Jumpstarting Agribusiness Markets

US PROFIT+ VALUE CHAINS Barrier Analysis Report Project Agreement No: AID-623-I-10-00001 Order No: AID-611-T0-12-00002 Project No: J805A

August 28, 2012

On behalf of PROFIT+ (Production, Finance and Improved Technology Plus) DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Devel- opment or the United States Government. Table of Contents A. Background______3 B. Objectives______3 C. Gender Barrier Analysis______4 D. Methodology______5 E. Summary Results______7 1. Role of Men and Women in the Value Chain______8 2. Decision Making Along the Value-Chain______9 3. Income and Control of Income______10 4. Labor and Labor Decisions______11 5. Access to Agricultural Inputs and Technologies______12 6. Access and Control of Natural Resources (Land and Water)______12 7. Access to Financial Resources______13 8. Access to Extension Services______13 9. Social, Community and Farmer Associations and Cooperatives______13 10. Education______13 11. Social and Cultural Norms______14 12. Profitability and Benefits from Value Chains______14 F. Findings and Recommendations:______14 G. Conclusion______16 H. Annex 1: Seasonal Calendars______23 I. Annex 2: Daily Calendars______29 J. Annex 3: Schedule for PROFIT+ Gender Barrier Analysis______36 Barrier Analysis Report

A. Background

PROFIT+ (Production, Finance and Improved Technology Plus) Program is financially support- ed through the USAID Feed the Future (FTF) global hunger and food security initiative in Zam- bia. PROFIT+ aims to foster economic growth and significantly contribute to Zambia’s Millenni- um Development Goal 1 by:

 Improving smallholder productivity;

 Expanding markets and trade; and

 Increasing private sector investment in agriculture.

PROFIT+ will achieve these objectives by adopting a value chain approach that will increase productivity and efficiency along six value chains (maize, soyabean, sunflower, groundnut, tomato, and onion) while expanding the reach of the benefits from this growth to include women and other vulnerable and viable groups and populations. PROFIT+ interventions are concentrat- ed in the Eastern Province in Chipata, Katete, Lundazi and Petauke districts. PROFIT+ will also support the tomato and onion value chains in select peri-urban districts surrounding Lusaka, including Chongwe and Mumbwa.

ACDI/ VOCA in the process of designing PROFIT+’s implementation strategy. This strategy will build on information from numerous assessments related to value chains, profitability, ware- housing, and gender. As a sub-contractor under the ACDI/VOCA-led PROFIT+ program, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) will support the development of the implementation strategy by conducting a Gender Barrier Analysis across six value-chains in six Zambian villages. The Gender Barrier Analysis will also feed into the larger PROFIT+ Gender Assessment conducted by ACDI/VOCA.

B. Objectives

The purpose of this assessment is to identify significant gender barrier factors that affect the ability of men and women to effectively participate and benefit from the different value chains; so as to inform potential project interventions that contribute to greater household food security, build better household management of resources, and strengthen women’s effective participation and control within the value chain. The objectives of the gender barrier analysis are to:

 Determine the roles and responsibilities of both men and women in each of the six value chains

 Determine the specific barriers that keep different genders from effectively participating in the given value chain related to – gender, income/financial, social/cultural, legal and community barriers  Observe practices, participation patterns, and power dynamics between women and men as well as access and control of resources, decision-making, and labor allocation between men and women at the household level

C. Gender Barrier Analysis

The Gender Barrier Analysis is designed to obtain information on priority targeting and critical intervention information that will feed into the process of developing a more gender responsive program. The goal is to ensure that the voice and participation of community members are included in determining the proposed interventions that address gender inequities, and particularly those related to the viable and vulnerable but viable women in both male and female-headed households. The assessment seeks to understand what is keeping viable and vulnerable but viable people, in particular women from entry into the 6 value chains and improving their well-being

The CRS Zambia and partner team conducted this Gender Barrier Analysis from August 12 -27, 2012 in the four principal intervention districts in the Eastern Province – Chipata, Katete, Lun- dazi and Petauke – and in two peri-urban districts surrounding Lusaka (Chongwe and Mumbwa) (Figure 1) in order to analyze gender roles, constraints and opportunities along targeted value chains from household to market. CRS lead the design and implementation in order to determine constraints for women, men, and other vulnerable groups’ participation from production to marketing, and to identify strategies that enable viable and vulnerable but viable smallholder farmers to have access to, and control over, assets and resources, and maintain a balanced workload while ensuring food security at household levels. The Gender Barrier Analysis focused on barriers to value chain participation at household and community levels.

The CRS team developed a set of rapid assessment tools similar to those used in community health and other development projects to identify gender specific barriers that would have significant positive impact on agricultural practices, health, nutrition or well-being of targeted groups in the project area. The analysis looked across all gender-related issues at the household-level to determine how men and women can benefit in each of the six value chains (maize, soyabean, sunflower, groundnut, tomato and onion) without contributing in a negative way to their time commitments, other household responsibilities, and income control. Figure 1: Map of Focus Group Discussion Villages

Petauke Chongwe

Gender Barrier Analysis Fo- cus Group Districts

Source: http://www.mapsofworld.com/

D. Methodology

The methodology included the following: 1. Review and analysis of selected PROFIT+ project documents pertinent to development of the gender barrier analysis; 2. Development of barrier analysis assessment tools used to gather the appropriate information; 3. Meetings and discussions with PROFIT+ and CRS staff and partners involved in the implementation of the project; 4. Interviews with key stakeholders such as traditional village leaders and agricultural extension officers present in the targeted geographic areas; and 5. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews with farmers in selected districts and villages within the project’s target geographical area The methodology included use of four participatory tools: separate focus group interview guides for men and women using a common set of questions, individual informational interviews with key informants including traditional leaders and agricultural camp extension officers, and group exercises to develop a daily and seasonal calendar for both men and women.

Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

The FGDs identified the gender-based decision-making as well as gender- roles along the six PROFIT+ value-chains (production, processing, storage, transport, and marketing). The discussions highlighted issues on the access and control of income and decisions on labor allocation. Key information was collected on access to and control of agricultural technology and inputs, natural resources, financial resources, extension services, associations and cooperative, and education. Social and cultural norms and legal barriers were also discussed.

Key Informant Interviews

Interviews with the village Hedman and extension agents provided an overview of the village or agriculture camp and insight into traditional and agricultural practices.

Daily and Seasonal Calendars

The daily and seasonal calendars identified gender-based division of labor and categorized responsibilities by season, gender, and intensity of activity (see Annex 1 and 2 for detailed calendars). It highlighted community shocks and constraints such as drought or dry seasons, hunger periods, times of greater illness in the family, periods of heavy workload, and timing of local cultural events and activities to be factored into project planning. The calendar activity clarified the best times of year to work with families and local communities and will help proposal planners and project managers analyze various local indicators related to both men's and women's chang- ing roles and responsibilities and in addressing intra-household inequities.

