United States History s2

UNITED STATES HISTORY INTENSIVE REVIEW

for the South Carolina United States History and the Constitution End of Course (EOC) Exam

Wren High School May 15, 2012 DAY ONE Table of Contents

Standard 1 P. 2-9

Standard 2 P. 10-14

Standard 3 P. 15-20

Standard 4 P. 20-25 SESSION ONE Colonial America and the American Revolution

Standard 1.1 Comparing and Contrasting British North America

NEW MIDDLE SOUTHERN ENGLAND COLONIES COLONIES

Massachusetts, Rhode New York, Pennsylvania Maryland, Virginia, Key Colonies Island Carolina, Georgia

Roger Williams, Anne William Penn John Smith, John Rolfe, Key Figures Hutchinson, Jonathon Lord Baltimore, James Edwards Oglethorpe

Commerce Agriculture (staple crops) Agriculture (Cash Crops) Why Settle? “Religious Freedoms” Religious Tolerance

Fishing, Shipbuilding, Staple Crops Cash Crops (Tobacco, Rice, Economic Timber, Distilling Rum (Wheat, Corn) Indigo) Activity

Congregational (Puritan) Church of England (NY) Church Of England Predominant Baptists (Rhode Island) Quakers (PA) Catholic (Maryland) Religion(s)

Religious Fanatical Tolerant Casual Outlook Standard 1.2 Conflict between the British Parliament and the Colonial Legislatures

Magna Carta English Bill of Rights

When it happened? 1225 1689

What did it do? No Man could be Gave Basic Freedoms punished except through the law How should it affect Should have the same These Freedoms the colonies rights as British should be Guaranteed subjects in England to the Colonist

How did it affect the Had separate harsher Faced unfair Taxation, colonies rules and unfair Didn’t have the punishments freedom to petition the monarch with no fear of retribution

Parliament Taxes the Colonies

1754-1763 French and Indian War

1763 Proclamation of 1763 ______

1764 Sugar Act ______

1765 Stamp Act ______Internal Tax

1767 Townshend Acts ______The Road to Revolution

1770 Boston Massacre ______

1773 Boston Tea Party ______

1774 Intolerable Acts ______

1. Boston Port Closed ______2. Massachusetts Under Martial Law ______3. British troops to be tried in Britain ______4. Boston Forced to Quarter Troops______5. Quebec’s Borders extended ______

The Revolutionary War

1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord Siege of Boston

1776 January Publication of Common Sense

July Declaration of Independence

December Publication of The Crisis Battle of Trenton

1777 Battle of Saratoga Turning Point Treaty of Alliance with France

1781 Siege of Yorktown ______

1783 Treaty of Paris ______Standard 1.3 Impact of the Declaration of Independence and Revolutionary War on establishing the ideals of a Democratic Republic The Declaration’s ideas eventually formed the groundwork for the United States Constitution. Helped ignite debate over other issues regarding The Rights and Freedoms of citizens. Over the centuries the Declaration of Independence has served as the foundation on which countless crusades for Social Justice and reform have been based. What impact did the Declaration of independence and the Revolutionary war have on France?

Inspiration for the French Revolution

Standard 1.4 Dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation/Constructing the Constitution The Articles of Confederation

The first plan of government for the United States was the Articles of Confederation which were drafted in 1776. The Articles were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.

The Articles vs. the Constitution Articles of Confederation U.S. Constitution “A Firm League of Friendship” “A More Perfect Union” Representation 1 Per State Population/Equal Taxation Collected by the States Collected by Congress

Powers of Permission from the states Congress can Tax Congress

Amendments Agreed upon by all states 2/3 of Congress + 3/4 of States The Constitutional Convention

May-September, 1787 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania For what purpose? Fix problems with the articles of Confederation. Conflict and Compromise at the Constitutional Convention Number of Representatives based on number of free inhabitants. Large State Plan Virginia Plan

One Vote Per State. Small State Plan New Jersey Plan

Bicameral Congress, Senate Two Representatives, and House of Representatives based Great (Connecticut) on population Compromise Three Fifths of the slave population would count toward the number of 3/5 (“Not So Great”) representatives for each state. The Southern States liked this. Compromise Agreement to not tax trade for 20 years In return to regulate the slave trade after that Slave Trade time. Compromise Electoral Elects the President College Electors = Representatives + Senators

Amendments 2 / 3 OF Congress + 3 / 4OF THE States Standard 1.5 Principles of the Constitution

Federalism – power is divided between the Federal government and the State governments.

Ordered Government Shays Rebellion (1786)

Representative Government (Republicanism) Separation of Powers Judicial Branch Executive Branch Legislative Branch Checks on President: Checks on Congress: Veto Checks on President: Declare actions Override Veto unconstitutional Checks on Congress: Checks on Supreme Checks on Supreme Declare laws Court: Appoints Federal Court: Establish lower Unconstitutional Judges federal courts

In addition to separation of powers, the Framers proposed a system of checks and balances in order to make sure that the members of one branch of government did not become too powerful or corrupt.

