The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s6

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Banned Book or Essential to the Curriculum? Analyzing the Social and Racial Satiric Commentary of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1884: Ernest Hemingway wrote “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn . . . All American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since.” However, since its publishing, readers and critics have questioned the legitimacy of Twain’s language and portrayal of the Deep South. Students will examine how Twain crafts the social and racial commentary throughout the novel and discuss the legitimacy of this novel in the school curriculum. Unit Essential Questions: . How does Twain satirize the era and the issues of the time? . Should this book be banned? . Is the novel flawed? . How should Twain’s use of Huck Finn’s first person point of view inform our understanding of the novel and the complexity of the issues at the time?

Reading Schedule

Chapters Due Date Other Assignments Chapters 1-6 (31 pages) Tuesday, May 22 Chapters 7-10 (26 pages) Wednesday, May 23 “Did You Read” Quiz (Chapters 1-10) Chapters 11-12 (22 pages) Thursday, May 24 Chapters 15-16 (15 pages) Friday, May 25 (Optional: Chapters 13 & 14) Chapters 17-19 (30 pages) Monday, May 28 (No School) Chapters 20-23 (6-10 pages) Tuesday, May 29 (JIGSAW Reading – see schedule in class) Chapters 24-26 (23 pages) Wednesday, May 30 Chapters 27-30 (31 pages) Thursday, May 31 Quiz (1-16) Chapters 31-34 (25 pages) Friday, June 1 Quiz (17-28) (Optional: Chapters 35-38) Chapters 39—41 (19 pages) Monday, June 4 Chapters 42-43 (9 pages) Tuesday, June 5 Quiz (29-43)

Inference Charts: 1-16, 17-28, 29-43 (see schedule in class) Qualities of American Literature Source: Margaret Reid, A.B., M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of English, Marquette University. "American Literature: Prose," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2005 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

American Literature: Prose, fiction and nonfiction of the American colonies and the United States, written in the English language from about 1600 to the present. This literature captures America’s quest to understand and define itself. From the beginning America was unique in the diversity of its inhabitants; over time they arrived from all parts of the world. Although English quickly became the language of America, regional and ethnic dialects have enlivened and enriched the country’s literature almost from the start. Today American prose encompasses a variety of traditions and voices that share a common context: the geographical region now known as the United States. Native American literatures, which were largely oral at the time of colonial settlement, stand apart as a separate tradition that is itself strong and varied.

For its first 200 years American prose reflected the settlement and growth of the American colonies, largely through histories, religious writings, and expedition and travel narratives. Biography also played an important role, especially in America’s search for native heroes. Fiction appeared only after the colonies gained independence, when the clamor for a uniquely American literature brought forth novels based on events in America’s past. With a flowering of prose in the mid-1800s, the young nation found its own voice. By then fiction had become the dominant literary genre in America. In the 20th century, American literature took its place on the world stage and began to exert influence on other literatures.

Realism and Naturalism: Twain, Crane, and Others: Realism entered American literature after the Civil War, soon followed by naturalism, an extreme form of realism. Naturalism had an outlook often bleaker than that of realism, and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerless. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, who wrote under the pen name Mark Twain, is sometimes called a regionalist for his vivid portrayals of Southern character and dialect. However, he also ranks among the great American realists because he scrupulously included so many sides of life in his works and refused to make the horrifying look palatable. He published from 1865 until 1910, but his literary fame was firmly rooted in the 19th century and its crises of racism, class conflicts, and poverty. Twain's works also include some of the best American humor, starting with the short story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” which was published in a newspaper in 1865. Twain’s best-known works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), are seemingly simple stories that also offer searing indictments of corruption at all levels of society. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer celebrated boyhood at the same time that it cleverly revealed the workings of small-town America—small-minded at times, generous in spirit at other times. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered Twain’s masterpiece. In it, the boy Huck Finn learns about human nature’s evil side as well as its kind side. As a result of his close friendship with a black man who is escaping slavery, Huck also must confront the conflict between individual intuition about what is right and the prevailing views of society on the subject. In both Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, Twain's genius comes through in his realistic depiction of the psychology and the moral development of his two young characters. Both works are similar in this way to Little Women (1868-1869), a novel by Louisa May Alcott that records the moral and intellectual coming of age of four young women. Alcott was the daughter of transcendentalist Bronson Alcott. Her still-popular novel is one of a series of works that show her serious concern with childhood and adolescence.