A total of 197 persons from 6 villages (Figure 1) participated in the FGD process with almost even representation among men and women (Figure 2). Focus group discussions, informal con- versations and observation walks provided detailed information on livelihood systems and the everyday realities of households in these districts. Interim meetings were held with the CRS Zambia team to record and enter the data gathered from each set of community interviews and to revise and refine the assessment tools as necessary. Figure 2: Participants by Districts Figure 3: Participants by Gender

A CRS Zambia team of eight persons participated as facilitators, note takers and observers for each community level focus group. The assessment team, responsible for facilitating the household and community-level focus group discussions, key information interviews, and designing the assessment tools included the following:

 Ms Mary Patricia Ahern, Senior Technical Advisor, Gender CRS HQ  Ms Valerie Rhoe, Senior Technical Advisor, Agriculture and Environment CRS HQ  Ms. Margaret Mwenya, Program Manager CRS Zambia,  Ms. Dina Mvula, Caritas Chipata, Monitoring and Evaluation  Mr. Joseph Musukwa, Caritas Chipata, Project Officer  Mr. John Zulu, Caritas Chipata, Project Officer  Mr. Albert Ndhlovu, CRS Zambia  Mr. David Ngulube, CRS Zambia

E. Summary Results

The Gender Barrier Analysis adapted the Integrating Gender Issues into Agricultural Value Chains (INGIA-VC)1 process to analyze gender roles, behaviors, constraints and opportunities along the selected value chains, from household to end market. The analysis highlighted gender inequalities and constraints that could create or exacerbate value chain programs, create ineffi- ciencies in value chain operations, or open opportunities for more gender equitable interactions along the value chain. It gave a deeper understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty and the complex social and traditional cultural relations that exist in communities. It help determined how agricultural inputs and resources, shared roles of women and men’s labor time and decision- making at the household level impact the potential for women’s involvement in value chain activities.

1. Role of Men and Women in the Value Chain The FGDs informed us that the farmers of the six focus group villages are actors in the value chain process of all six focus crops: groundnuts, maize, onion, soyabean, sunflower, and tomato. In general, these villages produce all six crops. The amount produced depends on previous year prices, access to inputs, and weather conditions. These raw goods are then consumed at home, process at home for home consumption only, pre-processed (cleaned, separated, etc) before being sold to an external processor, and/or taken to the market for sale.

The role of men and women in production, processing, and marketing is not straight forward. Table 1 illustrates that the roles of men and women vary across villages as well as key activities; and therefore, it is difficult to specify which gender plays the main role within the value-chain

1 The Integrating Gender Issues into Agricultural Value Chains (INGIA-VC) process examines three intersecting dimensions: 1) observed practices and patterns of participation and decision making; 2) patterns of access to and control of productive assets; an d 3) social beliefs and perceptions, laws, policies and institutions that impact gender inequalities. process. However, the data does illustrate that in most villages, men and women jointly produce groundnuts, maize, soyabean, and sunflower, while garden produce such as tomato and onion are typically the domain of the men. At home processing and preparation for processing of groundnut, maize, and sunflower lies with women using traditional tools, while both men and women may take products to an external processor. Five of the six villages do not process tomato or onions at home because they are neither unaware of the processed products that could be developed nor have equipment for processing these products. Most villages do not process soyabeans in-house because it is difficult, but Mumbwa village showed good examples of at-home-processing of soyabean for cakes, coffee, and tea and tomatoes into jams. In some villages like Katete, men will transport raw products for processing because of the distance to the processor. Also, in villages such as Petauke, the men do not take maize to the miller as he will be seen as weak.

The role of men and women in marketing depends on the quantity of the product, control of income, and the distance to the market. Women often market the raw product in smaller quantities near their village, while men will sell larger quantities at the main markets that are a bit further away. Even the traditional woman’s crop of groundnut is often marketed by the males of the household if the quantity is large enough.

Table 1: Role of Men and Women in Production, Processing, and Marketing (based on female and male FGDs outputs) Groundnut Maize Onion Soyabean Sunflower Tomato PRODUCTION Female2 Male3 Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Chipata M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F Lundazi M/F N/A4 M/F N/A M N/A M/F N/A M/F N/A M N/A Petauke M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M M/F M/F M/F M/F M Katete M/F M/F M/F M/F M M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F M M/F Mumbwa F f F M/F F M/F F M/F F M/F F M/F Chongwe5 M/F M/F M NA M/F M

Groundnut Maize Onion Soyabean Sunflower Tomato PROCESSING Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Chipata M/F F F M/F NP6 NP F M/F M/F M/F NP NP Lundazi F N/A M N/A NP N/A NP N/A NP N/A NP N/A Petauke F M M/F M NP NP M/F NP M/F M/F NP NP Katete M/F F M/F M M/F NP M/F M M/F M M/F NP Mumbwa F F F F NP N/P F F F F F F Chongwe F F NP NP NP NP

Groundnut Maize Onion Soyabean Sunflower Tomato MARKETING Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Chipata M/F M/F M M/F M M/F N/A M/F M/F M/F M/F M/F Lundazi F N/A M N/A F N/A F N/A F N/A F N/A Petauke M/F F M/F M M M M/F 0 M/F M/F M M Katete F M M M M M/F M M M M/F M M/F

2 Output from female focus group discussion per village; applicable to table 2-4 3 Output from male focus group discussion per village; applicable to table 2-4 4 N/A refers to information not available 5 The FGD with Chongwe District was not broken down into separate men and women groups given the number of attendees (6 persons). Attendance was low as a respected elder of the village passed away that day. 6 NP refers to the raw product not being processed Mumbwa F F/M M M F M M M M M/F M/F M Chongwe F M M N/A M M

2. Decision Making Along the Value-Chain Those performing and those making decisions on key value chain activities vary across villages or crops. Table 2 illustrates that in some value chain activities in particular villages, those who make decisions is very clear while it becomes less clear in other villages. For crops like maize, onion, soyabean, and tomato, production, transport and marketing issues are predominantly de- cided by males. In regards to storage, women often provide input on how much of the crop to store for home use and the size and quality of the storage units. The discussions highlighted that the male within the household often has the final say in decisions, but women in some villages contribute, at varying degrees, information to the decision-making process. Women seem to have the most decision making authority over processing, which might be a result of most processing being at-home for home consumption and not perceived as an income generating activity.

When a person makes a decision that is typically the responsibility of the opposite gender, intra- household dynamics might be affected. Both women and men are not comfortable with the other making their decisions. If a woman makes a man’s decision, it could result in verbal or physical abuse. It is often perceived as an attempt to overrule a male and as an insult to a male; even if the decision leads to positive benefits. However, women will also be upset if a man makes a decision that is typically her responsibility. She might show her frustration by reducing her workload in the field.