Examples: Veto, Treaty Ratification, Judicial Nomination and Confirmation Standard 1.6 Two Party System, Democratic-Republicans and Federalist

The First Two-Party System What was each party’s stance on each of these issues? (Jeffersonian) FEDERALISTS DEMOCRATIC- REPUBLICANS Alexander Thomas Jefferson Hamilton James Madison John Adams Leaders

Strong CENTRAL Gov. Federalism Strong STATE Governments

LOOSE Construction Constitution STRICT Construction

Government assistance for Laissez-faire economic development Economy

Yes National Bank No

Yes Protective Tariff No

Federal Assumption of Yes No State War Debts

Cities/Commercial Interest Supporters Farmers

Washington’s Farewell Address: 1. Political Parties

Washington urged Americans to avoid 2. Entangling Alliances Standard 1.7

John Marshall, Marbury V. Madison

The Adams Administration Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) WHO? Federalist Madison and Jefferson Deport Aliens, Crime to publish false, WHAT? scandalous, malicious writing against Constitution is a compact between the states, Protested the government the Alien and Sedition Acts. Before leaving office, John Adams appointed several midnight judges, who would serve life terms and be able to undermine Jefferson’s Republican administration from the bench. These included John Marshall who Adams appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of Judicial Review which says that the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution. This differed from Thomas Jefferson’s belief that the Congress interprets the Constitution.

John Marshall vs. Thomas Jefferson John Marshall Thomas Jefferson (Federalist) (Democratic Republican) Strong Central Weak Central Federalism Government Government Pro National Bank Anti Pro-Merchant Economic Development? Pro-Agriculture Loose Strict / Loose Construction Strict Supreme Court Who Interprets the Congresss Constitution? STANDARD 2 Movement West

Standard 2.1 Impact of Westward Movement on Democracy

Louisiana Purchase / Lewis and Clark Expedition 1803 – Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France. He sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Purchase (WIN) and to find a Water Passage (FAIL). Indian Removal / Trail of Tears TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS TIMELINE

Standard 2.2 Explain the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

NO MORE…

Describe how this political cartoon represents the Monroe Doctrine’s affect on the world. Uncle Sam Putting his hat labeled the Monroe Doctrine on America to claim it for himself. We see other European figures that are on the Eastern Hemisphere watching America. Left the United States in control of the Western Hemisphere Manifest Destiny

John Gast, American Progress (1872)

Explain the cartoon above in reference to Manifest Destiny. Gods will to move west. Angel laying telegraph wire toward the west. Divine Right to move west.

Whose Will was it that America had the Right to expand West? Gods Texas Revolution

The Republic of Texas (1836-1846)

Problems with Annexation: 1. Added a new Slave State 2. War with Mexico

Standard 2.3 Sectionalism and Economic Development

Industry

Agriculture

Agriculture, Railroads, Mining Standard 2.4 Antebellum Reform and Sectionalism

Antebellum means “Before the War.” In U.S. History, antebellum describes the period between 18__ and the start of the Civil War in 1861.

SECTIONALISM NORTH SOUTH WEST Industry Agriculture Ranching, Mining, Economy Railroads

Whig Party, John C. Calhoun, Democrats and Political Leaders Business Owners The Democrats, Cattle Owners Plantation Owners No Slavery Yes Slavery Few Slaves Political Issues

ANTEBELLUM REFORM MOVEMENTS

Movement Key Figures Information

Second Great Charles Grandison Religious movement Awakening Finney John Brown, William Lloyd garrison, David walker, Outlaw slavery Abolitionism Fredrick Douglas, Nat turner, Sarah Grimke

Prohibit drinking alcohol Temperance Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Seneca falls convention Women’s Rights Mott

Antebellum reform movements were strongest in the North, but did not catch on in the more traditionally-minded South.

The more aggressively Northerners criticized the institution of slavery, the more the South Defended it. Standard 3.1

Events Leading to the Civil War

1820 Missouri Compromise

1824 The “Corrupt” Bargain (Clay and Adams)

1828 Tariff of Abominations

1828-1833 Nullification Crisis

1831 The Liberator published William Lloyd Garrison

1836 Texas Republic

1845 Texas Annexed

1846-1848 Mexican American War

Wilmont Proviso Banned Slavery in any land gained from Mexico

Abolitionism vs. Free Soil Abolitionism Free Soil

Wanted to free the slaves Did not want slavery in the west because it was competition Geographic Base: North

