Unit 4 Test and Review of Units 1-3

AP Psychology Unit 4 Test and Review of Units 1-3

Developmental 1. In developmental research, a(n) period is an age range during which specific experiences must take place if normal development is to occur. This is in contrast to a period, where it is optimal but not necessarily essential for these experiences to occur. a. Stage; critical b. Critical; receptive c. Sensitive; critical d. Explicit; sensitive e. Critical; sensitive 2. A reading expert is interested in how reading skills develop across the lifespan and conducts a survey comparing reading skills of people of different ages to address this issue. He recruits participants to be in one of four different age groups: 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, and 50 to 59. He has them complete a reading survey, and then analyzes the data to see whether any patterns emerge. This study would be considered an example of a: a. Double-blind design b. Cross-sectional design c. Longitudinal design d. Sequential design e. Blind design 3. Which of the following lists the three stages of prenatal development in the proper order (from earliest to latest)? a. Embryonic, germinal, fetal b. Germinal, embryonic, fetal c. Fetal, germinal, embryonic d. Neonate, embryonic, fetal e. Germinal, fetal, embryonic 4. The term used to describe any of the wide variety of environmental agents that cause abnormalities in prenatal development is: a. Antigens b. Teratogens c. Toxins d. Antibodies e. Antioxygens 5. In young infants, the "rooting reflex" refers to the behavioral process where an infant will: a. Arch her back and pull her arms back b. Turn her head and orient toward a sound c. Suck on a finger that is placed in her mouth d. Look longer at objects she prefers e. Turn her head and open her mouth when her cheek is touched 6. Piaget's term refers to the organized patterns of thought that guide a child's interactions with the world. a. Schema b. Assimilation c. Reflex d. Mental representation e. Norm 7. A family is driving in the country, and the young boy sees a cow and says, "doggie!" His older sister, who used to do the same thing when she was his age, informs him that this is not a dog but is actually a cow. The younger brother tried to fit the cow into a preexisting schema and so the young brother is using the process of ____. Because the older sister was able to modify her schemas and create a new one for cows, she is demonstrating the use of ______. a. Cognition; schema structuring b. Accommodation; accommodation as well c. Accommodation; assimilation d. Assimilation; accommodation e. Assimilation; assimilation as well 8. In Erik Erickson's stage of psychosocial development, how the person perceives that the world answers his needs and how much love they receive from those around them determines the amount of faith that he or she has in the world. a. Basic trust versus basic mistrust b. Generativity versus stagnation c. Initiative versus guilt d. Industry versus inferiority e. Autonomy versus shame and doubt 9. After they are born, the tendency for some species of birds and mammals to follow and attach to the first thing that moves is called: a. Fixating b. Reaction formation c. Imprinting d. Reflex attachment e. Encoding 10. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross proposed that humans go through stages in dying. Which of the following are the stages in the correct order? a. Anger, denial, depression, bargaining, and acceptance b. Depression, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and denial c. Bargaining, denial, depression, anger, and acceptance d. Anger, bargaining, denial, depression, and acceptance e. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance 11. You read in your philosophy class textbook that humans are born “Tabula Rasa” or “blank slates.” As a student of psychology, which of the following responses would you have? a. The statement is incorrect. Humans may be born without reflexes and instincts, but we are born with the ability to learn them. b. The statement is correct. Humans are born without instincts or other mechanisms in place to help us survive. c. The statement is correct. Humans are born with a certain number of neurons, but most develop later as we learn. d. The statement is incorrect. Humans are born with a set of reflexes that help us survive. e. The statement is impossible to prove since we cannot infer what babies know or do not know due to their lack of language. 12. You have a cousin named Jeff who flunked out of three expensive private schools and was arrested for wandering the streets of New York using his parents’ credit card. Jeff is intelligent but cannot seem to get motivated toward any career. What conflict would Erikson say Jeff is struggling with? a. autonomy versus authority b. identity versus role confusion c. integrity versus despair d. industry versus inferiority e. trust versus isolation 13. Harlow’s experiments with substitute mothers made of wire demonstrated the importance of what aspect of nurturing? a. feeding b. responsiveness to needs c. imprinting d. touch e. stranger anxiety 14. The ability to generate several alternate hypotheses in order to explain a phenomenon demonstrates cognition in which of the following Piagetian stages? a. operational b. hypothetical-operations c. syllogistic d. formal-operations e. abstract reasoning 15. Which of the following attachments styles did Mary Ainsworth find most often in her research (in about 66% of the cases she studied)? a. avoidant b. authoritarian c. secure d. anxious/ambivalent e. authoritative