Table 2: Decision Making across the Value Chains Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chongwe PRODUCTION Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male F/M Groundnut F M F M M F F F M F M Maize M M F/M M M M M M M F/M F/M Onion M M M M M N/A F F/M M M F/M Soyabean M M M M M N/A N/A M M N/A M Sunflower F/M M F/M M M F M F/M M F/M M Tomato M M M M M N/A F M M M M

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chongwe PROCESSING Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male F/M Groundnut F F F F F F F F F F F Maize F/M F F/M F F F M F/M F F M Onion F/M N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A F N/A F F/M F/M Soyabean F N/A F/M F/M F N/A N/A F/M F N/A M Sunflower F/M F/M F F/M F F F F/M F F/M M Tomato F/M N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A F N/A F F/M M

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chongwe STORAGE Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male F/M Groundnut F M F M M F F F M F F Maize F/M M F/M M M F M M M F M Onion F F M M M N/A F F/M M F F/M Soyabean F M M M M N/A N/A F/M M N/A M Sunflower F M M M M F M F/M M F M Tomato F/M F N/A M M N/A F N/A M M

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chongwe TRANSPORT Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male F/M Groundnut F/M M M M M M F F M F/M M Maize M M M M M M M F/M M M M Onion M M M M M N/A F F/M M M M Soyabean F M M M M N/A N/A M M N/A M Sunflower F/M M M M M F M F/M M M M Tomato M M M M M N/A F M M M M

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chongwe MARKETING Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male F/M Groundnut F F/M F M F/M F/M F F M F/M F/M Maize M F/M F/M M F/M M M F/M M M M Onion M F M M M F/M F F/M M M M Soyabean M F/M M M F/M M N/A M M N/A M Sunflower F/M F/M F/M M F/M F/M M F M F/M M Tomato M F M M M F/M F M M M M

3. Income and Control of Income Understanding who controls the income generated from these six value chains now and how interventions into these six value chains could retain or change the control is important for ensuring positive outcomes. In general, men had control of income generated from most of these six value-chains. Either directly by ensuring all money collected by a female is reported back to him or indirectly by denying money to the female for purchasing items if she has access to income from the sale of crops near the village. In some villages, joint discussions are held with the husband and wife to plan a budget. If expenditure is planned, then further approval is not needed, but if an unplanned expense rises the female will need to seek approval from the male of the house. However, in most village men do not need to report to the female what income is received and he often spends some of the money received at the market on alcohol before returning to the village. There is also a level of distrust between the male and female as some males may underreport what income was received at the market.

Available income is quite susceptible to demand and supply fluctuations in the market as the households have little ability to sale during low supply periods. The farmers are well aware that being able to sale products during not-peak harvest periods will bring in a higher price, but are unable to given short shelf-life of their unprocessed and poorly stored agricultural goods.

Table 3: Control of Income by Value Chains Chipata Chongwe Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Female Male Joint Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Groundnut F/M M F F/M F/M M M F F M F Maize M M M M F/M M M M M M M Onion M M M M F/M M N/A M M M M Soyabean M M M M F/M M M M M M N/A Sunflower F/M M M F/M F/M M M M F M M Tomato M M M M F/M M N/A F/M F/M M M

4. Labor and Labor Decisions Household labor is a critical input into agricultural value-chain activities that is often not valued. Those involved in the FGDs had a difficult time quantifying their workload to determine if it has increased or decreased over the past five years. When considering workload, reproductive activities such as childrearing were not considered. However, discussions did draw out that workloads have changed for most of the villages. Some have seen increased workloads because the farmers have diversified their crop-base, while others have seen their workloads decreased because they have access to technologies such as a plow.

During peak agriculture times, fieldwork often takes precedent over household chores and childrearing. However, several approaches were adopted to compensate for these peak periods. Some approaches included: 1) older female children preparing their own meals and meals for younger siblings; 2) mother returning from the field early to prepare meals while father remains in the field; 3) meals being prepared in the field; 4) young children who do not go to school work the field; 5) additional labor from the community is hired and paid with food; and 6) selected crops are given priority.

The discussions also reinforced the understanding that pregnant women continue to work in the field until it is time to deliver without any addition food consumption. However, in some villages, pregnant women continue to work in the field because they are uncomfortable staying at home and not contributing, while in other village women are required to remain in the field. In some villages, additional labor is hired to supplement the labor of the pregnant wife.

In most villages, males within male-headed households have the final say on labor allocation (Table 3). Women have the final say in female-headed households.

Table 4: Labor decisions Chipata Chongwe Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Female Male F/M Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Who makes labor decisions F/M M M M M F/M F/M M M M M 5. Access to Agricultural Inputs and Technologies In general, male and female farmers have access to seed varieties, fertilizer, and hoe; although seeds and fertilizer are expensive. For government program fertilizer, farmers are typically required to provide a down payment before the fertilizer is available. Most seeds are bought though the private sector. Some villages have access to a plow or pesticides; although not common. Ra- dios are available in some villages, but are often only listened to by men as women are conducting household work. Even though a radio may be available, the reception might be too poor to receive information. Males and females do have access to mobile phones but males have more access then females. In general, males in male-headed households make decision about access and use of inputs and technologies with male priorities receiving primary attention. Females in female-headed households make their own decisions. Most farmers were not happy with their existing technology. There was a strong focus on acquiring processing technology and other production technologies such as reaper plows and planters and new varieties to accommodate cli- mate changes.

6. Access and Control of Natural Resources (Land and Water) There is a general consensus across the villages that there is sufficient quantity of land but not sufficient quality—poor fertility. Also, water is available from boreholes and wells for many months of the year, but most of the villages have several months in which these water sources are dry. If these sources are dry, women, girls and boys will fetch water from far off streams. Boys will often carry water home on bicycles, while women and girls carry water home on their heads.

The ownership and control of land is governed by traditional laws and culture in these villages. Typically, the male has ownership and control of the land allocated to the household. If the husband passes away, the widow retaining the land is typically a decision of the husband’s family. If she does retain the land, then it is inherited by her children. If she remarries, the widow will go to her new husband’s land so her children will still inherit her land. A widow could also re- quest land from a hedman, but an unmarried woman would not be granted land from the hedman because if she gets married, then the land lays idle. Married women are generally not usually given land by the local headman; she only has access to land through her husband. Although female-headed households have better standing in terms of land acquisition and decision-making, they are often too poor to access other productive resources.

7. Access to Financial Resources These villages had limited access to financial services. Majority of the farmers did not have a bank account, although a few farmers recently opened accounts as a result of a change to the government maize program requiring a bank account. However, the process of opening an account is not clear to the farmers, seems complicated to them, and the documents are in English. Selected villages had access to some training on saving and loans programs and microfinance, but most villages have not received training nor have access to these types of programs. 8. Access to Extension Services Access to private and government extension services by village varied with some receiving regular visits while others only having sporadic visits. The program often mention with regular extension services is the Conservation Agriculture Extension Program. The content of the extension services seems to focus on production which is relevant to the farmers, but there is a need to expand to processing and marketing. Although women and men, in general, seems to be able to participate in extension services for most of the villages, the decision on who participates lies with the male in male-headed households. Given time constraints and access, if only the male or female are able to attend the extension training, then the ones who attends shares the information learned with his/ her spouse.

9. Social, Community and Farmer Associations and Cooperatives All of the farmers have access to community/ farmer associations and/ or cooperatives as long as they can afford the membership fee and there is space available. Both men and women participate in the associations and cooperatives, with women and men taken leadership roles. Some villages elect leaders based on integrity and capability of the person. Some groups express that women refuse to take leadership roles because they are used to being led and/ or are illiterate and less educated so don’t feel capable of leading. Most villages have women-only groups, in which a few men are members of the group. The role of the men is unclear as the women mentioned they are there to assist with more labor-intensive activities while the men mentioned they are ad- visors. Men do not hold leadership positions within the women’s groups. Although many of the men in the villages do not see the women’s groups as having influence or being effective, one women’s group informed us that their efforts in planting trees for conservation were reported on the local radio station, which led to surrounding villages following pursuit.

10.Education Education of children is a key input for agriculture enterprises to be successful. Illiteracy is a common issue that inhibits women from actively participating in household decision-making, the market, and leadership positions. In general, boys and girls attend primary school to ninth grade, but if financial resources are limited those who continue to attend school varies. In some villages, the student who is performing well, regardless of gender, will continue to attend school; while in other villages boys are preferred given the likelihood of pregnancy and early marriage of girls. However, it was raised in one village that families that educate their girls are better off as she supports her family. It is important to note that school attendance is reduced in January and February, which is the primary planting season.