Geographic Base: West

Compromise of 1850

1. Texas and New Mexico Split

2. California Accepted as a Free State

3. Fugitive Slave Act

4. South Refuses the Wilmont Proviso 5. Slave Trade Banned in Washington D.C.

The Crisis of the 1850s

The 1830s vs. the 1850s 1830s 1850s Nullification Crisis Angered the North. States Rights South against A National North Fugitive Slave Law especially

1852 Uncle Toms Cabin published IMPACT: Horrors of Slavery unveiled

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act

Republican Party Founded PLATFORM: Not to extend Slavery

1856 “Bleeding Kansas”

Notable abolitionist involved: John Brown

1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford

1. Slaves are property

2. No Citizenship for Slaves

3. Nullified Missouri compromise

1859 John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry Raid

1860 Lincoln Elected President

1. The Confederacy: South secedes (12/1860-2/1861)

States: South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas

2. Fort Sumter attacked (4/1861)

3. Lincoln’s Response: Send troops into the South.

4. The Confederate States of America-South secedes (April-June/1861)

Standard 3.2 Course of the Civil War, The Civil War (aka, “The War Between the States”) United States of America (USA) Confederate States of America (CSA) “The North” or “The Union” “The South” or “The Rebels” Strategies Blockade the South Take Washington D.C. To end the war Industry, supplies, Navy Highly trained officers, experienced with Strengths weapons Weaknesses Not highly trained population No industry, Blockaded Leaders Lincoln, Grant, Sherman Davis, Lee, Stonewall Jackson Turing Points Decisive Battles of the Civil War

Victor Battle Year Significance Union Confed. 1st Bull Run X 1st Major Battle, Shows determination of 1861 military Antietam 1862 X 1st battle on Northern Soil. Bloodiest Battle Vicksburg 1863 X North wins control of Mississippi Gettysburg 1863 X South’s Last attempt at foreign aid Appomottox 1865 X South Surrenders

The Emancipation Proclamation

EFFECTIVE DATE: January 1, 1863

Which slaves were freed by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation? In states that left the Union How many slaves were freed on January 1, 1863? None What value did it have, then? Made the purpose of the union to free the slaves. By what authority did Lincoln free these slaves? War powers Authority. Lincoln defined the proclamation as a “necessary War measure.” Why didn’t Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation sooner? Needed a significant victory for the North

Lincoln and the Civil War Lincoln’s primary goal in fighting the Civil War was to Preserve the Union. To this goal, he added the emancipation of slaves as it became clear that the war would be a long and bitter conflict.

Standard 3.3 Effects of Reconstruction Reconstruction By what process will the Southern states be brought back into the Union?

“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds… to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. “ -- Abraham Lincoln Second Inaugural Address Presidential Reconstruction

10% Plan – Lincoln’s plan to allow Southern states back into the Union quickly and easily

Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 hardened Northern attitudes toward the defeated South. Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, attempted to continue Lincoln’s generous plans for Reconstruction, but encountered resistance from Congress. Northern Republicans also resented Southern states’ efforts to impose Black Codes, which denied basic rights of citizenship to African-Americans. Radical Republicans Goals of the Radical Republicans: 1. Punish the South 2. Give former slaves full citizenship rights

Presidential Reconstruction Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction (1863-1867) (1867-1877) Punish the South 10% Plan Treat them like a conquered enemy Quick and easy transition Bring the Country back together

President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts that were passed by the Radical Republicans in 1867, but his vetoes were overridden by a 2/3 vote of Congress. The Radical Republicans Impeached President Johnson over disagreements about Reconstruction plans. Johnson avoided being removed from office by majority vote. Standard 3.4 Effects of Reconstruction Reconstruction Amendments Presidential Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction 13th Amendment (1865) 14th Amendment (1868) 15th Amendment (1870) Abolished Slavery Voting eligible for all males 1.Gave Equal Rights to all freed regardless of race. men 2. Outlawed Discrimination

Reconstruction in the South Radical Republicans divided the South (except for Tennessee, which ratified the 13th Amendment voluntarily) into five Military districts. Radical Republicans believed that the defeated South should be treated like “Conquered provinces.”

Freedmen’s Bureau: Provide aid for freedmen and poor whites

Carpetbaggers Scalawags Moved From North To South Southern Whites that supported Reconstruction/Republican Party

The Ku Klux Klan committed acts of violence and intimidation against “carpetbaggers,” “scalawags,” and freedmen.

Compromise of 1877: Pulled troops out of the south and allowed the Redeemers to take over. Jim Crow – enforced segregation

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Separate, but Equal Standard 3.5 Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells List the Methods that each of these Activist used in their battle for Civil Rights Booker T. W.E.B Du Bois Ida B. Wells Washington Slow Baby Steps Immediate equality Better Conditions Compromise Niagara Movement Anti-Lynching Atlanta NAACP Movement Compromise

Standard 4 Standard 4.1 Impact of Government Policy and Construction of the Railroads on the Native American Peoples

The Dawes Severalty Act Adopted by Congress in 1887 Made as an attempt to Assimilate Native Americans. Allowed Native Americans to sign up for Land. Government took control of all unclaimed lands.

