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Publication of the book “Gene flow between Crops and their Wild Relatives”

Final Report

(December 2009)

Prepared by: Dr. Meike S. Andersson, Conservation Biologist

Headquarters: Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy Tel.: (39) 0661181 Email: [email protected] www.bioversityinternational.org 1. Name of IARC

Bioversity International

2. Project Title

Publication of the book “Gene flow between Crops and their Wild Relatives”

3. GTZ Project Number and Contract Number

GTZ Project Number: 04.7860.2 – 001.00

GTZ Contract Number: 81097815

4. Reporting Period: October 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009 (27 months)

5. Project Coordinator (Leading Scientist) and PostDoc

Leading Scientists: Dr M. Ehsan Dulloo, Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Italy, Tel. (39) 0661181, Email: [email protected], (substituting for Leading Scientist Dr M. Carmen de Vicente, as of February 2007 leading Generation Challenge Programme Subprogramme 5: Capacity Building and Enabling Delivery) Email: [email protected]

PostDoc: Dr Meike S. Andersson, who as of March 2008 is Project Manager of Ecoagriculture Partners’ (EP) Markets Program, Washington D.C., USA, Email: [email protected] 6. Collaborating Institutions and Staff including NARS and German Partners

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia: Dr Andrew Jarvis, Land Use Unit, Email: [email protected] Dr Glenn Hyman, Land Use Unit, Email: [email protected]

Universidad del Valle, Engineering Faculty, Civil and Geomatic Engineering School, Topographic Engineering Program, Cali, Colombia Dr Juan M. Barraza Burgos, Faculty Dean, Email: [email protected]

2 7. Project Description

Goal The overall goal of this project is to contribute to the protection of the environment and its ecological processes by safeguarding wild plant genetic resources for their use as sources of resistance and other key traits that can be bred into crop plants, contributing to long-term food security and poverty alleviation.

Purpose To publish for this purpose, the principal output of the preceding project “Gene Flow Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Crops” (GTZ project number 04.7860.2– 001.00): a book on the ecological likelihood of gene flow between crops and their wild relatives, providing comprehensive information regarding biological descriptors of 20 crops and their wild relatives, as well as their main areas of production and distribution. The book will provide assistance in making well-informed decisions, in particular when it comes to releasing genetically engineered (GE) crops in their centres of origin and/or diversity.

Output A book on gene flow between crops and their wild relatives published by Johns Hopkins University Press (JHUP), Baltimore, USA, and content of the overall project made publicly available on the Bioversity website.

8. Major Research Findings

The book “Gene flow between Crops and their Wild Relatives” provides a gene flow risk assessment using indicators for each of the 20 most important crop species listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGR), and describes species-specific factors that should be taken into account prior to the release of the respective GE crops. Also, gaps in knowledge relating to the assessment of gene flow are identified to highlight future research needs (see section 13). In addition to the gene flow indicators and gap analysis, the book contains coloured world maps for each of the 20 crops, showing those regions where the respective crop occurs in sympatry (i.e., in the same areas) with sexually compatible wild relatives. These maps are an innovative feature and were developed using state-of- the-art spatial analysis tools and methodologies. They serve to identify, at first glance, regions where issues of gene flow must be more carefully evaluated, taking into consideration site-specific parameters such as management practices, presence / absence of pollinators, distance to local populations of crop wild relatives, and other locally determinant variables.

