Charophytes; Rings of Cellulose-Synthesizing Complexes, Peroxisome Enzymes, Structure

BY 124 SI Session 1 08/31/15

Tips: Keep up in lab. Memorize figures. Focus on Biology. Understand the totality of processes. Recognize that Raut will ask questions regarding the “lists” on her slides. The more you practice understanding the material, the more you’ll pick up trends on how she asks questions and what she’ll ask questions on. You’ll be tested on material from lecture. Do concept checks, masteringbiology, and SI worksheets.

Chapter 29

What are the closest living relatives of plants? What are the similar traits between these and plants? Charophytes; rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, structure of flagellated sperm, and formation of a phragmoplast What adaptations/benefits were developed/present in order for plants to make their move to the land? Any problems for early land plants? zygotes had a layer of sporopollenin, plentiful CO2, lots of sunlight, soil rich in nutrients, few herbivores or pathogens…. Problems: lack of structural support and scarcity of water What are the 5 main derived traits of land plants? Any additional derived traits? alternation of generations, multicellular and dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia (gamete-bearing structure), and apical meristems. Also: cuticle (waxy covering of the epidermis), mycorrhizae (symbiotic association b/w fungi; helps those w/o roots), and secondary compounds that deter herbivores and parasites Why is it important to know why plants are also called embryophytes? embryo is always growing around the maternal tissue and there are placental transfer cells that pass nutrients and provides a barrier. Plants are divided into ______and ______plants. Nonvascular and vascular Nonvascular plants include which phyla and have what common name? Phylum Bryophyta, Phylum Hepatophyta, Phylum Anthocerophyta; Bryophytes are the common name for nonvascular plants, not to be confused with the phylum. Raut said she would only test on bryophyta and the moss life cycle. Which generation is dominant in bryophytes? Gametophyte dominant, sporophyte is reduced and dependent on gametophyte Know Figure 29.6 (moss life cycle). ***very important. Know all terms and labels. Gametophore and gametangia Vascular plants include the ______vascular plants, which include Phylum ______and Phylum Lycophyta, and seed plants, which include the gymnosperms and the ______. Seedless; pterophyta (in the notes) but monilophyta (in the book); angiosperms Why was peat moss discussed? Used for fuel, resistant to process of decomposition by bacteria, higher acidic content, less oxygen/bacteria, store lots of CO2 Which plants were the first to grow relatively tall? Seedless vascular; lycophyta and pterophyta What are the traits that characterize vascular plants? life cycles with dominant sporophytes, vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, and well-developed roots and leaves (megaphylls and microphylls) Once again, know Figure 29.11 very well (fern life cycle).

What’s the motive behind having time-dependent release of egg and sperm in a fern gametophyte? To prevent self-fertilization What are sporophylls and the spore variations? Modified leaves that bear sporangia, such as sori. Strobili is cone-like. Homosporous vs heterosporous: Homosporous has a single type of spore that makes a bisexual gametophyte -> eggs and sperm. Heterosporous spores have megaspores and microspores. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes (bigger). Microspores develop into male gametophytes (smaller). Remember that these Lycophytes and Pterophytes dominated the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, and a lot of our coal supply today comes from them.