Why Teach Huck Finn?

Dr. Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Professor of American Studies and English at the University of Texas, is the author of Lighting Out for the Territory: Reflections on Mark Twain and American Culture (Oxford University Press, 1997) and Was Huck Black? Mark Twain and African American Voices (Oxford University Press, 1993). She is President of the Mark Twain Circle of America and editor of the 19-volume Oxford Mark Twain.

Despite the fact that it is the most taught novel and most taught work of American literature in American schools from junior high to graduate school, Huckleberry Finn remains a hard book to read and a hard book to teach. The difficulty is caused by two distinct but related problems. First, one must understand how Socratic irony works if the novel is to make any sense at all; most students don't. Secondly, one must be able to place the novel in a larger historical and literary context -- one that includes the history of American racism and the literary productions of African-American writers -- if the book is to be read as anything more than a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (which it both is and is not); most students can't. These two problems pose real obstacles for teachers. Are they surmountable? Under some circumstances, yes. Under others, perhaps not. I think under most circumstances, however, they are obstacles you can deal with.

It is impossible to read Huck Finn intelligently without understanding that Mark Twain's consciousness and awareness is larger than that of any of the characters in the novel, including Huck. Indeed, part of what makes the book so effective is the fact that Huck is too innocent and ignorant to understand what's wrong with his society and what's right about his own transgressive behavior. Twain, on the other hand, knows the score. One must be skeptical about most of what Huck says in order to hear what Twain is saying. In a 1991 interview, Ralph Ellison suggested that critics who condemn Twain for the portrait of Jim that we get in the book forget that "one also has to look at the teller of the tale, and realize that you are getting a black man, an adult, seen through the condescending eyes -- partially -- of a young white boy." Are you saying, I asked Ellison, "that those critics are making the same old mistake of confusing the narrator with the author? That they're saying that Twain saw him that way rather than that Huck did?" "Yes," was Ellison's answer.

Clemens as a child accepted without question, as Huck did, the idea that slaves were property; neither wanted to be called a "low-down Abolitionist" if he could possibly help it. Between the time of that Hannibal childhood and adolescence, however, and the years in which Twain wrote Huckleberry Finn, Twain's consciousness changed. By 1885, when the book was published, Samuel Clemens held views that were very different from those he ascribed to Huck. It might be helpful at this point to chart for your students the growth of the author's developing moral awareness on the subject of race and racism -- starting with some of his writings on the persecution of the Chinese in San Francisco (such as Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy), then moving through his marriage into an abolitionist family, the 1869 anti-lynching editorial that he published in The Buffalo Express entitled Only a Nigger, and his exposure to figures like Frederick Douglass and his father-in-law, Jervis Langdon.

By the time he wrote Huckleberry Finn, Samuel Clemens had come to believe not only that slavery was a horrendous wrong, but that white Americans owed black Americans some form of "reparations" for it. One graphic way to demonstrate this fact to your students is to share with them the letter Twain wrote to the Dean of the Yale Law School in 1885, in which he explained why he wanted to pay the expenses of Warner McGuinn, one of the first black law students at Yale. "We have ground the manhood out of them," Twain wrote Dean Wayland on Christmas Eve, 1885, "and the shame is ours, not theirs, & we should pay for it." Ask your students: why does a writer who holds these views create a narrator who is too innocent and ignorant to challenge the topsy-turvy moral universe that surrounds him?

Something new happened in Huck Finn that had never happened in American literature before. It was a book, as many critics have observed, that served as a Declaration of Independence from the genteel English novel tradition. Huckleberry Finn allowed a different kind of writing to happen: a clean, crisp, no- nonsense, earthy vernacular kind of writing that jumped off the printed page with unprecedented immediacy and energy; it was a book that talked. Huck's voice, combined with Twain's satiric genius, changed the shape of fiction in America, and African-American voices had a great deal to do with making it what it was. Expose your students to the work of some of Twain's African-American contemporaries, such as Frederick Douglass, Charles Chesnutt, and Paul Laurence Dunbar. Those voices can greatly enrich students' understanding of both the issues Huckleberry Finn raises and the vernacular style in which it raises them.