3 The planned outputs have thus been achieved, although the publication process took longer than expected due to delays in copy-editing, proof reading, and printing. 9. Assessment of Research Findings

The book “Gene flow between Crops and Their Wild Relatives” is expected to be a useful, broad-based handbook that details the gene flow and hybridization properties of the world’s most important crops, accessible to the greatest number of users. No such book exists at this time. The most obvious audience for the book and the databases resulting from the present project are individuals concerned about the escape of transgenes from engineered crops via hybridization with wild relatives. This audience will certainly include academics and research institutions, and biosafety professionals in general, including industry ecologists, regulators, and members of NGOs. Due to the broad scope of information on crop wild relatives, and as interest increases in introgression as an avenue for the evolution of invasiveness, the book will also have an increasing audience in the area of conservation/invasion science. It will therefore also be a practical resource for users from fields such as ex situ and in situ conservation of genetic resources, evolutionary genetics, crop improvement, and molecular genetics. Finally, the approach developed for the assembly and mapping of the geographic distributions of these crops and their wild relatives constitutes an innovative tool that can be applied to the geographic the mapping of any other plant species. The biological and genetic information on crop wild relatives (CWR), as well as the information on the geographical distribution ranges of CWR, were shared with and have been used by the UNEP/GEF-supported “Crop Wild Relatives Project” of Bioversity International, and by CIAT projects conducting “Gap Analysis of CWR” and “Climate Change Risk Assessment of Crops and Their Wild Relatives”. In particular, the gene flow database and the geographic information and world distribution maps of the crop wild relatives will be very useful for any future project working on CWR, since geographical information in such detail was not available before. 10. Know-How Transfer

As mentioned above, the target audience for this publication is mainly academics such as university departments and research institutions, and biosafety professionals in general, including industry ecologists, regulators, and members of NGOs. Special efforts have been undertaken to reach these audiences, distribute the book and disseminate the research findings as widely as possible: The project and preliminary results have been distributed at one international conference (International Joint Plant Biology Congress 2007, Chicago, (www.2007.botanyconference.org), and at two Biosafety Risk Assessment and Management Workshops in 2007 and 2008.

4 The renowned academic publisher Johns Hopkins University Press (JHUP) has put in place marketing and dissemination mechanisms to distribute the publication as widely as possible. The book has already been announced in the JHUP Fall 2009 catalogue (25,000 copies, published in June 2009), which is distributed to chain and independent bookstores, wholesalers, and libraries worldwide. The catalogue was also distributed to members of the media, as well as at BookExpo America, the Frankfurt International Book Fair and the American Library Association annual meeting. JHUP domestic and international sales representatives use the catalogue during sales calls. The book itself will be sold to Barnes & Noble, the world’s largest bookseller and the United States’ highest rated bookselling brand (between stores and online operations, Barnes & Noble sells just over 300 million books per year); Amazon.com; Borders, Inc., which operates approximately 1,000 bookstores globally; independent bookstores; college bookstores; wholesalers in the U.S., U.K. and Australia; and sales representatives worldwide. JHUP will provide a flyer indicating that the book is “now available”. The flyer will be distributed to partners and stakeholders of Bioversity International, CIAT, and Ecoagriculture Partners via their institutional websites, email listserves, and electronic bulletin boards and newsletters. Review copies of the book will be sent to scholarly journals and other specialist publications. Furthermore, to maximize access to this information beyond this group of stakeholders Bioversity International has: 1) Published information related to the gene flow project that is of interest to the general public or the scientific community on the institutional website under the Bioversity theme “Conservation and Use”; 2) Published an online database containing crop-specific bibliographic information related to gene flow: The database contains gene flow and crop wild relatives-related information covering 20 crops extracted from approximately 2,500 references that have been researched for the gene flow project. The database is essentially a "condensed form" of the information contained in the print publication. The database, in Excel format, is searchable by crop, author name, year of publication, type of publication (book, book chapter, journal article, law, manual, online publication, patent, proceedings, report, thesis), and scientific topic (general crop information; taxonomy; origin & distribution; mating system & pollinators; pollen flow; outcrossing rate; separation distance; seed dispersal; crop wild relatives; artificial hybridization; spontaneous hybridization; hybrid fitness; modelling; weediness; volunteers & ferals; secondary and non-target effects; genetics, cytology & evolution; genetic diversity & variation; genetic transformation; and risk assessment).