Standards 4.2/4.3 Capitalism, Railroads, Big Business through Monopolies

The Gilded Age

Gilded Age: Coated with gold Impact of the Railroads: 1. Transcontinental Railroad 2. Monopolies 3. Easier access of goods/shipping Advantages of Corporations 1. Rise of new markets 2. Rise of national market 3. New Industries Big Businesses: Andrew Carnegie John Rockefeller Business Steel Oil Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration Controlling all aspects of Buying out the competition Production Tactics used: Sold Railroads to buy Steel Industry Oil Monopoly

Social Darwinism: Belief that people are prosperous or poor because they are meant to be. Sherman Antitrust: Made Monopolies Illegal Robber Barons:

Governmental Actions that produced Industrial Growth 1. Government support 2. Cheap labor

3. Resources 4. Railroads

Labor Unions v. Big Business What were the problems of the labor force? 1. Not strong enough 2.Didnt boost the economy 3. No government support

The two major Labor Unions of the era were Industrial era 1920’s-30’s Weapons of Labor Weapons of Business 1. Strikes 1.Strike Breakers 2. Boycotts 2. Government assistance 3. Unions 3. They affected the National Market

Labor Strikes

Railroad Strike of 1877 Haymarket Strike Pullman Strike Causes Workers Strike, Pullman Wages Cut Radicals Set off Bomb Closed Plant

Results Sent troops in to stop strike. Turned Public against Sent troops to put down Set Precedent knights of labor strike

Which side did the government take? The side of business

Mother Jones and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory brought public attention to child labor and unsafe working conditions.

President Roosevelt changed the government’s stance on labor unions when he supported the use of strikes by labor unions. Standard 4.4 Populist Movement

Problems of the Farmers 1. Over Production 2. Falling Prices 3. Farms Mortgaged 4. Shipping Cost

Farmers Movements

1. Greenbacks 2. Republican Party Bimetallism Gold Standard

Was the Populist Party successful? It was successful in gaining farmers support but not enough to win election.

Election of 1896 “Farmers v. Big Business” Farmers supported the Populist and Democratic Candidate, William Jennings Bryan in the Election of 1896. This candidate gave a very important speech called The Cross of Gold , which argued for Bimetallism. Big Business supported the Republican Party candidate, McKinley , and his Front Porch Campaign. He won the election because he received the support of the workers that feared the inflationary (soft money) policies of Populist Party.

Standard 4.5 Immigration, Ethnic Neighborhoods, and Political Machines

Ethnic Neighborhoods and Immigrant Poverty In most cases, immigrants were too poor to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of densely populated ethnic neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on political machines, led by party bosses, to help them find jobs. The political machines relied on immigrant votes to keep themselves in power. Muckrakers, such as Jacob Riis, author of How the Other Half Lives, exposed the poor conditions in urban tenements (low-rent apartments) and sweatshops, where immigrants performed cheap labor. Although most immigrants stayed in coastal cities, such as NYC, many went to Chicago and other cities in the Midwest where low-paying, undesirable jobs (e.g., meatpacking) were available. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, exposed the wretched working conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry. Native born Americans tended to resent the “New Immigrants” for several reasons: 1. They didn’t understand English. 2. Their home countries lacked traditions of Democratic government. 3. Their religions (Catholicism, Judaism, Buddhism) were largely alien to native born Americans. 4. They provided a steady supply of Cheap Labor, which undermined efforts by labor unions to get better wages.

Catholicism and cheap labor were also reasons why people resented the Irish immigrants during the antebellum period. However, the Irish did speak English and had traditions of republican government, so no efforts were made by Congress to limit Irish immigration during the nineteenth century. Migration of African Americans to the North and West Where they went Why they went What they encountered Industry Jobs Discrimination

Agriculture Discrimination but better than the north and south West

Political Machines

Key Figures: Boss Tweed

Key groups: Tammany Hall, New York’s Democratic Political Machine

Examples of Corruption: Grafting, Tammany Ring Scandal, the credit mobilliers

What strategies did political machines use to gain votes from Immigrants? Give them work and housing to gain votes Standard 4.6 Progressive Movement

Progressiveness- Social Activism, Reforms, End Corruption in Politics

Carrie Alice Paul Jane Theodore Woodrow Chapman Addams Roosevelt Wilson Catt Progressive Women’s Woman’s Social Protection “New Theory Suffrage Suffrage Gospel of Freedom” Movement Customers

Activism Founder of Lobbied for Hull House, Square Deal Tariff Accomplished the League 19th First Reforms, of Women Amendment settlement Anti-trust Voters, and house in act, Banking President of U.S. Reform National American Woman Suffrage Association