If W.E.B. Du Bois was right that the problem of the twentieth century is the color line, one would never know it from the average secondary-school syllabus, which often avoids issues of race almost completely. Like a Trojan horse, however, Huck Finn can slip into the American literature classroom as a "classic," only to engulf students in heated debates about prejudice and racism, conformity, autonomy, authority, slavery and freedom. It is a book that puts on the table the very questions the culture so often tries to bury, a book that opens out into the complex history that shaped it -- the history of the ante-bellum era in which the story is set, and the history of the post-war period in which the book was written -- and it requires us to address that history as well. Much of that history is painful. Indeed, it is to avoid confronting the raw pain of that history that black parents sometimes mobilize to ban the novel. Brushing history aside, however, is no solution to the larger challenge of dealing with its legacy. Neither is placing the task of dealing with it on one book.

We continue to live, as a nation, in the shadow of racism while being simultaneously committed, on paper, to principles of equality. As Ralph Ellison observed in our interview, it is this irony at the core of the American experience that Mark Twain forces us to confront head-on.

History as it is taught in the history classroom is often denatured and dry. You can keep your distance from it if you choose. Slaveholding was evil. Injustice was the law of the land. History books teach that. But they don't require you to look the perpetrators of that evil in the eye and find yourself looking at a kind, gentle, good-hearted Aunt Sally. They don't make you understand that it was not the villains who made the system work, but the ordinary folks, the good folks, the folks, who did nothing more than fail to question the set of circumstances that surrounded them, who failed to judge that evil as evil and who deluded themselves into thinking they were doing good, earning safe passage for themselves into heaven.

When accomplished fiction writers expose the all-too-human betrayals that well-meaning human beings perpetrate in the name of business-as-usual, they disrupt the ordered rationalizations that insulate the heart from pain. Novelists, like surgeons, cut straight to the heart. But unlike surgeons, they don't sew up the wound. They leave it open to heal or fester, depending on the septic level of the reader's own environment.

Irony, history, and racism all painfully intertwine in our past and present, and they all come together in Huck Finn. Because racism is endemic to our society, a book like Huck Finn, which brings the problem to the surface, can explode like a hand grenade in a literature classroom accustomed to the likes of Macbeth or Great Expectations -- works which exist at a safe remove from the lunchroom or the playground. If we lived in a world in which racism had been eliminated generations before, teaching Huck Finn would be a piece of cake. Unfortunately that's not the world we live in. The difficulties we have teaching this book reflect the difficulties we continue to confront in our classrooms and our nation. As educators, it is incumbent upon us to teach our students to decode irony, to understand history, and to be repulsed by racism and bigotry wherever they find it. But this is the task of a lifetime. It's unfair to force one novel to bear the burden -- alone -- of addressing these issues and solving these problems. But Huck Finn -- and you -- can make a difference.

Major Characters: Huck Finn- Narrator: A young boy that seeks to run away from home. He is smart and efficient. Huck is the orphan of an absentee father and a deceased mother. He is uncivilized in manner and habit. He desires to flee his life, living on a raft, floating down the Mississippi River and doing as he pleases. Focus: Huck’s awareness of Jim as a person, Huck’s practical morality, the use of Huck’s point of view to reveal the ironic, brutal horrors of slavery

Jim- A slave on Miss Watson's Plantation who later escapes and becomes Huck's first true friend. He is searching for his family and freedom. He is very superstitous and religious. Focus: Jim’s development or lack thereof in order to combat or contribute racist stereotypes

Huck's father- An abusive, drunk old man who is using Huck for his money and advantages.

The Duke and the King- A devious duo who are corrupt and cause trouble. They meet up with Jim and Huck on the raft and scam cities out of money. Focus: Irony of these characters’ attitude, how they contribute to realizations and actions of Huck and Jim

Key Themes/issues to explore:

 Racism  Legality versus morality  Friendship/Companionship  Freedom/Self Discovery and growth through Journey

Setting- The novel is set in an area of the Mississippi River where Huck and Jim travel on a raft. It also occurs in several villages where Jim and Huck visit on their journey: Miss Watson's House, the Grangerford's, Huck's father’s house, Aunt Sally's during the 1840s.

Additional Background Information re: setting and racism

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 Although Article IV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution guaranteed the right to repossess any "person held to service or labor" (a euphemism for slaves), it did not set up a mechanism for executing the law.

On February 12, 1793, the Second Congress passed "An act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters," that authorized the arrest or seizure of fugitives and empowered "any magistrate of a county, city or town" to rule on the matter. The act further established a fine of $500 against any person who aided a fugitive.