5 3) Published the world maps on its institutional website: a. Gene flow “risk maps” showing the areas of potential spatial overlap between crops and their sexually compatible wild relatives, using a classification of four categories (low, moderate, high, and very high likelihood of gene flow); b. Species-richness maps, showing the numbers of compatible wild relative species that are present in areas of crop production; and

c. Species distribution maps for each (sexually compatible) crop wild relative, showing the MAXENT-modelled distributions by species. 4) Provided free access to all raw data, including data on the geographic distribution of all crops and their wild relatives. The geographical information is accessible at http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/geneflow and is available in the following formats: Images (JPG and TIFF); GIS layers (ArcGRID); and Google Earth® files (KML); 5) Obtained 200 copies of the book for distribution to Bioversity’s mailing list (see Annex 1); 6) Will place sections of the book-content online (conceded by JHUP); 7) Will post much or all of the book content online in a non-copy and non-print format so that readers can view all information to decide whether or not they wish to purchase the publication (depending on further negotiations with JHUP). 11. Training (if applicable)

During the research phase that led to the publication of this book, a Colombian national student in topographic engineering was trained during an eight-month internship in database management, geographic information systems, geo- referencing and modelling.

12. Lessons Learned

Publication of the book did not result in any specific lessons learnt, and no major problems were encountered during the process. For lessons learnt during the research and information compilation phase, see the final report of the preceding project “Gene Flow Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Crops” (GTZ project number 04.7860.2–001.00).

13. Future Research Needs

The project revealed several crop-specific knowledge and research gaps, which are summarized at the end of each crop chapter in the book. For example, it was found that the information available about some crops and their wild relatives was insufficient for an adequate risk assessment of gene flow between them.

6 Information was particularly deficient with respect to: . The flowering and reproduction biology of banana and plantain, and the taxonomy and cytology of many of its CWR; . The extent of outcrossing of different cassava cultivars, and the distances of pollen flow and rates of outcrossing and introgression between cassava and its wild relatives; . The gene pool delimitations of cultivated cowpea, and the interrelationships and cross-compatibility of cowpea and its wild relatives; . The role of pollinator vectors (wind and insects) of finger millet and pearl millet, the distances of pollen flow and outcrossing rates at different distances from the pollen source, the rates of natural outcrossing between millet and its wild relatives, and – in the case of finger millet and Eleusine coracana ssp. africana - hybrid vigor and fertility, the extent and main direction of introgression, and the fate of introgressed alleles in later generations; . The frequency of outcrossing between groundnut and its compatible wild relative Arachis monticola, the predominant direction of gene flow, the extent of introgression and the fate of introgressed alleles in later generations; . The existence and functioning of hybridization barriers between maize and its wild teosinte relatives, particularly Zea mays ssp. parviglumis and Z. luxurians; and . The role of wind and pollen beetles for outcrossing in potato, flowering times, pollinators and seed set of wild potato species, the EBN numbers and ploidy levels of a number of wild relatives of potato, the effectiveness of EBN as a predictor for the probability of hybridization, and the viability and fitness of cultivated × wild potato hybrids over several generations. 14. Publications, Papers and Reports

1. Book “Gene flow between crops and their wild relatives” by Meike S. Andersson and M. Carmen de Vicente published at Johns Hopkins University Press in December 2009 with 1000 copies initially: http://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/ecom/MasterServlet/GetItemDetailsHandler? iN=9780801893148&qty=1&source=2&viewMode=3&loggedIN=false&JavaScript =y; 2. Project content and a database of gene flow bibliography published on the Bioversity website: www.bioversityinternational.org/scientific_information/themes/conservation_an d_use/gene_flow_project.html. 3. Gene flow “risk maps”, species-richness maps, and species-distribution maps published online on Bioversity/CIAT website: www.gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/geneflow/ (the “risk maps” are published in the book as well).