Personality

16. Any new personality theory that can explain and describe, predict, and ultimately control a particular behavior and/ or mental process is said to be , and this is considered more valuable than whether the theory is "right" or "true." a. Proven b. Valid c. Confirmed d. Useful e. Accurate 17. Factor analysis, a statistical tool, is mainly used in which of the following perspectives? a. Carl Rogers's factor theory of self b. Julian Rotter's locus of control c. Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factor model d. Albert Bandura's social learning theory e. Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda's cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) 18. Which of the following correctly lists the Big Five personality factors? a. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism b. Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Excitability, and Neuroticism c. Openness, Candidness, Excitability, Apprehensiveness, and Nervousness d. Outgoingness, Candidness, Extraversion, Affability, and Neuroticism e. Outgoingness, Conscientiousness, Excitability, Agreeableness, and Nervousness 19. Sigmund Freud considered there to be where memories reside about things you could become aware of if you wanted to but are not currently thinking about. a. Unconscious mind b. Psychic structures c. Nonconscious mind d. Conscious mind e. Preconscious mind 20. The ego functions primarily at the ______level and operates according to the __ principle. a. Conscious; unconscious mind b. Conscious; reality c. Preconscious; pleasure d. Subconscious; reality e. Unconscious; reality 21. A woman whose boss is tough on her and makes her days almost unbearable comes home and screams at her dog and pushes away the cat's affectionate advances. This woman's behavior would be explained by a Freudian psychoanalyst as an example of which of the following? a. Displacement b. The reality principle c. Sublimation d. Free association e. Fixation 22. According to ______, the appearance of the Big Five personality factors worldwide among all humans is due to the fact that these traits increased our chances for survival and reproduction. a. Genetics-efficacy theory b. Social cognitive theory c. Social learning theory d. Evolutionary personality theory e. The cognitive-affective personality system 23. The amount of power we feel we can exert in our lives is explained by which of the following concepts? a. Locus of power b. Self-monitoring c. Role constructs d. Expectancy e. Locus of control 24. Cross-cultural research has found that people who live in cultures tend to view the environment as fixed and believe that their personalities are alterable. In contrast, cultures typically view their personalities as being relatively stable and assume that the environment is changeable. a. Collectivistic; individualistic b. Complex; simple c. Individualistic; collectivistic d. Collectivistic; tight e. Tight; complex 25. The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are both examples of which type of measure? a. Empirically derived tests b. Projective tests c. Behavioral assessments d. Subjective measures of personality e. Objective measures of personality