The act was no doubt a response to the proliferation of anti-slavery societies and to the emergence of the Underground Railroad. Like the Constitution itself, this act does not include a single mention of the words "slave" or "slavery." The Fugitive Slave Bill of 1850 The Underground Railroad saw an explosion of activity in the 1840s. In 1842, the Supreme Court ruled in Prigg v. Pennsylvania that states did not have to aid in the return of runaway slaves.

In an attempt to appease the South, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, which revised the Fugitive Slave Bill. The law gave slaveowners "the right to organize a posse at any point in the United States to aid in recapturing runaway slaves. Courts and police everywhere in the United States were obligated to assist them" (Blockson, 11). Private citizens were also obligated to assist in the recapture of runaways. Furthermore, people who were caught helping slaves served jail time as well as pay fines and restitution to the slaveowner. “We are all teachers. We are all learners.” – Huck Finn Fishbowl Discussion

Fishbowls are used for dynamic group involvement. The purpose of this activity is to oblige participants (group B) to actively listen to the experiences and perspectives of their peers (group A) as they interact in a dialogue around a text. Just as people observe fish in a fishbowl, group B observes group A. Each group will have an opportunity to be in the fishbowl.

Preparation Notes (20 points): MUST BE TYPED AND NOT TO EXCEEED ONE PAGE DOUBLE-SPACED

Overview Set Up: Include the following elements in one-two paragraphs:  your point of view on the topic (aka your thesis)  at least one citation from a secondary source  at least two citations from the novel (note page numbers) Notes:  Copy and paste passages that will be used for discussion – use the etext of Huck Finn. Use at least four-five direct textual quotes.  Type at least six quotes from secondary sources with clear citations (at least two sources required) Works cited: Type a Works Cited to show your secondary sources.

Participation as “Fish” (40 points): This will be assessed through the teacher rubric provided

Participation as Observers and Note Takers (5 points): Following the discussions, you will be asked to observe the fishbowl and add on insightful and appropriate comments within your online discussion group.

2 extra credit points for student that volunteers to be a facilitator (only kept if you do an active job of facilitating the discussion)4

Procedure: 1. One important rule must guide the participation of the observers: During the course of the fish bowl, observers are not allowed to speak. Their job is to listen and learn from the fishbowl students. Remember, use your body language to show that you are focused, interested, and actively listening. 2. Observers should keep a running log of the dialogue and make note of key points they wish to have clarified, elaborate, comment on, revisit in some manner, or disagree with. Following each discussion, we will open the group discussion up to the class at large. 3. One of the fishbowl students will assume the role of facilitator. It will be her/his responsibility to ask questions, facilitate the fishbowl discussion, and make sure everyone has an opportunity to talk. 4. After the activity, students will have the opportunity to give each other feedback on the process

Ground Rules: Appropriate Behavior 1. Participant states idea and supports with evidence. 2. Participant agrees with previous speaker and adds evidence. 3. Participant disagrees with speaker and offers evidence.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Fish Bowl

Directions: Prepare key passages, quotes, and supporting documents in order to participate constructively in your assigned discussion group. Within each group you will participate in a 25-30 minute discussion in which you will build on materials, videos, and discussions made in class. In order to prepare: make a note of key points you find insightful, wish to have clarified, elaborated, comment on, or revisit in some manner. Additionally, record specific page numbers and passages as well as references to other materials.

A: Nemos: Some critics assert B. Guppies: Huck Finn is an A. Goldies: At first Jim seems B. Mahi-Mahis: Some critics that Huck Finn is a racist novel adventure novel that details the to be a simple character. What assert that Twain’s storytelling, and should be banned from the moral growth and development are some ways in which the especially the ending, is flawed. curriculum. Other critics assert of Huck Finn during the course author develops him? Within What other parts of the novel that Huck Finn is essential of the novel. How does Twain this discussion, you must touch may be perceived as flawed or American literature that creates depict this growth? Within this on the following sub-topics: problematic? Within this the foundation for discussion, you must touch on discussion, you must touch on understanding all of American the following subtopics: -How does Jim serve as a father the following sub-topics: literature. Within this figure to Huck? Contrast him discussion, you must touch on -the role of secondary characters with Pap Finn -Authorial Choice the following subtopics: such as the King and the Duke, -Huck’s changing perceptions of -different sections of the novel Jim, the widow, and Tom Sawyer Jim and how they do or do not -the use of the n word and local -the role of religion in Huck’s -the subtle evolving contribute to the novel’s color development characterization of Jim (this development -use of dialect -challenges that may be include other characters -research other relevant -use of satire as commentary on construed as part of the Hero’s reactions and treatment of Jim) information and passages to this societal institutions such as archetypal journey -research other relevant discussion slavery and religion -research other relevant information and passages to this -research other relevant information and passages to this discussion information and passages to this discussion discussion -qualities of American literature Name: ______

Huck Finn Fishbowl Rubric

Group Role:______(Nemos, Goldies, etc.)

