Exam 3 Review Spring 2006

Exam 3 Review – Spring 2012 (Note: Material for Ch 9 may change slightly depending on how much is covered in class. Check back after Tuesday 4/3 for updates to this outline)

Ch 7 - Conformity  Types of Social Influence – conformity, compliance, & obedience (definitions & how does each differ from the others?)  Effects of mimicking others – automatic process? Social functions of mimicking?  Classic Conformity studies (Sherif & Asch) o Sherif’s study – autokinetic effect (pinpoint of light) . How was the study done? . What was found? o Asch’s study – line judgments . How was the study done? . What was found? o Why do people conform? . Information purposes . Normative purposes . Public vs. private conformity – what is the distinction? o Majority influences on conformity . What is the influence of group size on conformity? . What is the effect of seeing other nonconformists?  What if the other nonconformists agree or disagree with you? . Gender effects on conformity – do they exist? o Minority influences on conformity – . Influence based on style – what works best? . Are there personality predictors of conformity/nonconformity?  Compliance o Langer’s experiment – Xerox machine & requests to cut in line; what was found? o Strategies for compliance – . Reciprocity norm – are there immediate or delayed responses? . Foot-in-the door technique – how does it work? Example? Role of self-perception . Lowballing technique – how does it work? Example? . Door-in-the-face technique – how does it work? Example? Role of contrast effect  Obedience o Milgram’s research: . Original experiment – what was the procedure? What was found regarding % of participants who obey? . Impact of the situation on obedience: how did each affect obedience?  Location of the experiment  Experimenter characteristics  Closeness to victim  Disobedient others o Reasons for Obeying (in Milgram’s experiment) . Were participants conforming to the wrong norm? . Self-justification . Loss of personal responsibility o Criticisms of Milgram’s experiment . Deception . No true informed consent . Created distress . Did participants know of right to withdraw? . Inflicted insight o Burger’s replication of Milgram – how was the procedure similar or different from Milgram? . Results of Burger’s replication? o Ethics of Milgram’s research – . What were the concerns here? . What effects did participants report and how did Milgram respond?  Jonestown – cults and mass suicide o Relate this example to obedience and conformity o How did the situation play a role in the mass suicide?

Ch 8 – Groups  Group definition  Functions of groups o Social interaction need o Roles within groups – instrumental vs. emotional o Group cohesiveness  How does the presence of others affect us? o Social facilitation – what is it? o Triplett experiment with kids & fishing line – results? o Different results for easy versus difficult tasks – . Zajonc’s research – concept of dominant response (how does it help explain the different results?)  Animal research (cockroaches) and social facilitation – what is found? o What is evaluation apprehension? How does it impact social facilitation?  Social loafing – what is it? Why does it occur? o What is the best solution to reduce social loafing? o Gender & cultural differences in social loafing – who loafs the most?  Deindividuation –what is it? Why does it occur? o Diener’s Halloween study – how did the kids behave depending on anonymity?  Group performance o What is process loss and how does it impact performance? . Brainstorming example – individuals vs. groups  Group polarization – what is it? o Risky shift effect – how does it work? . Pooling ideas . Social comparison  Groupthink – what is it? Why does it occur? o 8 symptoms – . Illusion of Invulnerability . Belief in Group’s Moral Superiority . Rationalization . Stereotypes of Opponents . Pressure to Conform . Self-Censoring . Illusion of Unanimity . Mindguarding o How to reduce groupthink? . Focus on leadership, decision making, or group members (how?)  Conflict Management Strategies o Bargaining vs. Mediation vs. Arbitration . Win-win (integrative) agreements work best . How do mediation and arbitration differ? . Differences between conventional & final offer arbitration? . What effects does arbitration have on relationships?

Ch 9 – Attraction (note that this material may change slightly depending on how far we progress in class through the topics below)  Need for affiliation – as individual difference o Compare to loneliness – when does this often occur?  Attraction to friendships – o Proximity – how does this predict our friendships? o Mere exposure effect – how does this work? . Perceptions of ourselves (actual vs. mirror images) o Physical attractiveness . Matching phenomenon – how does this work? . Adults’ judgments of kids – teacher study, employee salaries . ‘What is beautiful is good’ stereotype – any truth to this? . Standards of beauty – women vs. men o Liking and similarity . Which influences which? 2-step process? . Complementarity hypothesis - any evidence for this?  First Encounters o Similarity, reciprocity work here o Online meeting – increasing impact . Distinguish between naturally forming relationships, networked relationships, targeted relationships (examples of each?)  Initiating relationships online/internet vs. face-to-face o Levinger’s model of relationship development . Awareness of other – similar or different in online/face-to- face? . Surface contact – online vs. face-to-face? . Mutuality – what does Levinger argue about this stage? o Factors leading to attraction online . Person (P) factors – are there differences in who seeks partners online? . Other (O) factors – differences in what attracts us to others online? . PxO interaction – impact of similarity  Matching hypothesis in online relationships – what were results related to compensating factors for men and women (attractiveness vs. income)?  Mate Selection o Evolutionary Psych explanations . Universal patterns? . Female perspective on selecting mates . Male perspective on selecting mates  Direct Request study – gender differences in % of agreement to request to date; to come to apartment; to have sex? . Criticisms of evolutionary explanations  Attachment & love o How is attachment studied (infant research) o What are 3 attachment styles? o Links to commitment and satisfaction for each style  Theories of love o Passionate/Companionate love – definitions of each . Excitation transfer – what is it? Effects? . Changes over time in passionate & companionate love  Patterns of Marriage o Marital communication . Negative affect reciprocity . Role of interactions . Role of attributions – relationship enhancing attributions?  Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus video – main points?  Predictors of divorce  Satisfaction after divorce