7 ANNEX 1 Bioversity Mailing List for the Publication: Gene flow between Crops and their Wild Relatives

Full Name Institute Street Address City/State Country

Nelli Hovhannisyan Yerevan State University 1 Alex Manoogian str. Yerevan, 0025 Armenia

Claus Rebler Brueckenstraße 21/5/13 2100 Korneuburg Austria

Jean-Pierre Baudoin Gembloux Agricultural University (Faculté Universitaire des Phytotechnie Tropicale et Horticulture, Faculté universitaire des B-5030, Gembloux Belgium Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux FUSAGx) Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2

Curt Brubaker Bayer BioScience N.V. Bayer BioScience N.V., Technologiepark 38 B-9052 Gent Belgium

Linda de Volder - Henri Hollevoetlaan 18/7 1080 Brussel Belgium

Sebastiao de Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Rua EMBRAPA s/n, Caixa Postal 007 44380-000 Cruz das Almas Bahia Brazil Oliveira e Silva

Alberto Duarte Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Rua EMBRAPA s/n, Caixa Postal 007 44380-000 Cruz das Almas Bahia Brazil Vilarinhos

Nagib MA Nassar Universidad de Brasilia Universidad de Brasilia, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF Brazil Departamento de Genética y Morfología, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte

André Luiz Benedito - Av. Prof. Lucio Martins Rodrigues, trav. 4 - bl. 18, Cidade São Paulo, CEP 05508-900 Brazil (Lidec) Universitária, Butantã

David Bertioli Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Distrito Federal 70770-900 Brazil Biológica-pqEB, Final Av. W5 Norte Brasília

R Keith Downey Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada AAFC Research Centre Saskatoon, 107 Science Pl. Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2 Canada

Faiz Ahmad Brandon University Botany Department, Brandon Manitoba R7A 6A9 Canada

Jennifer Mitchell Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Cereal Research Centre, 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2M9 Canada Fetch

Bao-Rong Lu Fudan University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Shanghai 200433 China Sciences, 220 Handan Road

8 Hernan Ceballos International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

Daniel Debouck International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

Mathias Lorieux International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

César Martínez International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

Zaida Lentini International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Biotechnology Research Unit/ Rice Genetics, A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

Wolfgang H Pfeiffer Harvest Plus c/o CIAT, A.A. 6713 Cali Colombia

Andy Jarvis International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

Glenn Hyman International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) A.A. 6715 Cali Colombia

Griselda Arrieta- University of Costa Rica Centro de Investigacion en Biologia y Molecular (CIBCM-UCR), San Jose Costa Rica Espinoza Sabanilla de Montes de Oca, POBox 2050, San Pedro

Rikke Bagger Risø National Laboratory Biosystems-309, Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark Jørgensen

Fréderic Bakry Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Genetic Improvement of vegetatively propagated crops, TA A- 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) 75/02, Bd de la Lironde

Henri Darmency Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) INRA, Unité de Malherbologie et Agronomie, 21065 Dijon France 17, rue Sully, BP 86510

Doyle McKey University of Montpellier (UMR) CEFE, CNRS,UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France

Valérie Geoffroy Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Bâtiment 630, 91 405 ORSAY cedex France Université Paris Sud

Julien Berthaud Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Diversité et génomes des plantes cultivées, 911 avenue 34394 Montpellier cedex 5 France Agropolis, BP 64501

Michel Bernard INRA/Université Blaise-Pascal Unité Mixte de Recherches UMR 1095, GDE Céréales, 234 av du 63100 Clermont-Ferrand France Brézet cedex 2

Elizabeth Arnaud Bioversity International Parc Scientifique Agropolis II 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5 France

9 Charlotte Lusty Bioversity International Parc Scientifique Agropolis II 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5 France

Helmut Knüpffer Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Genebank, Corrensstr. 3 D-06466 Gatersleben Germany (IPK)

Pooran M Gaur International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Patancheru Andhra Pradesh 502 324 India Tropics (ICRISAT)