Directions: Please submit this rubric at the time of your presentation. Following the fishbowls I will ask you to attach the preparation materials, note taking and dialogue notes to assess the remainder of your grade. Conventions/Delivery of speech Articulate and clear speech: Employs correct grammar and usage, 5 4 3 2 1 voice control enhances delivery (pace, inflection, enunciation, and volume) Eye contact: Maintains eye contact with group participants 5 4 3 2 1

No Distractions: avoids interrupters and detractors (“like,” “uhm,” “you 5 4 3 2 1 know,”), as well as any swaying or distracting bodily movement ______/15 points Oral Component Subtotal Content Student provides evidence of student knowledge of story as evident by 10 7 5 3 1 reference of textual support (3 references) Student provides evidence of building on group discussion, by using 5 4 3 2 1 language that connects the discussion (see suggestions on direction sheet) Student provides evidence of using secondary sources which are clearly 10 7 5 3 1 references in the discussion (3 references) ______/25 Points Content: Oral Presentation Subtotal Point Total: ______/40 points

Preparation ______/20 points Overview includes the following elements:  your point of view on the topic aka your thesis  at least one citation from a secondary source  at least two citations from the novel (note page numbers) Notes:  four - five direct textual quotes clearly identified.  Six quotes from secondary sources with clear citations (at least two sources)  Works cited:

Participation in the Chat ______/5 points  Reflects the content of the fishbowl  Offers meaningful insights  Stays on topic Total: ______/65 points Mark Twain and Satire

Key Definitions: 1- Hyperbole (exaggerated exaggeration) Ex.

2- Verbal Irony (sarcasm) Ex.

3- Situational Irony (when the opposite of the reader’s expectation occurs) Ex.

4- Juxtaposition (placing two events together to sharpen the contrast) Ex.

5- Understatement: the opposite of hyperbole, understatement (or litotes) refers to a figure of speech that says less than is intended. Understatement usually has an ironic effect, and sometimes may be used for comic purposes, as in Mark Twain’s statement, "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated." Ex.

6- Parody: a humorous imitation of another, usually serious, work. It can take any fixed or open form, because parodists imitate the tone, language, and shape of the original in order to deflate the subject matter, making the original work seem absurd. Ex.

7- Satire: the use of the above elements to make a critical commentary on some aspect of society. Sometimes satire is humorous; however, most often it is insightful and biting. “Extracts from the Diaries of Adam & Eve” As a class, we will answer the following questions: Use the following definition of stereotype for common agreement regarding the meaning of the word: n. A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image. WRITE THE DEFINITION ON THE BOARD AND THEN HAVE THEM DO 1 AND 2

1. Five stereotypes women have about men: 2. Five stereotypes men have about women 3. Popcorn read “Extracts from Adam’s Diary” by Mark Twain aloud in your groups 4. Add two more stereotypes to each list

DO THESE IN A LOOP WRITING EXERCISE BUT IN GROUPS In small groups (mixed with females and males) students will answer the following on a separate sheet of paper: 1. Within the text, find five examples of satire – be specific an in-depth with your examples – explain how they apply to the above listed stereotypes and identify the technique used. 2. As a group discuss whether men and/or women would find this offensive – why or why not? Take notes on your discussion. 3. The true test of comedy is that it shall awaken thoughtful laughter. In a brief response, explain how Twain’s extracts prompt a thoughtful response. Is his message subtle or overt and how does it contribute to the humor?

Following the group activities, students should discuss their responses as a class. Extracts From Adam and Eve's Diaries

MONDAY.--This new creature with the long hair is a good deal in the way. It is always hanging around and following me about. I don't like this; I am not used to company. I wish it would stay with the other animals. . . . Cloudy today, wind in the east; think we shall have rain. . . . WE? Where did I get that word-- the new creature uses it.

