Sociology931

The Political Economy of International Migration

Spring Semester 2000

Instructor: Brendan Mullan Office: 406 Berkey Hall Phone: (517) 352-8127 Email: [email protected]

Introduction International migration has played a key role in the rise and fall of empires, states, and coalitions of states as the world moved through the major political and economic stages of mercantilism, colonialism, industrialization, post-industrialization, and globalization. The modern history of international migration can be conveniently, if approximately, categorized into four broad stages: European dominated, colonization-driven migration from about 1500 to 1800, industrialization-driven migration from Europe to the New World from about 1800 to 1915, limited international migration in the inter-war years and up to about 1950, and the post 1950 emergence of migration as a complex multi-faceted global phenomenon (Massey, 1990). From the early formative period of the monarch-lead territorial state, through the differentiation and separation of the institutions of government from the monarch as a person, to the post French Revolution concept of the sovereign nation-state, the “state” has had the role of creating and implementing solutions and regulations for human state-boundary crossing movement in the form of legislative immigration policies and administrative implementation of those regulations

International migration has dramatic social, cultural, economic and political ramifications for individuals, families, households, communities, and society in both the sending and receiving countries. Currently, migration flows are changing the political, social, and economic map of almost every country in the world. In Europe, for example, the transformation from centrally planned to market oriented economies in the countries of Eastern Europe has led to the largest wave of migration the continent has seen since 1945-46. The sudden freedom to travel and Eastern Europe’s economic turmoil and social upheaval caused by transitions to market economies have been important causes of this migration. The gradual disintegration of the authoritarian system in central and Eastern Europe and its final collapse during 1989-1991 created new conditions for, and new typologies of international migration. Substantial and distinct immigrant ethnic sub-populations have emerged in the migrant- receiving countries and the integration, or lack of integration, of these groups has become a highly politicized issue. Increasingly there are calls for increased immigration controls, restricted social programs for immigrants, and even for forcible immigrant repatriation. As relatively homogeneous nations, western European countries lack the historical experience of the U.S. in absorbing large numbers of immigrants. There is a negative “ideology of migration” in Europe in that immigration is not perceived as making a long-term contribution to society (Livi-Bacci, 1993:41). In Germany, for example, the eventual assimilation of the immigrant population, mainly Muslim Turks and Slavs, is not seen as an appropriate societal goal. Very few of Germany’s three million Turks have been afforded citizenship, even those who are second- or

1 third-generation German residents. With the proposed and anticipated expansion of the European Union to include Turkey and ultimately many more Eastern European countries, nation states, and aggregates of nation states must an examination and increased understanding of the causes, channels, content, and consequences of international migration.

Overview of the International Migration Literature Theories explaining international migration have been very comprehensively reviewed and evaluated, conceptually and empirically during the last decade (see Massey et al. 1993, 1994; Taylor et al. 1996; Massey and Espinosa, 1997, Massey 1999). The theoretical perspectives covered in these reviews range from those of neo-classical economics and the new economics of labor migration through segmented labor theory to social capital theory and world systems theory. Essentially, international migration is theorized as being caused by disparities in bi-national wage rates (neo-classical economic theory), the effects of social relations between people (social capital theory), malfunctioning credit, capital, and insurance markets (new economics of migration), industrial societies’ intrinsic demand for immigrant labor (segmented labor market theory), and the disruptive effects of capitalist development which displaces people from traditional livelihoods and forces them onto transnational labor markets (world systems theory).

International migration is far more dynamic and self-reinforcing than has generally been realized and is likely to be most acute during the early phases of transition, economic development and restructuring. Furthermore, family members within households make migration decisions jointly and local socioeconomic conditions are affected by evolving political, social, economic and institutional structures at local, national and international levels. The theoretical and conceptual complexity of migration requires economic, social, infrastructural, and institutional data at the individual, household, and community levels to facilitate a comprehensive examination of the relationship between international migration and the transition to a market oriented economy.