Review 26. The serial position effect refers to how: a. People tend to remember words presented at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle b. Elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for storing information in long-term memory c. Information tends to be remembered better if it is processed more deeply d. People tend to use automatic processing to encode words presented at the beginning and end of a list and use effortful processing to encode the words presented in the middle e. Information associated with numbers are remembered accurately 27. Encoding that is done on purpose and requires our conscious attention, like making a grocery list or taking notes for a class, is referred to as ____ _ a. Context-dependent memory b. Automatic processing c. Maintenance rehearsal d. State-dependent memory e. Effortful processing 28. Schemas influence the encoding process by: a. Reducing retroactive interference b. Grouping individual units of information into one larger unit c. Creating a readiness to perceive information in a particular way d. Increasing the amount of maintenance rehearsal e. Developing a plan by which memories are formed 29. Children who are deprived of language early in life are generally unable to acquire normal language skills if they are not developed before puberty. This data can be explained by: a. Sensitive periods b. Lateralization c. Displacement d. Reaction range e. Linguistic relativity hypothesis 30. ______are typical and familiar members of a particular class, while ______are more difficult to describe by words alone. a. Schemas; heuristics b. Concepts; propositions c. Concepts; prototypes d. Phonemes; morphemes e. Prototypes; concepts 31. "If all birds are warm-blooded, and if all parrots are birds, then all parrots are warmblooded." This is an example of a(n) _____ which is a(n) ______argument. a. Syllogism, inductive b. Analogy, heuristic c. Syllogism, deductive d. Algorithm, inductive e. Syllogism, heuristic 32. Functional fixedness and mental sets are similar in that they are both: a. Errors that are produced by the availability heuristic b. Examples of inductive reasoning c. Consistent with the predictions of the linguistic relativity hypothesis d. Are representativeness biases e. Mental phenomena that interfere with problem solving 33. The multi-layered thin tissue which contains the photoreceptor cells for vision also contains which of the following? a. Basilar membrane b. Visual buds c. Bi-polar cells d. Aqueous humor e. Vitreous humor 34. All environmental energy received by the sensory system is transduced into what source of energy? a. Electromagnetic energy b. Biochemical energy c. Electrochemical energy d. Depends on which sense receives it e. Neuroelectric waves 35. What is the first stage in the sensory processing of information? a. Specialized neurons break down and analyze the features of nerve impulses b. A neural representation is compared with previously stored information c. Wavelengths flow through the atmosphere d. Several stimulus "pieces" are organized into a neural representation e. Sensory stimuli activate specialized receptors 36. The final stage in the process of sensing and perceiving information occurs when: a. A representation is made based on sensory data, experience, and expectation b. Sensory receptors translate incoming stimuli into nerve impulses c. Sensory stimuli activate specialized receptors d. A neural representation is compared with previously stored information e. Several stimulus "pieces" are organized into a neural representation 37. Which two features of the neuron's anatomy make the millions of brain connections possible? a. The axon and the myelin sheath b. The cell body and the dendrites c. The axon and the dendrites d. The cell body and the axon e. The terminal bulbs and the soma 38. Which chemicals pass across the synaptic gap and increase the possibility that the next neuron in the chain will fire? f. Synaptic peptides g. Inhibitory transmitters h. Adrenaline-type transmitters i. Excitatory transmitters j. Potassium and sodium 39. Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved mainly in: k. Mood, eating, and sexual behavior l. Disordered thinking and emotions m. Reducing pain n. Heart rate and respiration o. Memory and muscle activity 40. The brain imaging technique whereby radioactive glucose is injected into the bloodstream and then measured as it is used by the brain is called a(n): a. fMRI b. MRI c. PET scan d. CT scan e. EEG 41. Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the a. Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere b. Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere c. Sensorimotor cortex in the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere d. Motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere e. Motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere 42. Freud's theory about our levels-of-consciousness states that the preconscious and the unconscious are similar in that they both: a. Contain information about which people are aware b. Are examples of automatic processing c. Contain information of which people are currently unaware d. Are equivalent to the cognitive unconscious e. Can become known only through dream analysis 43. Which of the following two sleep disorders occur most commonly? a. insomnia and narcolepsy b. apnea and narcolepsy c. night terrors and apnea d. somnambulism and insomnia e. apnea and insomnia 44. Which of the following would be most likely to view the conscious and unconscious as forms of information processing? a. A humanistic psychologist b. A cognitive psychologist c. A psychoanalyst d. A behavioral psychologist e. A learning sociologist 45. Marijuana falls under what category of psychoactive drug? a. depressant b. mood elevator c. hallucinogen d. stimulant e. mood depressant 46. Night terrors and somnambulism usually occur during which stage of sleep? a. stage 1, close to wakefulness b. REM sleep c. REM sleep, but only later in the night, when nightmares usually occur d. stage 4 e. sleep onset 47. A school psychologist gives an IQ test to a lO-year-old child. The child's score on the test indicates that she has the mental abilities of a typical 12-year-old. If the psychologist is using David Wechsler's conception of IQ, which of the following statements can be made? a. The child has an IQ score of 75 (IQ = 10/12 X 100) b. The child has an IQ score of 1.20 (IQ = 12/10) c. The child has an IQ score of 120 (IQ = 12/10 X 100) d. The child has an IQ score of 100 e. The child has an IQ score of 150 48. Factor analysis is a: a. Technique used to determine the validity of a psychological test b. Statistical technique used to determine the reliability of a psychological test c. Technique used to standardize a psychological measure d. Technique to reduce a large number of correlations to a smaller number of clusters e. Technique used to create clusters of traits 49. With which statement would B.F. Skinner most likely agree? a. Pavlov’s dogs learned to expect that food would follow the bell. b. Baby Albert thought the white rat meant the loud noise would sound. c. All learning is observable. d. Pigeons peck disks knowing that they will receive food. e. Cognition plays an important role in learning. 50. A reinforcement system that "pays" children stars or happy faces as points that can be redeemed later for rewards is called: a. A token economy b. Bribery conditioning c. Shaping d. Latent learning e. Gambling conditioning