TUESDAY.--Been examining the great waterfall. It is the finest thing on the estate, I think. The new creature calls it Niagara Falls--why, I am sure I do not know. Says it LOOKS like Niagara Falls. That is not a reason, it is mere waywardness and imbecility. I get no chance to name anything myself. The new creature names everything that comes along, before I can get in a protest. And always that same pretext is offered--it LOOKS like the thing. There is a dodo, for instance. Says the moment one looks at it one sees at a glance that it "looks like a dodo." It will have to keep that name, no doubt. It wearies me to fret about it, and it does no good, anyway. Dodo! It looks no more like a dodo than I do.

WEDNESDAY.--Built me a shelter against the rain, but could not have it to myself in peace. The new creature intruded. When I tried to put it out it shed water out of the holes it looks with, and wiped it away with the back of its paws, and made a noise such as some of the other animals make when they are in distress. I wish it would not talk; it is always talking. That sounds like a cheap fling at the poor creature, a slur; but I do not mean it so. I have never heard the human voice before, and any new and strange sound intruding itself here upon the solemn hush of these dreaming solitudes offends my ear and seems a false note. And this new sound is so close to me; it is right at my shoulder, right at my ear, first on one side and then on the other, and I am used only to sounds that are more or less distant from me.

FRIDAY. The naming goes recklessly on, in spite of anything I can do. I had a very good name for the estate, and it was musical and pretty-- GARDEN OF EDEN. Privately, I continue to call it that, but not any longer publicly. The new creature says it is all woods and rocks and scenery, and therefore has no resemblance to a garden. Says it LOOKS like a park, and does not look like anything BUT a park. Consequently, without consulting me, it has been new-named NIAGARA FALLS PARK. This is sufficiently high-handed, it seems to me. And already there is a sign up:

KEEP OFF

Extracts from Eve’s story

SUNDAY.--It is up there yet. Resting, apparently. But that is a subterfuge: Sunday isn't the day of rest; Saturday is appointed for that. It looks to me like a creature that is more interested in resting than it anything else. It would tire me to rest so much. It tires me just to sit around and watch the tree. I do wonder what it is for; I never see it do anything…

When I found it could talk I felt a new interest in it, for I love to talk; I talk, all day, and in my sleep, too, and I am very interesting, but if I had another to talk to I could be twice as interesting, and would never stop, if desired…

NEXT WEEK SUNDAY.--All the week I tagged around after him and tried to get acquainted. I had to do the talking, because he was shy, but I didn't mind it. He seemed pleased to have me around, and I used the sociable "we" a good deal, because it seemed to flatter him to be included.

WEDNESDAY.--We are getting along very well indeed, now, and getting better and better acquainted. He does not try to avoid me anymore, which is a good sign, and shows that he likes to have me with him. That pleases me, and I study to be useful to him in every way I can, so as to increase his regard. During the last day or two I have taken all the work of naming things off his hands, and this has been a great relief to him, for he has no gift in that line, and is evidently very grateful. He can't think of a rational name to save him, but I do not let him see that I am aware of his defect. Whenever a new creature comes along I name it before he has time to expose himself by an awkward silence. In this way I have saved him many embarrassments. I have no defect like this. The minute I set eyes on an animal I know what it is. I don't have to reflect a moment; the right name comes out instantly, just as if it were an inspiration, as no doubt it is, for I am sure it wasn't in me half a minute before. I seem to know just by the shape of the creature and the way it acts what animal it is. When the dodo came along he thought it was a wildcat--I saw it in his eye. But I saved him. And I was careful not to do it in a way that could hurt his pride. I just spoke up in a quite natural way of pleasing surprise, and not as if I was dreaming of conveying information, and said, "Well, I do declare, if there isn't the dodo!" I explained--without seeming to be explaining-- how I know it for a dodo, and although I thought maybe he was a little piqued that I knew the creature when he didn't, it was quite evident that he admired me. That was very agreeable, and I thought of it more than once with gratification before I slept. How little a thing can make us happy when we feel that we have earned it! On the day of the presentations of chapters 1-16, first show them Daisy’s lullaby and Huck Finn in legs as examples!

