Adding Details to an Outline

Practice: Adding In-text Citations to an Informative Issue Paper

Citations in the body of your paper show where you used each source from your reference list. They begin the same way as the reference list entry: with the author’s last name or the title.* In-text citations can be placed either  At the end of material from a source (see paragraph 2)  Where you introduce material from a source (see the citation for Cohen in paragraph 4)

Directions: The in-text citations in the first and second paragraphs are done for you. You need to create the in-text citations for the others. First, for each set of parentheses, find the reference list entry that’s highlighted in the same color. Then replace the words in parentheses with information from the matching reference list entry. For help, visit UW Madison’s APA tutorial.

Can Chocolate Be Healthy? When under stress, many people instinctively reach for chocolate. New research suggests that chocolate can be a true comfort food (“New,” 2009). However, while the flavonoids in chocolate have many health benefits, its high sugar and fat content are not considered healthy. Flavonoids are the chemicals that give plants their color (“Flavonoids,” 2005- 2009). They can improve blood vessel function (“Flavonoid-rich,” 2004), reduce blood pressure (Hooper et al, 2008), and lessen the effects of stress (“Dark,” 2009). Before stocking up on chocolate, people should remember that researchers found health benefits in people who ate only 1.5 ounces of dark chocolate per day (“Article Title,” year). Eating more than that can have harmful consequences. For one thing, flavonoids are bitter, so most chocolate manufacturers replace them with sugar. That makes it easy to consume too many calories (Last name, year). In addition, chocolate contains stearic acid. According to Cohen (year), “In the Nurses' Health Study involving more than 80,000 women over 14 years, the saturated fat in chocolate was shown to increase the risk of coronary heart disease by as much or even more than other, proven-harmful saturated fats.” Although Dr. Cohen loves chocolate, he does not believe the benefits from flavonoids outweigh the high fat content. While the evidence does not support the claim that chocolate is a health food, eating about an ounce a day has been shown to have positive effects. As researchers continue to explore chocolate’s many health-promoting ingredients, they are likely to find even more reasons for people to indulge in moderation.

* You may shorten the title if readers will have no trouble finding the right source in the reference list. Include page numbers for quotations if you are using a print source or PDF (Smith, 2009, p. 10). References Cohen, J. S. (2003). Is chocolate a health food? Retrieved from Health & Beyond website: http://chetday.com/chocolatehealthfood.htm Dark chocolate may improve metabolic stress response say Nestlé researchers. (2009, November 13). Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170829.php Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate boosts blood vessel function, study suggests [Press release]. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ 2004-06/uoc--fdc052604.php Flavonoids. (2005-2009). Glossary. Retrieved from University of Waikato Biotechnology Learning Hub website: http://www.biotechlearn.org.nz/about_this_site/ glossary/%28namefilter%29/f Hooper L., Kroon. P. A., Rimm, E. B., Cohn, J. S, Harvey, I., Le Cornu, K. A., . . . Cassidy, A. (2008, July). Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [Abstract]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88(1):38-50. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18614722 New evidence that dark chocolate helps ease emotional stress. (2009, November 12). Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170653.php Rettner, R. (2010, February 11). Sweet science: The health benefits of chocolate. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/health/ chocolate-stroke-health-benefits-100211.html Notes (paraphrased in paragraph 3)

Rettner, R. (2010, February 11). Sweet science: The health benefits of chocolate.

Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/health/

chocolate-stroke-health-benefits-100211.html

“Consuming flavonoids has been linked to heart benefits. But since flavonoids are bitter, most commercial chocolate goes through processing steps that remove these compounds. Less processed, or darker chocolates, will tend to have higher levels of flavonoids. Your best choice in terms of healthiness is to go with natural, unsweetened cocoa powder, Tallmadge said....

“’Because we mainly eat it as a candy with sugar added, it's going to be high in calories and not necessarily good for you in high quantities, because it will take the place of more nutritious foods,’ Tallmadge said.

“’For instance, if you gorge on chocolate, you might skimp out on fruits and vegetables, which are also important for heart health and disease prevention.’

Tallmadge advises that people who want to eat chocolate limit themselves to one ounce per day. "Any more than that and you're probably going to take in too many calories for weight control," she said.”

Additional resource For examples of where to place in-text citations, see Timothy McAdoo’s blog entry: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-direct-quotations.html