark Search at the ISR T. Massam and A. Zichichi, CERN (preprint), Geneva, Switzerland, June 1968; Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Produced in Proton-Proton Collisions at the Highest ISR Energy A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 40A, p. 41 (1997); Search for Quarks in Proton-Proton Interactions at √s = 52.5 GeV A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 45A, p. 171 (1978); A Search for Quarks in the CERN SPS Neutrino Beam A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 45A, p. 281 (1978). [10] A Method for Trapping Muons in Magnetic Field, and its Application to a Redetermination of the EDM of the Muon G. Charpak, L.M. Lederman, J.C. Sens and A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 17, p. 288 (1960). The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon G. Charpak, F.J. Farley, R.L. Garwin, Th. Muller, J.C. Sens and A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 37, p. 1241 (1965). Lepton Physics at CERN and Frascati N. Cabibbo (ed), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 8, (1995); see G. Bernardini, p. 3; and R.L. Garwin, p. 4. [11] A Telescope to Identify Electrons in the Presence of Pion Background T. Massam, Th. Muller and A. Zichichi, CERN Report 63-25, 27 June 1963 and Nuovo Cimento, 39, p. 464 (1965); Un Grand Détecteur E.M. à Haute Réjection des Pions A. Zichichi et al., Revue de Physique Appliquée, 4, p. 108 (1969); A Large Electromagnetic Shower Detector with High Rejection Power Against Pions A. Zichichi et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 101, p. 433 (1972). [12] Range Measurements for Muons in the GeV Region A. Zichichi et al., CERN Report 64-31, 24 June 1964 and Nuovo Cimento, 35, p. 759 (1965). [13] An Apparatus of the NBC Type and the Physics Results Obtained A. Zichichi, Annals of Physics, 66, p. 405 (1971). [14] A new type of Resistive Plate Chamber: The Multigap RPC E. Cerron Zeballos, I. Crotty, D. Hatzifotiadou, J. Lamas Valverde, S. Neupane, M.C.S. Williams and A. Zichichi, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 374, p. 132-135 (1996).

[15] Lepton Physics at CERN and Frascati N. Cabibbo (ed), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 8 (1995). The Origin of the Third Family C.S. Wu, T.D. Lee, N. Cabibbo, V.F. Weisskopf, S.C.C. Ting, C. Villi, M. Conversi, A. Petermann, B.H. Wiik and G. Wolf. In honour of A. Zichichi on the XXX anniversary of the proposal to search for the third lepton at ADONE. First edition jointly published in 1997 by Academy of Sciences and University of Bologna, INFN and SIF. Published by World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 20 (1998). [16] A Proposal to Search for Leptonic Quarks and Heavy Leptons Produced by ADONE A. Zichichi et al., INFN/AE-67/3 (20 March 1967); Limits on the Electromagnetic Production of Heavy Leptons A. Zichichi et al., Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, 4, p. 1156 (1970); Limits on the Mass of Heavy Leptons A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 17A, p. 383 (1973). [17] Searching for the Superworld R.M. Mössbauer, M.J. Duff and S. Ferrara. In honour of A. Zichichi on the occasion of the Sixth Centenary celebrations of the University of Turin, Italy. S. Ferrara and R.M. Mössbauer (eds), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 39 (2007). [18] The Simultaneous Evolution of Masses and Couplings: Consequence on Supersymmetry Spectra and Thresholds F. Anselmo, L. Cifarelli, A. Peterman and A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento, 105 A, p. 1179 (1992).  [19] A Measurement of the  Lifetime F.J. Farley, T. Massam, T. Muller and A. Zichichi Proceedings of the International Conference on High-Energy Physics, Geneva, Switzerland, 4-11 July 1962, p. 415 (CERN, Geneva, 1962); [7bis] Measurement of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon, G. Charpak, F.J. Farley, R.L. Garwin, T. Muller, J.C. Sens, V.L. Telegdi and A. Zichichi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 128 (1961).

  [20] Study of Charged Final States Produced in e e Interactions V. Alles-Borelli, M. Bernardini, D. Bollini, P.L. Brunini, E. Fiorentino, T. Massam, L. Monari, F. Palmonari and A. Zichichi, Proceedings of the VIII Course of the Ettore Majorana International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice, Italy, 1-10 July 1970: Elementary Processes at High Energy, p. 790 (Academic Press, New York-London, 1971); Experimental Proof of the Inadequacy of the Peaking Approximation in Radiative Corrections V. Alles-Borelli, M. Bernardini, D. Bollini, P.L. Brunini, E. Fiorentino, T. Massam, L. Monari, F. Palmonari and A. Zichichi, Physics Letters 36B, p. 149 (1971);   Acoplanar (e e ) Pairs and Radiative Corrections M. Bernardini, D. Bollini, P.L. Brunini, E. Fiorentino, T. Massam, L. Monari, F. Palmonari, F. Rimondi and A. Zichichi, Physics Letters 45B, p. 169 (1973). [21] Evidence for a New Decay Mode of the X0 -Meson: X0  2 A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 58A, p. 289 (1968).   [22] Observation of the Rare Decay Mode of the  -Meson:  e e A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 56A, p. 1173 (1968);   The Decay Mode   e e and a Direct Determination of the – Mixing Angle A. Zichichi et al., Nuovo Cimento, 57A, p. 404 (1968); Evidence for the New Decay Mode    A. Zichichi et al., Proceedings of the International Conference on Meson Resonances and Related Electromagnetic Phenomena, Bologna, Italy, 14-16 April 1971, p. 265 (Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 1972). [23] The Roots of LEP and LHC R. Aymar, L. Cifarelli, L. Rossi and M. Vivargent, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of CERN. In honour of A. Zichichi in recognition for his important contributions to INFN and Italian Particle Physics and to CERN and European Particle Physics. CERN/DG-2004-306/0 (1 September 2004). [24] The Gran Sasso Laboratory 1979-1999. A vision becomes reality To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the project by A. Zichichi. INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (1999). [25] From the Preshower to the New Technologies for Supercolliders In honour of A. Zichichi. B.H. Wiik, A. Wagner and H. Wenninger (eds), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics Vol. 31 (2002). [26] The Main Achievements of the LAA Project A. Zichichi et al., Report No. 7, CERN/LAA/91-1 (1 March 1991). [27] A 20 ps Timing device – A Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber with 24 Gas Gaps S. An, Y.K. Jo, J.S. Kim, M.M. Kim, D. Hatzifotiadou, M.C.S. Williams and A. Zichichi, submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods (April 2008). [28] John Bell and the Ten Challenges of Subnuclear Physics A. Zichichi, in Proceedings of the Symposium “Quantum [Un]Speakables. From Bell to Quantum Information”, Erwin Schrödinger Institute, Vienna, 10 November 2000, R.A. Bertlmann and A. Zeilinger (eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 429-477 (2002). [29] From the Yukawa Particle to the QGCW A. Zichichi, in Proceedings of the Symposium for the Centennial Celebration of Hideki Yukawa, International Nuclear Physics Conference, Tokyo, Japan, (2007).