Seminar Objectives 1. To review and critique recent theoretical and empirical work on the determinants and efficacy of state immigration policies to draw conclusion about the future of policy regimes throughout the globe and their likely effect. This discussion will cover the major strategic mechanisms used to regulate international migration: labor force strategies, family reunification strategies, selection/restriction strategies, and refugee/asylum strategies and will assess the rationale underlying these mechanisms. 2. To understand the major theories of international migration and to examine the relationships between those theories which explain international migration in relation to the broader political economy and to the form and function of societies and institutions. 3. To explore and explain the decision-to-migrate process at the individual-, household-, community-, and macroeconomic levels and to identify and explain individual and household international migration strategies (e.g. frequency, regularity, and duration) in response to globalization processes. For example, figure 1 presents one representation of the multi-level factors influencing the decision to migrate that could be operationalized and tested incrementally.

Political Considerations at Origin

2

Current Characteristics DECISION TO Characteristics of Individuals MIGRATE of Possible Destination Communities

Characteristics of Origin Community Household Characteristics

Choice of Destination

Figure 1. Illustration of Factors Influencing Migration Decisions

Seminar Requirements.

We will meet weekly for critical discussion of the assigned readings and to plan and operationalize the major requirement for successful completion of the seminar: the completion and submission for publication of two major articles co-authored by the students and instructor.

Article Reading List Amin, Samir. 1974, "Modern Migrations in Western Africa." Pp. 64-124 in Samir Amin (ed.), Modern Migrations in Western Africa. London: Oxford University Press. Amin Ash. and Jerzy Hausner, 1997. (eds.) Beyond Market and Hierarchy: Interactive Governance and Social Complexity. Cheltenham, UK ; Lyme, NH. Aslund, Anders. (ed.) 1992. Market socialism or the restoration of capitalism? Cambridge University Press. ______, 1995. How Russia became a market economy. Washington D.C. Brookings Institution. Bilsborow, Richard E., A.S. Oberai, and Guy Standing. 1984. Migration Surveys in Low Income Countries: Guidelines for Survey and Questionnaire Design. Croom Helm: London & Syndey Bonhing, W.R. (1984), Studies in International Labour Migration. London: Macmillan Burawoy, Michael. 1997. “Review Essay: The Soviet Descent into Capitalism.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 102, No. 5 (March 1997):1430-44. Castles, Steven. (1986), “The Guest-Worker in Western Europe - An Obituary.” International Migration Review, Vol. XX, no. 4, pp. 761-778. Donato, Katharine M., Jorge Durand, and Douglas S. Massey. 1992. “ Stemming the Tide? Assessing the Deterrent Effects of the Immigration Reform and Control Act,” Demography, Vol. 29, No. 2: 139-157. Frejka, Tomas. (ed.) 1996. International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Studies No. 8, United Nations: New York and Geneva. Frejka, Tomas, Kristina Iglicka-Okolska, Ewa Jazwinska, Vida Kanopiene, Miroslav Macura,

3 Elena Malinovskaya, Brendan Mullan, Marek Okolski, Serhyi Pirozhkov, and Audra Sipaviciene, et al. 1996. “Changing International Migration Patterns in Central and Eastern Europe in the early 1990s,” in Revolution or Evolution in European Population, in Proceedings of the European Population Conference, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 1996, pp213-226 Glytsos, Nicholas, P. 1995. “Problems and Policies Regarding the Socio-economic Integration of Returnees and Foreign Workers in Greece,” International Migration, Vol. 33, No. 2. Goldscheider, Calvin. 1987. "Migration and Social Structure: Analytic Issues and Comparative Perspectives in Developing Nations," Sociological Forum. 2(4): 674-696. Goodman, Leo. 1961. “Snowball Sampling.” Annals of Mathematical Statistics Vol. 32:117- 51. Guest, Philip. 1989. Labor Allocation and Rural Development. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Hall, Derek. 1994 Albania and the Albanians. St. Martin’s Press/Pinter Press: London Hamilton, Bill, and Bhasker Solanki. 1993. Albania, Who Cares? Autumn House Press: Grantham, England. Harris, J. R., and Michael P. Todaro. 1970. "Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis," American Economic Review. 60(1): 139-149. Helmstadter, Ernst, and Mark Perlman. 1996. (Eds.) Behavioral Norms, Technological Progress, and Economic Dynamics: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas and Jessica Blitt. 1998. Ecoviolence: Links among Environment, Population and Security. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield. Htouris, Sotirios. 1998. “Muslim Minorities in Greece – From Traditional Rural Communities to MigrantNetwork Communities: The Emergence of a Global Underclass.” In P. Glavanis (ed.) Muslim Voices in the European Union: The Stranger Within, Community, Identity, and Employment. Manchester: University of Manchester Press. Lianos, Theodore P., Alexander H. Sarris, and Louka T. Katseli. 1996. “Illegal Immigration and Local Labour Markets: The Case of Northern Greece.” International Migration, Vol. 34. No. 3: 448-478. Livi-Bacci, M. 1993. “South-North Migration: A Comparative Approach to North American and European Experiences,” In: The Changing Course of International Migration, Paris: OECD, pp. 37-46. MacDonald, John S., and Beatrice D. MacDonald. 1974. “Chain Migration, Ethnic Neighborhood Formation, and Social Networks." in Charles Tilly (ed.), An Urban World. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. Marger, Martin. N. 1992. “Immigration Issues in Western Europe,” In: The CASID Connection, Vol. 7, No. 4:3. Center for Advanced Study of International Development, East Lansing:Michigan State University Massey , Douglas S. 1987. “The Ethnosurvey in Theory and Practice,” International Migration Review, Vol. xxi No. 4:1498-1522. Massey, Douglas S. 1988. "Economic Development and International Migration in Comparative Perspective," Population and Development Review. Vol. 14(3): 383-413. Massey, D. S. 1990a, “The Social and Economic Origins of Immigration,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 510. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