Chapter Selections: Group One: 1 and 2 Group Two: 3 and 4 Group Three: 5 and 6 Group Four: 7 and 8 Group Five: 9 and 10 Group Six: 11 and 12 Group Seven: 15 and 16 Name:______

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Review: Chapters 1-16

Directions: As a means of reviewing the text, we will break into partners and write up the following information for each chapter:

1-With a partner, review your two assigned chapters and decide upon an appropriate title for the chapters (either separately or, if you’re really ambitious, together!). The title should be an engaging hook for the chapter that contributes to understanding the important events for each chapter. Provide a listing of important characters and primary interactions between them as a means of support. As you list these interactions, think about how they contribute to the different themes in the novel:

 Legality versus morality  Racism  Friendship/Companionship  Freedom/Self Discovery and growth through Journey

2-Twain’s writing occurs with the period of American Realism, known for its acute understanding and observations of human nature. Henry B. Wonham in “Mark Twain: America’s Regional Author,” quotes Twain as saying:

the successful artist must be a regional specialist, who has endured ...years and years of unconscious absorption; years and years of intercourse with the life concerned; of living it, indeed; sharing personally in its shames and prides, its joys and grief, its loves and hates, its prosperities and reverses, its shows and shabbiness, its deep patriotisms, its whirlwinds of political passion, its adorations -- of flag, and heroic dead, and the glory of the national name. While the foreign writer can register and describe exterior scenes and events, he continued, only "the native novelist" can provide an accurate representation of the nation's interior experience, "its soul, its life, its speech, its thought." Literary creativity, according to Twain, depends on the unconscious accumulation of local knowledge, for the writer is ultimately less a creator than an ‘Observer of Peoples’ (1).

What traits does Twain reveal throughout his different characterizations and interactions? Provide two quotes from each chapter that demonstrate your point.

3-As you review you chapter, consider how Twain’s satiric portrayal critically comments on different issues with Twain’s society. What insight is created? What level of offense is created? Does the insight outweigh the offense? For this question, consider the following topics:

1-racism/slavery 2-Christianity 3-the South 4-education

Within this section, look for quotes that show the different elements of satire: 1 hyperbole 2 verbal irony (sarcasm) 3 situational irony (when the opposite of the reader’s expectation occurs) 4 juxtaposition (placing two events together to sharpen the contrast) 5 understatement (says less than intended) 6 parody (humorous imitation of another, usually serious, work)

After you have completed all of the above activities, you will need to think of a creative way to present this information to the class. Remember, I do not want this to be death by Power Point slides. I am looking for creativity, engagement, and inspiration! Editorial Cartoon Chapters 17-31, 30 points

Directions: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is known for its satiric commentary on the many and varied ills of Southern society. For this assignment, you will choose one satiric passage from chapters 17-31 that employs at least two elements of satire (irony, exaggeration, understatement, juxtaposition, sarcasm (verbal irony)) to reveal the ignorance within society or a flaw within society.  With your partner, identify a key passage: note the passage by the page number and the first five words and last five words of the passage. If we have access to laptops, copy and paste the passage from the e-text version of the novel.  15 Points: Analyze the passage for different elements of satire and overall message. Create a thesis statement specific to the passage that explains how Twain uses satire.  15 Points: Create an editorial cartoon or a cartoon strip illustrating the passage. If you reference the n word, write n____. The cartoon should capture the idea of the satiric message of the passage and use visual element to show the satire. Effort as shown by neatness and clarity will also be graded.

Sample Passage: Chapter 6 "Oh, yes, this is a wonderful govment, wonderful. Why, looky here. There was a free n___ there from Ohio -- a mulatter, most as white as a white man. He had the whitest shirt on you ever see, too, and the shiniest hat; and there ain't a man in that town that's got as fine clothes as what he had; and he had a gold watch and chain, and a silver- headed cane -- the awfulest old gray-headed nabob in the State. And what do you think? They said he was a p'fessor in a college, and could talk all kinds of languages, and knowed everything. And that ain't the wust. They said he could vote when he was at home. Well, that let me out. Thinks I, what is the country a-coming to? It was 'lection day, and I was just about to go and vote myself if I warn't too drunk to get there; but when they told me there was a State in this country where they'd let that n____ vote, I drawed out. I says I'll never vote agin. Them's the very words I said; they all heard me; and the country may rot for all me -- I'll never vote agin as long as I live. And to see the cool way of that n____ -- why, he wouldn't a give me the road if I hadn't shoved him out o' the way.