11.Social and Cultural Norms There are a number of social or cultural norms that inhibit women’s participation. As mentioned above, ownership and control of land is a key constraint to women’s participation. In addition to land, women’s ability to participate is limited by her ability to make decisions within a marriage, but she feels compelled to marry given societal pressures. Furthermore, women are still seen as the primary homecare provider while most men do not take up any household chores. However, a few men in certain villages express that they undertake household chores. 12.Profitability and Benefits from Value Chains In general, the farmers from the six villages felt that all six value chains were profitable, but when inquiring about their costs, the farmers were unable to calculate how much it cost them to produce, store, transport, and market the outputs. In addition to income and home consumption, some of the key benefits identified for these value chains included nutrition, food security, income to buy assets and pay school fees, seasoning for main foods (i.e. relishes), crop rotation, and field fertility.

F. Findings and Recommendations:

The FGD, daily and seasonal calendars, and key information interviews identified gender, income/ financial, cultural, legal, community, and agricultural barriers to active participation of males and females in the six specified value-chains. The broad findings and recommendations are below, while specific findings and recommendation by barrier type are presented in table 5.

The key findings are:

 Reducing gender inequality and recognizing the potential contributions of viable and vulnerable but viable groups in smallholder farming value chain activities, along with pro- viding access to productive resources is critical in combating food insecurity and creating an improved environment for enterprise growth.

 For the households who produce the food they consume, developing low external input sustainable agriculture technologies that restore or maintain soil fertility (such as com- posting, mulching, low/no till farming, etc.), can contribute substantially to enhanced value-added production.

 Processing for the market is a missing link that inhibits these households from maximiz- ing their value-added benefits of being involved in these value-chains.

 Expanding market information systems, market structures for products produced in communities as well as building the negotiation skills of men and women producers to be able to obtain better prices for the produce will improve production decisions, increase disposable income, and provide better access to food obtained from the market.

 Given the number of families dependent on agriculture directly or indirectly as household producers, agricultural day laborers or intermittent off farm workers, developing and pro- moting a sustainable agricultural farming system is essential. Since most of the food consumed by smallholder farmer families is either produced on their farms or purchased using income earned from their farms, increasing farm productivity and engagement in value chain activities needs to be the focus of interventions.

 Access to and control over land means little unless vulnerable people have the inputs and services needed to grow and cultivate their land effectively. Complementary programs that promote women’s access and control of resources, rights to land, water, credit, and extension services are essential.  Assets and income controlled by women are more likely to improve household food consumption and family nutrition, thereby increasing improved well-being of the family. Women in Eastern Province communities reiterated their reduced status as women and lack of control of household resources and income. Women produce much of the food that is consumed; yet derive little of the benefit as income traditionally is controlled by men.

 Although female-headed households have better standing in terms of land acquisition and decision-making; however, they are often too poor to access other productive resources including hired labor.

 The analysis identified uniqueness across the villages in regards to culture, tradition, op- erational norms, and context. Given these differences, time and effort will be necessary to design appropriate village-level interventions to ensure these difference do not impede the anticipated outcomes.

The key recommendations:

 Gender sensitive indicators can monitor changes in men’s and women’s status and in reducing gender inequalities over time. Indicators can track changes along the value chain to revel where certain activities have had success in creating new opportunities and where gender interventions can generate positive and/or negative value chain outcomes.

 Strengthen field interventions by targeting smallholder farmers, many of whom are women and single heads of households, with an awareness and promotion campaign around the benefits of Saving Internal Lending Community (SILC). Build trust and cohesion with the SILC groups as they learn how to set up regular savings, maintain financial records, and establish a process of internal lending. Experience has shown that women who participate in SILC groups are much more likely to participate in income-generation activities and a greater participation in value chain activities.

 Sequence interventions, particularly financial services, linkages to government safety net programs, and livelihood development to help build up market readiness of non-viable farmer actors into viable ones (ex: starting one group off with low-risk crops while other groups grow crops that have longer time frames or require more assets).

 Organize vulnerable producers into small groups that receive an intensive training pack- age which combines value chain development with skills upgrading, with a focus on women farmers. Pilot these groups in three or four poor communities for a nine to twelve month period.

 Gender awareness raising needs to be part of extension training for both men and women. Local district extension authorities need to provide services that support farmers on agriculture and livestock keeping, promote improved agricultural practices, and encourage participation of women in value chain activities, thereby contributing to well being of smallholder households and communities. G. Conclusion

Women’s participation in value chains is exacerbated by patterns of male dominated decision- making and control over assets and income. By decreasing gender inequality on the one hand, and increasing access to farming inputs, financial services and market-oriented training for viable and vulnerable but viable groups, value chain participation can have significant outcomes for improved livelihoods among viable and vulnerable but viable smallholder farmers. In order to decrease gender inequity, the underlying social and cultural norms and systems that permeate at the household and community level need to address the gender biases.

PROFIT+ will use key findings and recommendations from this barrier analysis to inform and develop strategies for reaching the viable and vulnerable but viable and ensuring that gender responsive interventions are built into project activities. In order to effectively increase and diver- sify agriculture production and processing for markets and increase income and productive assets, gender-responsive interventions need to be designed taking into account the constraints and barriers identified by the beneficiary communities themselves. Project activities and planning should be shaped by these findings to ensure that populations are reached effectively in targeted geographic areas of PROFIT+. Table 5: Barriers, Findings, and Recommendations Barrier Key Findings Recommendations Gender related Barriers  Power relations between men and women inhibit women from  Develop a household strengthening approach acquiring voice, access and control of household resources and similar to Faithful House to engage men and (gender roles, dynamics and income women in collaborative decision-making an build power relations within  Decisions are mainly made by men, except in certain situations trust for planning a more balanced household re- household and community) where women are allowed to contribute to decision-making in source allocation strategy value chains such as groundnuts and sunflower  Structure behavior change interventions using  Significant lack of trust exists between men and women; men positive deviant men and women who are con- fear that knowledgeable women and women with financial re- tributing to household and community behaviors sources will take control, have more power, and could leave that improves gender relations that create more them equitable intra-household distribution of labor,  Lack of freedom of women to make independent decisions on food, assets and income their own regarding assets and income  Use gender trainings to raise awareness of impor-  Women bear most of the workload, inhibiting them from tak- tance of shared decision-making, assets, income, ing part in community activities and complex marketing sys- and workloads between men and women tems  Structure interventions so that men and women  Women are unaware of their rights, have low literacy levels, plan agriculture activities together and lack of assertiveness which creates barriers to women’s  Conduct gender training with men, women and active participation in decision-making related to production traditional community leaders around improveda- and marketing gricultural practices that promote gender equality  Involve both men and women in all program activities so that power, control of assets and household responsibilities are shared, reducing inequalities between men and women  Sensitize both women and men regarding the benefits of strengthening women’s decision-making capacity and to realize that both will benefit through increases in household and community well-being.