4 Massey, Douglas, S. 1990b. "Social Structure, Household Strategies, and the Cumulative Causation of Migration," Population Index. 56(1): 3-26. Massey, Douglas S. 1998. “March of Folly: U.S. Immigration Policy after NAFTA,” The American Prospect, No. 37, March-April. Massey, Douglas S., Rafael Alarcon, Jorge Durand, and Humberto Gonzalez. 1987. Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Massey, D. S. J. Arango, G. Hugo, A. Kouaouci, and J.E. Taylor. 1993. “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal,” Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 431-466. Massey, D. S. J. Arango, G. Hugo, A. Kouaouci, and J.E. Taylor. 1994. “An Evaluation of International Migration Theory: The North American Case,” Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 699-752. Massey, Douglas S., Luin Goldring, and Jorge Durand. 1994. “Continuities in Transnational Migration: An Analysis of Nineteen Mexican Communities,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 99, No. 6: 1492-1533. Massey, Douglas S., and Emilio Parrado. 1994. “Migradollars: The Remittances and Savings of Mexican Migrants to the United States.” Population Research and Policy Review Vol. 13:3-30. Massey, Douglas S., and Kristin E. Espinosa. 1997. “What’s Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empriical, and Policy Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 102. No. 4: 939-99. Massey, Douglas S., and Felipe Garcia-Espana. 1987. “The Social Process of International Migration," Science. 237: 733-738. Misja, Vladimir. 1996.”Albania,” in Frejka, Tomas. (ed.) 1996. International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Studies No. 8, United Nations: New York and Geneva. Morawska, Ewa. 1990. “The Sociology and Historiography of Immigration.” In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics, Virginia Yans-McLaughlin (Ed.), New York: Oxford University Press. Mullan, Brendan P., 1988. "Social Mobility among Mexicans between Mexico and the US and within the US Labor Market." International Migration, 26 (1):71-94. ______, 1989. “The Impact of Social Networks on the Occupational Status of Migrants." International Migration, 27 (1):69-86. ______, 1998. “The Regulation of International Migration: The U.S. and Western Europe in Historical, Comparative Perspective.” In Anita Bocker, Kees Groenendijk, Tetty Havinga, and Paul Minderhood (Eds.) Regulation of Migration: International Experiiences. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis Publishers. ______, 1995a. Third Training Workshop on EthnoSurvey Methods for Migration Research, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Population Activities Unit, Geneva, Switzerland, December. ______, 1995b. Second Training Workshop on EthnoSurvey Methods for Migration Research, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Population Activities Unit, Geneva, Warsaw, Poland, June.