Example Analysis: Elements seen in the passage: (this does not have to be paragraph format)  Juxtaposition of Pap, a dirty, revolting, ignorant, free man to an educated, erudite African American: the contrast makes Pap’s ignorant rant about race seem ridiculous when comparing him to the Professor that speaks multiple languages.  Irony: If Pap wasn’t too drunk to vote, he wouldn’t vote anyway because of the rights given to African Americans. Given Pap’s ignorance, his statement causes the reader to question why would anyone want him to vote? Clearly, his vote does not represent a loss to the country although he perceives it that way.  Exaggeration: Pap’s overall character represents several stereotypes and negative traits stacked together – racist, drunkard, uneducated, violent  Thesis statement: Using Pap’s rant, Twain juxtaposes Pap to an educated African American to reveal ignorance about race and slavery.

Huckleberry Finn Discussion Questions: Chapters 17-40

Essential Questions: 1. How should Twain’s use of Huck Finn’s first person point of view inform our understanding of the novel and the complexity of the issues at the time? As you consider this question – think about the elements of Satire 2. Does Mark Twain’s depiction of the South oversimplify the people of the region? Why or why not? Elements of Satire: The literary art of ridiculing a folly or vice in order to expose or correct it. The object of satire is usually some human frailty; people, institutions, ideas, and things are all fair game for satirists. ... Irony: a literary term referring to how a person, situation, statement, or circumstance is not as it would actually seem. Many times it is the exact opposite of what it appears to be. There are many types of irony, the three most common being verbal irony, dramatic irony, and cosmic irony. Verbal irony occurs when either the speaker means something totally different than what he is saying or the audience realizes, because of their knowledge of the particular situation to which the speaker is referring, that the opposite of what a character is saying is true. Verbal irony also occurs when a character says something in jest that, in actuality, is true. Juxtaposition: An act or instance of placing two things close together or side by side. This is often done in order to contrast the two, to show unlikeness or differences, to note the opposite qualities of the two, etc. Parody is a form of humor that imitates another work of art in an exaggerated fashion for comic effect, usually deriding the subject of the parody in the process. Exaggeration

Bigger Ideas:  Twain’s use of local color; Naturalism  Characterization by comparison/contrast  Foreshadowing  The development of Huck’s conscience with regard to Jim  Commentary on the institution of religion

The Raft: Huck and Jim develop a friendship (chapters 14-18) 1. What is the nature of Huck and Jim’s relationship? What major decision does Huck pursue? 2. What key incidents occur that serve as a catalyst to evolve Huck’s thinking and perceptions of Jim? 3. How does Twain satirize the horrors of slavery via Huck’s reactions to Jim’s needs? 4. How do Huck and Jim end up separated? The Grangerford/Sheperdson Feud (chapter 18) 1. Why does the feud exist? 2. What is the latest occurrence in the feud (with regard to Ms. Sophia)? 3. From Twain’s perspective, what purpose does the feud serve? Why does he include it in the novel? Consider the following: -How the feud foreshadows Huck’s inadvertent involvement in a negative outcome -How the feud helps Huck to consider the consequences of his actions -How Huck’s time away from Jim signals more development in their relationship

The King and the Duke (Chapter 19-31) 1. Who are the King and the Duke? How do they interact with Huck and Jim? What are some examples of the scams they pull? (chapter 19) 2. How do the sub-plots around the King and the Duke make the novel more realistic and add “local color” to the novel? (chapter 22) 3. Compare and contrast the King and the Duke to Huck Finn – consider their treatment of Jim, as well as Huck’s scams. How does juxtaposing the King and the Duke’s actions to those of Huck’s reveal important knowledge with regard to Huck’s character? 4. In chapter 27, the King and the Duke recommend that the slaves be sold. Consider the different attitudes of the characters involved – what do these attitudes reveal about the complex, yet problematic mindsets of the time regarding slavery and the rights of African Americans? 5. What finally happens to Jim as a result of staying with the King and the Duke? What does this event reveal about Huck’s feelings regarding Jim and the “right, moral thing to do” – read the passage on page 208 to get a better sense of this. 6. What finally happens to the King and the Duke? Is justice served? How does this final act contribute to the discussion of Twain’s use of “local color”?

SPOILER ALERT – DO NOT READ UNTIL AFTER READING CHAPTER 35

Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer (chapter 33-end) 1. Why does Huck Finn end up masquerading as Tom Sawyer? 2. How does Tom Sawyer change Huck Finn’s plan to rescue Jim? What are the consequences of these changes? 3. Critics argue that Tom Sawyer’s presence in the novel outshines Huck? Do you agree? Disagree? 4. How does Tom Sawyer’s change of the rescue plan act as a commentary on the attitude toward African Americans and slaves at that time?

What other questions or issues should we look at in the novel?