Financial/Income Barriers:  Lack of family income inhibits men and women from getting a  Provide detailed training opportunities for basic loan, opening a bank account, or other financial services from planning and business skills including account- (access to credit, bank ac- a bank ing, credit and savings systems, costing, bene- counts, control of assets and fits, pricing, profitability, and markets across the Barrier Key Findings Recommendations value chain income)  Access to credit is by village, not by gender  Women have minimal access to credit, savings or other viable  Provide improved access to credit with financial income generating activities tools and strategies designed specifically for vul-  Men have more access to government programs while women nerable women had more access to savings and loans programs  Actively promote access to credit and savings  Control of income at household level is male dominated systems such as SILC for both women and men  Strong belief that a man is the head of the household and is the  Increase opportunities for women to access finan- custodian of all assets including livestock, property, and in- cial and business development services through come collaboration with other private sector initiatives  Unable to calculate the costs incurred from participating in the value chains; and therefore, not able to know their true profits Health/Nutrition Barriers:  Household members eat only what is available and are not able  Strengthen communities’ capacities to manage re- to store and preserve for lean times silience to food insecure periods of the year (food insecurity)  Female households are more vulnerable to food insecurity than  Provide structured activities that encourage use of male headed households; income for purchasing food  In lean times households eat only one or sometimes two meals  Strengthen household garden production (toma- a day with nshima as the staple food toes, onions, rape and other vegetables) and food  Food insecurity is result of low yields due to poor soil, mono- preparation/ processing strategies for improved di- cropping in some cases (maize), insufficient capital to invest etary diversity an availability of food during lean in farming , and poor weather conditions times  Income available from off-farm activities such as piece work  Promote appropriate technology around food pro- is not always used to purchase food, but rather split between cessing such as access to grinding mills, water other household priorities such as school fees, purchase of pumps, potable water, etc. agricultural inputs, or assets such as a bicycle or a radio  Promote sensitization workshops and behavior  Men rarely participate in household tasks, leaving women change strategies on myths and cultural beliefs heavily burdened with productive and reproductive roles at the that surround food production, processing, and household level consumption.  Women’s workload and food consumption does not changes  Include men in nutrition and food preparation during pregnancy practices at the household and community level  Encourage interventions that include nutrition sensitive food preparation, preservation, and processing methods.  Support behavior change strategies that encourage maternal and child feeding practices with Barrier Key Findings Recommendations both men and women Social and Cultural Barri-  Social/cultural beliefs hold that women who control assets or  Functional literacy and numeracy capacity build- ers: incomes will no long be submissive to their husbands ing can be offered to support women’s under-  Cultural beliefs that men are head of households and bread standing of the basics of producing, processing (norms, practices, alco- winners and as such decision-makers. and marketing (able to read weights, tags on holism, gender-based vio-  Alcoholism among men creates serious problems at household seed, etc) lence, behavior change and community levels, inhibiting household ability to ade-  Engage women in functional literacy classes so strategies) quately make decisions, manage assets, resources and income, they can better participate in community leader- leaving women to carry the burden for household well-being ship opportunities and engage more fully in value  When decisions between men and women are challenged at chain activities household level, conflict often results in gender based violence  Develop a mentoring program for female leaders (GBV) through literacy and numeracy education applied  Women don’t participate in market activities because men say to value chain activities they will be taken advantage of due to their low literacy levels  Develop activity profiles according to the gender  Education and literacy levels of women are lower than men, division of labor for each agricultural activity and as a result decisions are left to men who have more knowl- (such as land preparation, weeding, harvesting, edge storage, transport, etc.) for each crop and at each  Boys are often chosen to go to school first; yet girls are recog- interval along the value chain nized as being more beneficial to the family when educated  Identify gender and age denominations: whether  Majority of the work load is carried by women; both men and the adult women, adult men, the adolescent girl women perform agriculture work, but women also perform all or boy, other children, or the elderly in carrying household responsibilities; men’s work is usually valued more out a particular activity than women’s work  Specify what percentage of time is allocated to  Women and girls have more daily working hours through each activity, and whether it is carried out sea- their triple roles (reproductive, productive and community) sonally or daily;  Women have responsibility to provide food for their families  Specify where the activity is performed, in order while husbands would be resting or enjoying their leisure to reveal people’s mobility. Is work done at  Workloads for women increase when there is a household home, in the family field, the family shop, or food deficit elsewhere within or beyond the community; then  Control of income at household level is male dominated build these variable into project planning  Triangulate data in order to verify division of labor and other critical gender responsive issues related to project planning and implementation  Use current structures of village traditional lead- Barrier Key Findings Recommendations ers - head persons and chieftains – to encourage them as role models and champions of gender equity in leadership.

Legal Barriers:  Since traditional leaders can allocate land and re- solve land conflicts, this group needs better un-  Women who divorce and remarry must leave their land; land is (inheritance laws, policies, derstanding of social and economic impacts of then passed on to their children; widows are allowed to remain land and property rights, existing land inheritance practices; on the land governance issues, state le-  Coordinate trainings and monitor activities with  Traditional leaders can give land to widows; married women gal systems, traditional legal all stakeholders, in particular extension officers do not have access to land except through inheritance; women systems) and district level authorities are under pressure to be married  Undertake intensive gender awareness raising  Female headed household have access to land but have very among community and traditional leaders on limited ownership and control over land. women’s rights to own land, property, and other  Land is owned and controlled by men through tribal or clan assets traditions; strong cultural traditions and practices hinder wom-  Undertake legal awareness raising among women en’s rights to land ownership on their rights to own land, property, and assets,  Women have limited knowledge of the legal framework and other obligations and restrictions

Agricultural Barriers  Decisions on what and how to plant, how much to plant, pro-  Review the way extension services are delivered linked to Value Chains: cessing and new crop varieties to adopt are often jointly made, and make them relevant and regular to both although men in most cases have the final say women and men (participation in value chain  Decisions on cash crops are reserved for men and only in some  Coordinate with private sector extension service activities) cases (groundnuts and sunflower) do women decide on when to supplement local and national government ser- and what cash crops to plant. vices  Both women and men participate in value chain activities, men  Strengthen linkages where extension services ex- control production and marketing, and women benefit less ist and advocate for these services for under- than men served populations in areas where they are not  Long distances to markets inhibits women from participating available in market activities  Build in training on basic business skills related  Lack of small agriculture inputs and technologies such as to management of value chain activities plows, seeds, fertilizer and oxen inhibit women from partici-  Focus on women friendly technology to save la- pating in activities along the value chain bor, increase value & allow women to access Barrier Key Findings Recommendations  Lack of access to adequate water sources and to new technolo- equipment for weeding, harvesting and process- gies for wells, bore holes, dams and irrigation systems, in par- ing ticular during dry season inhibits successful farming outcomes  Raise awareness of gender equity and in particu-  Lack of basic business skills of both women and men in all lar women’s participation in the agricultural sec- phases of value chain activities – market assessments, cost tor regarding access to productive inputs benefit analysis, profit margins, etc.  Provide support for women’s groups in produc-  Extension services are lacking due to long distances, large ge- tion, processing, and marketing in small enter- ographical areas for coverage with too few extension officers prises (groundnuts, sunflower) for the number of households, and no dependable planning  Improved access to appropriate technology in process in place for farmers farming practices and land preparation  Gardens are used as a coping strategy rather than a means of  Promote women’s collective effort to plant and supplementing everyday livelihoods harvest as a group;  Lack of access to financial inputs inhibits viable and vulnera-  Promote small livestock Passover Programs as a ble farmers’ from participating in value chain activity support for livelihood planning processes  Learn how Conservation Agriculture Extension Program (FAO) is able to provide regular weekly services to farmers as well as provide opportunities for farmers, who are not accessing this Pro- gram, to have access.  Improve market information systems including understanding the needs of the consumer  Improve ability to preserve and store agricultural products for sale during market-scarce times to ensure higher prices and income during leaner times. H. Annex 1: Seasonal Calendars Chipata Seasonal Calendars

