Greatest Archaeological Discovery

GREATEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY

TASK Archeology is the hands-on study of the past through careful excavation, study and leading to an enriched understanding of civilizations in history. The 20th century has seen many spectacular archaeological discoveries that have changed the face of ancient history and the legacies of ancient civilizations. Your task is to select and research one major archaeological discovery that has enlightened the modern world on how people and respective civilizations lived prior to the 16th century.

INSTRUCTIONS 1. Read the attached article called The Ten Greatest Archaeological Discoveries of the Twentieth Century by Brian Fagan. (It’s Below, scroll down)

2. Select ONE discovery that interests you (as long as the excavations relate to history that occurred prior to the 16th century) and research using at least 1 book, and 1 articles or credible website. Here are some recommendations: Stonehenge Newgrange Tenochtitlan Harappa Rosetta Stone Mohenjo-Daro Machu Picchu Royal Tombs of Ur Sutton Hoo Babylon Ishtar Gate Lascaux Caves Palace of Knossos Catal Huyuk Dead Sea Scrolls Acropolis of Athens Tomb of Tutankhamen Terra-Cotta Army Pompeii Cahokia Angkor Wat Ozti Uluburun

1. Answer the following questions in a typed written summary: ● How and why is the process of archeology important in the study of ancient world history? ● Based on the archaeology discovery that you selected, what excavation procedures were used (tools, techniques, length of excavation, etc.)? OR who has and how has it been studied, why was there no need for excavation? ● What were the major conclusions, historical importance or impact of findings? ● How does this specific archaeological discovery meet the definition of legacy and importance of learning about the past?

Criteria -2 pages typed double spaced -12 font; Times New Roman -Proper introduction, body and conclusion -Bibliography (Cited Works Page) – MLA format or APA format. GREATEST ARCHAEOLOGY DISCOVERY: RUBRIC

Name: ______

Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Knowledge and *all instructions are followed *most of the *the writer did not *the writer does not Understanding correctly (proper intro, body instructions are follow the instructions follow the instructions and conclusion paragraphs, followed but one of the carefully as two of the carefully as more than Times New Roman, 12 size following is missing following are not two of the following font, double spaced, title; (multiple paragraphs, included (multiple are not included bibliography) Times New Roman, 12 paragraphs, Times New (multiple paragraphs, size font, double Roman, 12 size font, Times New Roman, 12 spaced, title, double spaced, title, size font, double bibliography) bibliography) spaced, title, bibliography) Thinking / Inquiry *exceptional demonstration *critical thinking *critical thinking *critical thinking of critical thinking concerning concerning the concerning the concerning the the importance / legacies of importance / legacies importance / legacies importance / legacies archaeology to civilization and of archaeology to of archaeology to of archaeology to history civilization and history civilization and history civilization and history *reasons are supported with *reasons are supported is somewhat evident is not evident examples in a highly effective with examples in an *there is little attempt *there is little to no manner effective manner to support ideas with attempt to support concrete examples ideas with examples

Application *ideas are original and *Ideas are original and *The idea are *the ideas lack sophisticated sophisticated somewhat original but originality and *Main ideas / reasons are ideas are well lack sophistication sophistication and thought provoking, original, developed and clearly *argument is evident, ideas do not always and is developed in a developed and clearly developed evident or clearly sophisticated way *proficient at times developed *exceptional bibliography bibliography completed * bibliography * weak bibliography completed with very credible with valid sources in completed with some completed with some sources in proper MLA / APA proper MLA / APA valid sources in MLA / poor selection of format format APA sources incorrectly cited

Communication *Language is sophisticated *Language is effective *Language is *language is misleading and highly effective *Very good appropriate and or inappropriate *Excellent development of development of ideas *little development of *no development of ideas *Few errors in spelling, ideas ideas *Correct spelling, grammar grammar and *Some errors in *numerous errors in and paragraphing paraphrasing paragraphing, spelling spelling, grammar and *Transitions between *Transitions between and grammar paragraphing paragraphs is skillfully handled paragraphs is used *Transitions between *many errors in correctly paragraphs is spelling & or grammar attempted *Transitions between paragraphs is used inconsistently, or absent The 10 Greatest Archaeological Discoveries of the Twentieth Century by Brian Fagan It was the century that saw our "caveman" ancestors change from mindless brutes to magnificent artists who put museum-quality images on the walls of French caves. It was a time when humanity's roots dug ever deeper — unimaginably deep — into the soils of an African past. The tomb of a boy-king of Egypt, nicknamed Tut, showed the world what wealth and artistry meant in 1325 B.C. In the last 100 years, our understanding of the people of our past was fundamentally transformed.