Kul Bhushan Saxena International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Patancheru 502 324 Andhra Pradesh India Tropics (ICRISAT)

Ehsan Dulloo Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese Rome Italy

David Williams System-wide Genetic Resources Programme (SGRP) c/o Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Rome Italy Maccarese

Luigi Guarino Global Crop Diversity Trust c/o FAO , Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome Italy

Chrispus OA Oduori Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) PO Box 57811 Nairobi 00200 Kenya

Mathews M Dida Maseno Unversity Department of Botany and Horticulture, Private Bag Maseno, Kenya

Said Silim International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid ICRAF Compound, Room No. F115, P.O. Box 39063 Nairobi Kenya Tropics (ICRISAT)

Swee Lian Tan Malaysia Agriculture Research Development Institute Food and Industrial Crops Research Centre , P.O. Box 12301 50774 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia (MARDI)

Victor Villalobos Av. Municipio Libre 377, piso 1B Col. Santa Cruz Atoyac, Mexico Delg. Benito Juarez, D.F. 03310

Suketoshi Taba International Maize and Wheat Imrpovement Center Wellhausen-Anderson Plant Genetic Resource Building, Apdo. 06600 Mexico, D.F. México (CIMMYT) Postal 6-641

Jesús J Sánchez- University Guadalajara Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Centro Universitario de Zapopan, Jalisco CP 45100 México González Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, KM. 15.5 Carr. Guadalajara- Nogales, Predio Las Agujas, Nextipac

Jose Antonio Colegio de México Camino al Ajusco 20, Pedregal de Santa Teresa 10740 México, D.F. México Serratos-Hernández

10 Karim Ammar International Maize and Wheat Imrpovement Center Global Wheat Program, Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, D.F. México (CIMMYT)

Sripada M Udupa International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry BP 6299, Rabat Instituts Rabat Morocco Areas (ICARDA)

Bettina Haussmann International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid BP 12404 Niamey Niger Tropics (ICRISAT)

Christian Fatokun International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kano Station, PMB 3112 Kano Nigeria

Marc Ghislain International Potato Centre (CIP) PO Box 1558 Lima 12 Peru

Rodomiro Ortiz Martín Napanga 253, Apt. 101 Miraflores, Lima 18 Peru

Paulo Jorge - Rua António Sérgio, 26 2580-007 Abrigada Portugal Cardoso Marques

Igor G Loskutov N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry Department of Genetic Resources of Oat, Barley, Rye, 44, St Petersburg, 190000 Russia Bolshaya Morskaya Street

Ndiaga Cissé Centre d’Etude Régional pour l’Amélioration de 3320 Thiès Escale Thies Senegal l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS)

Mark Laing University of KwaZulu-Natal, African Centre for Crop Plant Pathology School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology Scottsville South Africa Improvement and Plant Pathology, Pvt Bag X01 Pietermaritzburg 3209

Roland von Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Crop Science, Box 44 SE-230 53 Alnarp Sweden Bothmer

Michael Baum International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry PO Box 5466 Aleppo Syria Areas (ICARDA)

Clair Hershey Cornell University Cornell University, Dept of Plant Breeding 418 Bradfield Hall Ithaka, NY 14853-1901 USA

Paul Gepts University of California Dept. of Agronomy and Range Science Davis, CA 95616-8515 USA

C Eduardo Vallejos University of Florida 1143 Fifield Hall, Department of Horticultural Sciences Gainesville, FL 32611-0690 USA

Andrew H Paterson University of Georgia Department of Genetics, Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Athens, GA 30602 USA Riverbend Research Bldg., Room 162, 110 Riverbend Road

Paul A Fryxell University of Texas at Austin Section of Integrative Biology, 650 Harrison Avenue Claremont, CA 91711 USA

11 Jeff Ehlers University of California-Riverside Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, 4113 Batchelor Hall Riverside, CA 92521-0124 USA