Women Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Planting x x x Weeding x X x Harrowing x x Spraying cotton x X Gardening x x x x x x x Harvesting x x x x Processing x x x x x Selling x x x x x Opening new fields x x Cleaning houses x x x x x x Thatching x x x Top dressing fertilizing x X x Basal dressing fertilizing x x Attending meetings x x x Cutting grass x x x Grazing animals x X x x x x x x x x x x

Men Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Land preparation x x Planting x x Weeding x X x Fertilizer application x x Second weeding x Harvesting x x x x Marketing x x x x x x Gardening x x x x x x x x Mending houses x x x Mending granaries x x

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 23 Very low food Calendars High food availability Low income High income High expenditure

Low expenditure High labor requirements Low labor requirements High disease burden Low disease burden Lundazi Seasonal Calendar Women Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Planting x x x x Weeding x x x x Ridging x x Spraying cotton x x x Extending field x x Harvesting x x x x Cutting grass for thatch x x x x Painting houses Processing crops x x x x x x x x x x x x Land preparation x x Piece work x x x Fertilizer application x x

Men Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Weeding/spraying x x Top dressing x Land clearing x x Land preparation x x x Harvesting x x x Gardening x x x Selling crops x x x Basal dressing fertilizing x Building houses x x x x x x Grazing animals x x x x x x x x x x x x Entertainment x x x x x x

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 24 Planting x x

Very low food Low expenditure High food availability High labor requirements Low income Low labor requirements High income High disease burden High expenditure Low disease burden

Katete Seasonal Calendar

Women Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Planting x x x Weeding x x x x x Fertilising x x Ridging x x Harvesting maize x x Shelling maize x x Cutting grass x x x Cleaning the fields x x Ripping x x x Preparing seed x x x x Thatching homes x x x x Top dressing fertizer x x Gardening x x x x x Thinning x Second weeding x x x x x Replanting x

Men Community Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Land preparation x x Planting x x x Weeding x Fertiliser application x x x Harvesting x x x x Marketing x x x x x x x x x Building storage houses x x House maintenance x x x Traditional ceremonies x x x Gardening x x x x x x Second weeding x x x

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 25 Very low food High food availability Low income High income High expenditure Low expenditure High labor requirements Low labor requirements High disease burden Low disease burden

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 26 Petauke Community Seasonal Calendar Women Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept OctVery lowNov food Dec Land preparation x High foodx availability Planting Low incomex x Weeding High income x Ridging High expenditure x Harvesting x x x x Gardening x x x x x x x x Low expenditurex x Processing x x x x x x x x x x High laborx requirementsx Marketing x x x x x x x x Low labor requirements Ceremonies x x x x High disease burden Grass cutting x x x x x Low disease burden Mending houses x x x x x Trading x x x x Piece work x x x x Men Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Opening up the field x x x Cleaning the field x x Planting x x x x Basal dressing fertilizer x x application Weeding x x x Top dressing fertilizer x x application Ridging x x Digging groundnuts x Heaping maize in field x x Harvesting maize x x Transporting to village x x Shelling maize x x Taking to the market x x Gardening x x x x x x x x x x x x Mending houses x x x x x x x x x x x x Making bricks x x x x x Going to the mill x x x x x x x x x x x x Grazing animals x x x x x x x x x x x x

Mumbwa Community Seasonal Calendar Women (seasonal questions not asked given time constraint) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Planting x x x Weeding x x x

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 27 Fertilizing maize x x Spraying cotton x x x Harvest x x x x x Cutting cotton shrubs x x Gardening x x x x x x Cutting grass for houses x x x Attend church meetings x x Marketing x x x x Land preparation x x Seed preparation x x x x Celebrations x x Cleaning the houses x x Piece work x x Trading x x Cutting firewood x x Leisure x x x

Men Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Land preparation x x Planting x x x Weeding x x x Basal dressing x Top dressing x x Thinning x x First spraying x Second spraying x Second weeding x x Third spraying x Harvesting x x x x Cotton picking x Second cotton picking x Gardening x x x x x x x x Transplanting time x x x x x x x x Marketing x x x x x x x x x x x x Shelling x x Purchasing inputs x x x

Very low food High food availability Low income High income High expenditure Low expenditure High labor requirements Low labor requirements High disease burden Low disease burden

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 28 I. Annex 2: Daily Calendars

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 29 Daily Calendar - Normal Day (by gender)

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbw Petauke (rest day) (rest day) a

Female Focus Group Male Focus Group 4.00- Collect Wake up Sweep the Sweep; Sleep Sleep In bed 5.00 water & pray yard cook breakfast 5.00 - Cook Sweep Fetch Eat Sleep Sleep Prayer Walk to Wake up 6.00 breakfas outside water breakfast field t 6.00- Look Cook Wash Field work Wake up Wake up Wake up Breakfast Field Garden 7.00 for breakfast plates work work relish 7.00 - Cook Breakfast Cook & Field work Clean, draw Wake up Wait for Field Field Garden 8.00 relish eat water, cook breakfast work work work breakfast breakfast 8.00 - House Wash Look for Field work Eat breakfast Eat Eat Breakfast Field Field Garden 9.00 work dishes relish Breakfast work work work 9.00- Rest Look for Prepare Cook Look for Chat/ relax Chat/ relax Field Short Garden 10.00 relish relish lunch food, cook, with work break work wash clothes friends 10.00 - Cook Wash Wash Look for Chat/ relax Chat/ relax Home Field Take 11.00 lunch clothes plates food, cook, with work maize to wash clothes friends the market 11.00 - Eat Cook Sweep Look for Chat/ relax Chat/ relax Rest Field Lunch 12.00 lunch lunch house food, cook, with work wash clothes friends 12.00 - Wash Lunch Prepare & Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Rest Lunch Lunch 13.00 dishes eat lunch 13.00 - Bath Wash Wash Collect Rest Chat Chat Bath Rest Rest 14.00 children dishes dishes water 14.00 Rest Sweep Bath/ bath Wash Rest Play Play football Leisure Field Garden -15.00 house children plates football work work 15.00- Sweep Bath Prepare Garden Look for Drink beer Leisure Field Garden 16.00 children relish for work supper food work work supper 16.00- Water Bath Garden Bathing Drink beer Check livestock Leisure Back Back 17.00 garden work home home 17.00 Bath Cook Prepare Prepare Supper Supper Supper Leisure Planning Bath -18.00 dinner supper supper time 18.00- Cook Eat Eat supper Bath Rest Chat Chat, watch tv, Leisure Supper Dinner 19.00 dinner Supper children rest 19.00- Rest Rest Chat Bath Rest Sleep Dances Supper Chat Leisure 20.00 husband 20.00 - Sleep Rest Dance Supper Go to bed Bed/ Sleep Rest Sleep Sleep 21.00 21.00 Sleep Sleep Cook Go to bed Sleep Sleep -22.00 22.00- Sleep Sleep Sleeping Sleep Sleep Sleep Sleep 23.00