So was archaeology. At the last turn of the century, archaeology was still a gentlemanly pursuit conducted in pith helmets, jackets, and ties. Women were not taken seriously as excavators. Today we can identify, sometimes even map, archaeological sites from space, read ancient Maya glyphs, even reconstruct prehistoric menus. We can date individual wheat grains, use fossilized beetles to identify human settlements, excavate shipwrecks on the ocean floor, and decipher even the tiniest details of long-vanished landscapes. Only one thing remains unchanged: the compelling lure of the unexpected, of spectacular tombs, hidden gold, and long-forgotten ancient lives. Twentieth-century archaeology is a chronicle of discovery — of unsuspected cities and civilizations, surprising craftsmanship, artistry, and sophistication, of an ancestry that challenged the colonial and racial prejudices that filled the century's early years. In March 1900, Englishman Arthur Evans dug into a hillside at Knossos, Crete, and unearthed the Minoan civilization. Archaeology then was a small, incestuous club of excavators who knew each other well — and gossiped ferociously. World War I changed everything, wiping out a generation of younger scholars and giving hard-won military experience to others. During the 1920s, young Mortimer Wheeler used his wartime experience to refine the systematic 1880s' digging techniques of Victorian General Pitt-Rivers and revolutionized archaeological excavation. In the American Southwest, Alfred Kidder of Harvard University excavated Pecos Pueblo and developed the first cultural sequence of early Pueblo cultures. And, of course, there was Tutankhamun's tomb, which set the world agog and unleashed Egyptomania on the world. The 1920s and '30s saw the last of the huge and heroic excavations, among them Leonard Woolley's spectacular investigations at the Sumerian city of Ur. Woolley's fluent imagination brought the past to life in ways few archaeologists do today. Then adventure gave way to science. During the 1930s, young archaeologists like Grahame Clark of Cambridge realized the potential of wet sites to preserve much of ancient environments. When an amateur archaeologist found bones and stone tools in a glacial lakebed at Star Carr in northeastern England in 1947, Clark found what he was looking for: a Stone Age encampment with well-preserved organic remains. The Star Carr excavations of 1949-54 resulted in a brilliant reconstruction of Stone Age life 10,000 years ago, and it has served as an icon of ecological archaeology ever since. The second half of the twentieth century swept in with the discovery of radiocarbon dating. For the first time, archaeologists could date sites up to 40,000 years old and compare important developments — such as the appearance of farming or urban civilization — in widely separated parts of the world. The first radiocarbon dates were crude, but they made possible global portraits of the early human past — the first accounts of world prehistory. What is the most important archaeological discovery of the last century? High on that list must be our dramatic, new perceptions of human evolution. Half a century ago, Neanderthals and the hoax of Piltdown Man held center stage. Eugene Dubois' Homo erectus was ignored. When a young anatomist named Raymond Dart described Australopithecus africanus, the "ape-human of Africa," in 1925, his colleagues insisted he was wrong. Then, in 1959, Louis and Mary Leakey unearthed the robust-looking Zinjanthropus boisei and, a year later, Homo habilis at Olduvai Gorge in East Africa. Back then, most experts still dated human origins to a few hundred-thousand years. The potassium-argon dating of the Olduvai fossils to 1.75 million years ago transformed our perceptions of human evolution and revolutionized the story of our beginnings. Archaeologists of the twentieth century gave us our first clear understanding of the roots of human biological and cultural diversity. This prehistory of human diversity ranks among the greatest scientific achievements, for our success in the twenty-first-century world will depend not only on our technology, but on our understanding of ourselves. The following pages list, in no particular order, our choices as the 10 greatest archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century. Our "Top 10" — somewhat arbitrary and as arguable as any other — was chosen by the editors of Scientific American Discovering Archaeology, with advice from our editorial advisory board of leading experts in many archaeological disciplines. Most of the Top 10 were paradigm-busters that changed the way archaeologists interpret the past. A few touched the public deeply, forging a new appreciation for the wonders of our ancestors. And then there is the eleventh discovery — a spectacular find from the laboratory of a chemist, not the dig of an archaeologist. Its impact is so profound that we list it separately — the single greatest archaeological discovery of the century.

BRIAN FAGAN is Professor of Anthropology at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and author of many popular books on archaeology. The Top Ten Discoveries 1. The Biblical Mystery in the Desert: The Dead Sea Scrolls Rewrote History for the Time of Jesus 2. Discovering the Tomb of Tutankhamun 3. A Bitter Tale of Old Bones: Finding the First American Meant Fighting the Status Quo 4. The Forgotten Glory of Ur: A Colorful Archaeologist and a Spectacular City Held the Public Eye 5. The Shipwreck at Uluburun: Underwater Archaeology Comes of Age 6. Ötzi, The Man in the Ice: A Human Face from the Late Stone Age 7. The Maya Finally Speak: Decoding the Glyphs Unlocked Secrets of a Mighty Civilization 8. In Search of Ancestors: The Leakey Family Rewrote the Origins of Humanity 9. The Artists of Lascaux: The Roots of Fine Art Run Deep into Our Past 10. China's Terracotta Army: Silent Soldiers Guard the Breathtaking Tomb of Qin Shihuang