Important Events in The

Name: ______Marine Science Date: ______Block: ______

IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF MARINE SCIENCE

Time Event/Person Importance/Significance Period/Year

Stone Age ------Ancient clam bakes show people using ocean as resource Took to open sea, settling mid-pacific islands, profound 3000BCE Polynesian Peoples knowledge of sea, dual-hulled ships, star navigation, overpopulation, religious wars & resource depletion led to migration 2000 BCE Sailing the Mediterranean, Red, Atlantic, Black & Phoenicians Indian 1200 BCE Marketing in Britain

400 BCE Aristotle 1st marine biologist; found gills are breathing structures of fish

200 BCE Eratosthenes 1st to calculate circumference of Earth (accurate to 8% of true value)

995 A.D. Vikings, Leif Eriksson Discovered Vinland (NA – Newfoundland)

Dark Ages ------Scientific inquiry came to a halt, Chinese became more skilled, scientific progress by Arabs (medicine, philosophy, etc) 476-1500 AD Viking raids Led to Renaissance

1451-1470 Prince Henry the Navigator Established center for study of marine science & navigation; patron of many ocean explorers Rediscovered the “New World” 1492 Columbus Sold/marketed it to Europeans (knew Earth was Spherical)

1519-1522 Magellan & crew 1st to circumnavigate the world 34 of original 204 3 yr voyage

1768-1776 James Cook First to make scientific observation, 3 yr voyage “scientist” – accurate, thorough, complete descriptions

1728-1760 John Harrison Invented chronometer – solved longitude problem 1769-1770 Benjamin Franklin 1st map of the Gulf Stream (Gulph)

1831 Charles Darwin HMS Beagle – 5 years – detailed observations of natural world – “How Atolls Form” – captured plankton

1838 US Exploring Expedition 4 yr mission – core of Smithsonian Institution

1840s Matthew Maury Assembled wind & current charts; distributed to mariners – 1st oceanographer

1840s-1850s Edward Forbes Extensive dredging of sea floor “Life below 549 m (1800 ft) impossible” 1st “only-for-science” expedition – 3 ½ years, laid Challenger foundation for modern marine Science, set new 1872 standards for studying the ocean Dispelled Forbes hypothesis

Stazione Zoologica 1st permanent marine laboratory – allowed organisms to be kept alive 1893-1896 Nansen – polar oceanography-Fram 1910 Nansen, Peary, Amundsen, & Amundsen – Antarctica-1st to reach South Pole 1909 Scott Peary – 1st to reach North Pole 1911 Scott – 1st extensive investigation of South Pole

WWII SONAR Sound Navigating & ranging – mapping the ocean floor

Post WWII Jacques Cousteau SCUBA – allowed scientists to observe animals in natural habitats

1940s-1950s Thor Heyerdahl Recreates trips of Polynesians using rafts

1960 Trieste Walsh & Picard descended into Challenger Deep 11,022m (6.85 mi) 1977-discovered hydrothermal vents 1970s-present Robert Ballard 1985-discovered Titanic 1989-discovered Bismarck A 10-year exploration revealing what, where, and how 2000-2010 Census of Marine Life much lives and hides in global oceans