5 ______, 1995c. “The UN/ECE International Migration Surveys in Eastern Europe,” Paper presented at A World on the Move: Global Population and Social Change, Population Research Group Conference, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, April, 1995. ______, 1994. First Training Workshop on EthnoSurvey Methods for Migration Research, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Population Activities Unit, Geneva, Switzerland, August. Mullan, Brendan P., Chun-Hao Li, Rita S. Gallin, and Bernard Gallin. 1998. “Household and Family Internal Migration in Taiwan.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 7, No 1:43-66. Mullan, Brendan P., and Tomas Frejka. 1995. "International Migration in the UN/ECE Region: Methodological Issues," in Root Causes of International Migration, (eds. R. van der Erf and L. Heering), Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague, Holland. Münz, R. 1995. “Where did they all come from? Typology and geography of European mass migration in the twentieth century, paper presented at plenary session III, European Population Conference, Milano Italy, Sept. 4-8.

Münz, R., and R. Ulrich, 1995. Changing Patterns of Migration, The Case of Germany, 1945- 1994. Berlin: Humboldt University Press. Myrdal, Gunnar. 1957. Rich Lands and Poor. New York: Harper and Row. Okolski, Marek, 1998 “In-depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,” Economic Studies No. 11, 1998, Sales No. GV.E.98.II.E.24 Population Activities Unit (PAU) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva Pyrozhkov, Serhyi. 1999. “In-depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Ukraine,” Economic Studies No. 12, 1999, Sales No. GV.E.99.II.E.5 Population Activities Unit (PAU) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva Rhoades, Robert E. 1978. “Intra-European Return Migration and Rural Development: Lessons from the Spanish Case,” Human Organization 37: 136-147. Sachs, Jeffrey D,. and Katharina Pistor. (Eds.) 1997. The rule of law and economic reform in Russia. Boulder, Co: Westview Press. Sassen, Saskia. 1988. The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sipaviciene, Audra. 2000. “In-depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Lithuania,” Economic Studies No. 13 (Forthcoming). Population Activities Unit (PAU) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva Sjaastad, Larry A. 1962. "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy. 70S: 80-93. Stahl, Charles W. 1995. “Theories of International Labor Migration: An Overview,” The Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 4 (2/3), pp: 211-232. Stark, Oded. 1983."A Note on Modeling Labour Migration in LDCs," The Journal of Development Studies. Vol. 19(4): 539-543.

6 Stark, Oded. 1984. “Rural-to-Urban Migration in LDCs: A Relative Deprivation Approach," Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol. 32(3): 475-486. Stark, Oded. 1991. "Migration in LDCs: Risk, Remittances, and the Family," Finance and Development. Vol. 28(4): 39-41. Stark, Oded, and David E. Bloom. 1985. "The New Economics of Labor Migration," The American Economic Review. 75(2): 173-178. Stark, Oded, and J. Edward Taylor. 1989."Relative Deprivation and International Migration," Demography. Vol. 26(1): 1-14. Stark, Oded, and J. Edward Taylor. 1991."Migration Incentives, Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation," The Economic Journal. Vol. 101(408): 1163-1178. Stark, Oded, J. Edward Taylor, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. 1986."Remittances and Inequality," The Economic Journal. Vol. 86(383): 722-740. Sudman, Seymour. 1983. “Applied Sampling.” In Peter H. Rossi, James D. Wright, and Andy B. Anderson (Eds.) Handbook of Survey Research. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press. Taylor, J. Edward, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Koucouci, Douglas S. Massey, and Adela Pellegrino. 1996. “International Migration and National Development.” Population Index Vol. 62, No. 2: 181-212. Taylor, J. Edward and T. J.; Wyatt. 1996. “The shadow value of migrant remittances, income and inequality in a household-farm economy.” Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 32, No. 6: 899-912 Todaro, Michael P. 1969. "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review. 59(1): 138-148. Todaro, Michael P. 1976. Internal Migration in Developing Countries: A Review of Theory, Evidence, Methodology and Research Priorities. Geneva: International Labour Office. Todaro, Michael P. 1980. "Internal Migration in Developing Countries: A Survey." Pp. 361-403 in Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), Population and Economic Change in Developing Countries. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press USAID, 1998. “USAID FY 1998 Congressional Presentation: Albania.” United States Aid for International Development, Washington D.C. Wood, Charles H. 1981. "Structural Changes and Household Strategies: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Rural Migration," Human Organization. 40(4): 338-344.

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