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 30 Daily Calendar - Normal Day (by district)

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke

FDG F M F M (rest F M F M F M (rest day) day) 4.00- Collect Sleep Wake up Sleep Sweep the In bed Sweep; cook 5.00 water & pray yard breakfast 5.00 - Cook Sleep Sweep Sleep Fetch Prayer Eat Walk to Wake up 6.00 breakfast outside water breakfast field 6.00- Look for Wake up Cook Wake up Wash Breakfa Field work Field Wake up Garden work 7.00 relish breakfast plates st work 7.00 - Cook relish Wake up Breakfast Wait for Cook & Field Field work Field Clean, draw Garden work 8.00 breakfast eat work work water, cook breakfast breakfast 8.00 - House Eat Wash Eat Look for Field Field work Field Eat Garden work 9.00 work Breakfas dishes Breakfast relish work work breakfast t 9.00- Rest Chat/ Look for Chat/ Prepare Field Cook lunch Short Look for Garden work 10.00 relax relish relax relish work break food, cook, wash clothes 10.00 - Cook lunch Chat/ Wash Home Wash plates Field Look for Take maize 11.00 relax clothes work food, cook, to the wash clothes market 11.00 - Eat lunch Chat/ Cook Rest Sweep Field Look for Lunch 12.00 relax lunch house work food, cook, wash clothes 12.00 - Wash Lunch Lunch Lunch Prepare & Rest Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch 13.00 dishes eat lunch 13.00 - Wash Chat Wash Chat Wash Bath Collect Rest Rest Rest 14.00 children dishes dishes water 14.00 Rest Play Sweep Play Bath/ Leisure Wash plates Field Rest Garden work -15.00 football house football bath work children 15.00- Sweep Drink Bath Prepare Leisure Garden work Field Look for Garden work 16.00 beer children relish for work dinner food supper 16.00- Water Drink Bath Check Leisure Garden work Back Bathing Back home 17.00 garden beer livestock home 17.00 Bath Supper Cook Supper Prepare Leisure Prepare Planning Supper Bath -18.00 dinner supper supper time 18.00- Cook Chat Eat Chat, Eat Leisure Bath Supper Rest Dinner 19.00 dinner Supper watch tv, supper children rest 19.00- Rest Sleep Rest Dances Chat Supper Bath Chat Rest Leisure 20.00 husband 20.00 - Sleep Rest Go to Dance Rest Supper Sleep Go to bed Sleep 21.00 bed/sleep 21.00 Sleep Sleep Go to Cook Sleep Sleep -22.00 bed

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 31 22.00- Sleep Sleep Sleeping Go to Sleep; serve Sleep Sleep 23.00 bed husband

Daily Calendar: Planting Season (by gender)

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke

FDG Female FGD Male FGD

4.00- Collect water Wake up/ Walk to Go to Wake up Wake up/ Wake up/ Sleep 5.00 pray field field walk to field walk to field 5.00 - Go to field Field work Field Plant/ House Field work Field work Prayer Walk to Walk to 6.00 work weed work field field 6.00- Field work Field work Field Plant/ Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Garden 7.00 work weed work 7.00 - Field work Field work Field Plant/ Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Garden 8.00 work weed work 8.00 - Field work Field work Field Plant/ Breakfast Field work Field work Field work Field work Garden 9.00 work weed work 9.00- Collect water Field work Field Plant/ Field work Breakfast in Breakfast Field work short Garden 10.00 work weed field break work 10.00 - Cook relish Back home Field Plant/ Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Garden 11.00 work weed work 11.00 - Cook lunch Collect Field Go home Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Lunch 12.00 water work 12.00 - Eat lunch Cook Field Lunch Field work Field work Lunch Lunch @ Lunch Lunch 13.00 Relish work home 13.00 - Rest Cook lunch Collect Lunch Field work Rest Lunch @ Rest Rest 14.00 nshims water home 14.00 Collect water Lunch Wash Field work lunch Field work Field work Field work Garden -15.00 dishes work 15.00- Bath children Field work Field Weed Field work Back home Field work Field work Weeding Garden 16.00 work work 16.00- Adults bath Field work Field Weed Field work bathing Back home Field work Field work Garden 17.00 work work 17.00 Rest Bath Back Go home Prepare Chat; wait Bath Go home; Back home Bath -18.00 children home dinner for supper bath (@home), bath 18.00- Prepare Prepare Cook, Cook Supper Supper Supper Supper Supper 19.00 Supper Supper bath, eat supper 19.00- East dinner Supper Chat Bath Dinner Go to bed/ Rest rest Chat Leisure 20.00 children sleep 20.00 - Rest Wash Sleep Supper Go to Go to rest Sleep Sleep 21.00 dishes bed/Sleep bed/Sleepi ng 21.00 Sleep Sleep Cook Bedtime Sleep Sleep -22.00

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 32 22.00- Sleep Sleep Sleep/ Bedtime Sleep Sleep 23.00 Serve husband

Daily Calendar - Planting Season (by district)

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke

FDG F M F M F M F M F M 4.00- Collect Wake up/ Wake up/ Wake up/ Walk to Sleep Go to field Wake up 5.00 water walk to the pray walk to field field field 5.00 - Go to field Field work Field work Field work Field work Prayer Plant/ weed Walk to House Walk to 6.00 field work field 6.00- Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Plant/ weed Field work Field work Garden 7.00 work 7.00 - Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Plant/ weed Field work Field work Garden 8.00 work 8.00 - Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Field work Plant/ weed Field work Breakfast Garden 9.00 work 9.00- Collect Breakfast in Field work Breakfast Field work Field work Plant/ weed short Field work Garden 10.00 water field break work 10.00 - Cook relish Field work Back home Field work Field work Field work Plant/ weed Field work Field work Garden 11.00 work 11.00 - Cook lunch Field work Collect Field work Field work Field work Go home Field work Field work Lunch 12.00 water 12.00 - Eat lunch Field work Cook Relish Lunch Field work Lunch @ Lunch Lunch Field work Lunch 13.00 home 13.00 - Rest Field work Cook Rest lunch Lunch @ Collect Rest Lunch Rest 14.00 nshims home water 14.00 Collect lunch Lunch Field work Field work Wash plates Field work Field work Garden -15.00 water work 15.00- Bath Back home Field work Field work Field work Field work Weed Weeding Field work Garden 16.00 children work 16.00- Adults bath bathing Field work Back home Field work Field work Weed Field work Field work Garden 17.00 work 17.00 Rest Chat/wait Bath Bath Back home Go home Back Prepare Bath -18.00 for supper children home bathing home dinner @home; bath 18.00- Prepare Supper Prepare Supper Cook, supper Cook supper Supper Supper 19.00 diner dinner bath, eat 19.00- East dinner Go to bed/ Supper Rest Chat rest Bath Chat Dinner Leisure 20.00 sleep children 20.00 - Rest Wash Go to bed; Sleep rest Supper Sleep Go to Sleep 21.00 dishes Sleep bed/ Sleeping 21.00 Sleep Sleep bed time Cook Sleep Sleep -22.00

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 33 22.00- Sleep Sleep bed time Sleep/ Serve Sleep Sleep 23.00 husband

Daily Calendar - Harvest Season (by gender)

Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke Female FGD Male FGD 4.00- Collect Wake up & Walk to Harvest Wake up Wake up; Wake up; 5.00 water pray field field walk to walk to field field 5.00 - Cook Field work Field work Harvest House work Field work Field work Walk to Walk to 6.00 breakfast field field field 6.00- Go to field Field work Field work Harvest House work Field work Field work Field Field Field work 7.00 field work work 7.00 - Field work Field work Field work Harvest breakfast Field work Field work Field Field Field work 8.00 field work work 8.00 - Field work Field work Field work Harvest Field work Field work Field work Field Field Field work 9.00 field work work 9.00- Field work Field work Field work Harvest Field work Back home Breakfast @ Field Short Field work 10.00 field field work break 10.00 - Field work Walk Field work Harvest Field work bathing Field work Field Field Rest 11.00 home field work work 11.00 - Field work Collect Field work Prepare Field work Chat/ relax Field work Field Field Lunch 12.00 water food work work 12.00 - Collect Cook lunch lunch Lunch Field work Lunch Lunch @ Field Lunch Lunch 13.00 water home work 13.00 - Cook relish Rest home Collect Lunch @ Work Making Lunch Rest Rest 14.00 water home garden storage barn/ bin 14.00 Cook Field work Bath Wash plates Work Making Leisure Field Field work -15.00 nshima; garden storage work eat barn/ bin 15.00- Sweep Field work Prepare Weed Rest/ Chat Play Play Leisure Transport 16.00 house food football football produce home 16.00- Bath Bath Prepare Weed Prepare Play Play Bath Transport Take 17.00 children food dinner, bath football football produce maize to home market

17.00 Adults Cook Prepare Walk home Dinner Bath Bath Leisure Transport Process -18.00 bath Supper supper produce harvest home 18.00- Cook Eat Supper Eat supper Cook Rest/ Chat Chatt Supper Leisure Supper Bath 19.00 supper; supper eat 19.00- Rest rest Chat Bath Rest/ Chat supper Chat Supper Chat Supper 20.00 children

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 34 Daily Calendar - Harvest Season (by district) 20.00 - Sleep rest Chat Supper Go to bed/ Go to bed/ Go to bed/ Rest Sleep Rest 21.00 sleep sleep sleep Districts Chipata Katete Lundazi Mumbwa Petauke 21.00FGD Sleep F Sleep M F Cook M F M F Bed timeM Sleep F SleepM -22.00 4.00- Collect water Wake up/ wake up & Wake up/ Walk to Harvest Wake 22.00-5.00 Sleep Sleepwalk to Sleeppray Sleepwalking field field Bed time Sleepup Sleep 23.00 field the field 5.00 - Cook Field work Field work Field Work Field Work Harvest Walk to House Walk to 6.00 breakfast field field Work field 6.00- Go to field Field work Field work Field Work Field Work Field Work Harvest Field Work House Field 7.00 field Work Work 7.00 - Field Work Field work Field work Field Work Field Work Field Work Harvest Field Work breakfa Field 8.00 field st Work 8.00 - Field Work Field work Field work Field Work Field Work Field Work Harvest Field Work Field Field 9.00 field Work Work 9.00- Field Work Back home Field work Breakfast Field Work Field Work Harvest Short Field Field 10.00 @ field field break Work Work 10.00 - Field Work bathing Walk home Field Work Field Work Field Work Harvest Field Work Field Rest 11.00 field Work 11.00 - Field Work Chat/ relax Collect Field Work Field Work Field Work Prepare Field Work Field Lunch 12.00 water food Work 12.00 - Collect water Lunch Cook lunch Lunch @ lunch Field Work Lunch Lunch Field Lunch 13.00 home Work 13.00 - Cook relish Work Rest Making home Lunch Collect Rest Lunch Rest 14.00 garden storage water @ barn/ bin home 14.00 Cook Work Field Work Making Bath Leisure Wash Field Work Field -15.00 nshima/eat garden storage plates Work barn/ bin 15.00- Sweep house Play Field Work Play Prepare Leisure Weed Transport Rest/ 16.00 football football food produce Chat home 16.00- Bath children Play Bath Play Prepare Bath Weed Transport Prepare Take 17.00 football football food produce dinner; maize to home bath mkt 17.00 Adults bath Bath Cook Bath Prepare Leisure Walk Transport Dinner Process -18.00 Supper supper home produce harvest home 18.00- Cook supper; Chatt Eat Supper Supper Eat supper Leisure Cook Supper Rest/ Bath 19.00 eat supper Chat 19.00- Rest supper Rest Chat Chat Supper Bath Chat Rest/ Supper 20.00 children Chat 20.00 - Sleep Go to bed; Rest Go to bed/ Chat Rest Supper Sleep Go to Rest 21.00 sleep sleep bed/ sleep 21.00 Sleep Sleep Bed time Cook Sleep Sleep -22.00 22.00- Sleep Sleep Sleep Bed time Sleep; Sleep Sleep 23.00 serve husband

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 35 A. Annex 3: Schedule for PROFIT+ Gender Barrier Analysis

August 12 – 24, 2012

Date Activity Details Location

Sunday Trish Ahern and Valerie Rhoe arrive in Zambia. Pick up from airport by hotel shut- Lusaka tle August 12

Monday Entry meeting with Dane Fredenburg, Emily Burrows, Depart: 10:00 Chipata Margaret Mwenya and (if possible) Richard Hurel- August 13 Arrive: 5:00 brink, PROFIT+ Chief of Party

Travel to Chipata (6-7 hours)

Tuesday Meeting with PROFIT+ and ACDI/VOCA staff in Review methodology and tools for Chipata Chipata, including Michelle Stern, Bronwyn Irwin, and complementarity with value chain August 14 Vincent Akamandisa analysis; refine tools, and plan agenda for the weeks field visits

Meeting with barrier analysis team members from Car- itas Chipata Orientation and mini-training for assessment team on methodology, questionnaires and tools

Wednesday Travel to Lundazi (6:30) Two teams work together in one Chipata August 15 community: Team 1 conducts FGD Conduct analysis in Lundazi community with women while Team 2 conducts FGD with men; when com- Return to Chipata (2½ hours) plete, Team 1 conducts FGD with men and women, while Team 2 completes seasonal calendars and key informant interviews.

Thursday Travel to Chipata (7:30) Accompained by ACDI-VOCA Chipata staff Michelle Stern and Vincent August 16 Conduct analysis in Chipata community Akamandisa

Return to Chipata

Friday Travel to Petauke (2 ½ hours) Petauke August 17 Review and analyze Lundazi and Chipata data

Saturday Travel to Petauke (7:30) Petauke

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 36 August 18 Conduct analysis in Petauke community

Sunday Au- Travel to Katete gust 19 Conduce analysis in Katete community

Monday Petauke August 20 Return to Lusaka Review and analyze data collected in Eastern Province

Tuesday Travel to Chongwe Lusaka August 21 Conduct analysis in Chongwe community

Return to Lusaka

Wednesday Travel to Mumbwa Lusaka August 22 Conduct analysis in Mumbwa community

Return to Lusaka

Thursday Review and analyze data Lusaka August 23 Prepare draft report

Friday Work on draft report Drop-off at airport by hotel shuttle August 24 Trish and Valerie depart

PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 37 PROFIT+ BARRIER ANALYSIS REPORT TO USAID ZAMBIA PAGE 38