Katrien Devos University of Georgia University of Georgia, Crop and Soil Sciences, 3111 Plant Athens, GA 30602 USA Sciences Building

Charles E Simpson Texas A&M University (TAMU) Department Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 2474 TAMU College Station, TX 77834 USA

H Tom Stalker NC State University Crop Science Department, Williams Hall 1104A, PO Box 7620 Raleigh, NC 27695-7620 USA

Nancy L. Foote - 440-50 North Broadway Yonkers, NY 10701 USA

H Garrison Wilkes University of Massachusetts-Boston Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Blvd. Boston, MA 02125 USA

Jerry Kermicle University of Wisconsin - Madison Laboratory of Genetics, 3106 Genetics-Biotechnology Center Madison, WI 53706 USA Building, 425 Henry Mall

Carl E. Lewis Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road Coral Gables, FL 33156 USA

Deon Stuthman University of Minnesota Agronomy and Plant, Genetics, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper St. Paul, MN 55108-6026 USA Buford Circle

Howard Rines University of Minnesota Agronomy and Plant, Genetics, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper St. Paul, MN 55108-6026 USA Buford Circle

Jeffrey Wilson USDA-ARS University of Georgia, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA 31793 USA PO Box 748

David Spooner University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Horticulture, Room 280, 1575 Linden Drive Madison, WI 53706 USA

Pamela Bevins - 6850 Sandy Lane Riverside, CA 92505-2118 USA

William L Rooney Texas A&M University (TAMU) Department of Soil & Crop Science, 2474 TAMU College Station, TX 77843- USA 2474

Allison Snow The Ohio State University Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Columbus, OH 43210 USA

Reid G. Palmer USDA-ARS Iowa State University, G301 Agronomy Hall, 100 Osborn Drive Ames, IA 50011 USA

Ted Hymowitz University of Illinois USA

Rosanne Healy University of Minnesota Department of Plant Biology, 250 Biological Science Center, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA 1445 Gortner Ave.

Daniel F Austin Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Conservation & Science Department, 2021 N. Kinney Road Tucson, AZ 85743 USA

12 Malakka Chessher - 11501 Burnet Rd, Bldg 906 Office 2020C Austin, TX 78758 USA

Thomas Payne International Maize and Wheat Imrpovement Center Apdo. 370, PO Box 60326 Houston, TX 77205 USA (CIMMYT)

Stanley Wood International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Environment and Production Technology, 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006- USA 1002

Norman Ellstrand University of California-Riverside Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, 4158 Batchelor Hall Riverside, CA 92521-0124 USA

Elizabeth Earle Bradfield Hall, Room 514 Ithaca, NY, 14853 USA

Steven D. Tanksley Biotechnology, Room 167 Ithaca, NY, 14853 USA

Calvin Qualset Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, CA 95616 USA

Dr.Paul Zuckerman & Associates LLC 105 Grosvenor Road SW1V 3LG, London UK ZUCKERMAN

Dr Phindile University of Venda Private Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 SOUTH AFRICA LUKHELE- OLORUNJU

Dr Ganesan B 20, Pushpanjali Farms Bijwasan New Delhi 110 061 India BALACHANDER

Dr Jeremy BURDON Chief, CSIRO - Plant Industry GPO Box 1600 Canberra A.C.T. 2601 Australia

Dr Peter HAZELL Fallowfield Westwell Ashford Kent TN25 4LQ UK

Dr Antonio LA VIÑA Pacifico Ortiz Hall ADMU Loyola PHILIPPINES

Prof. Luigi MONTI Università di Napoli, Federico II Via dell’Università 100 80055 Portici, Napoli Italy

Dr Shivaji PANDEY Plant Production and Protection Division (FAO) Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome Italy

Dr Cristián SAMPER National Museum of Natural History P.O. Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013- USA 7012

Dr Ana SITTENFELD University of Costa Rica San José COSTA RICA