Presidency Chart – John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Election of 1824: Weaknesses of his Presidency: Issue: The election was more a contest of favorite sons than . 1. He was a foreign policy genius (one of best Sec. of State in US History) but not really any foreign issues as a conflict over policy as the candidates were backed by different president b/c he solved them all before he became sections of the country: Adams was strong in the Northeast, president. Jackson in the South and mid-Atlantic, Clay in parts of the . 2. Won presidency in HR and many felt he didn’t West, and Crawford on the Southeastern seaboard. deserve it & they didn’t respect him. . 3. Lost control of Congress in 1826 Congressional Candidate are all D-Rs: Election. Democrats trying to sabotage/destroy him. 1. Jackson & his supporters feel like cheating occurred! . 4. Tariff issue divided country North v. South. VP Create own political party (Democrats) to get Jackson Calhoun hated them and worked against him. Tariff of elected Pres. in 1828. General Andrew Jackson of Abominations angered Southerners to almost secede. Tennessee, a charismatic hero of the War of 1812, a . 5. D-Rs split and he & Clay create their own political former HR member, and a current U.S. Senator from party = National-Republicans (N-Rs) = pro-American TN; System. 2. John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, son of former President John Adams, former member of the Federalist Party, former U.S. Minister to Russia, one of the drafters of the Treaty of Ghent, former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, and the current Secretary of State; 3. William H. Crawford of Georgia, former U.S. Minister to France, former United States Senator from Georgia, former Secretary of War, and the current Secretary of the Treasury; and 4. Henry Clay of Kentucky, the “Great Compromiser,” and the then-current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Problems with election: . 1. Nobody wins 50% of Electoral College! . 2. 12th Amend. = a candidate must win 50% of EC to be Pres., otherwise the HR will choose the Pres. out of the top 3 candidates. . 3. Jackson wins pop. vote + plurality vote of the EC w/ 38%; JQAdams=32%; Crawford=16%; Clay=14%. . 4. Clay is 4th, so out of the running. He puts his support behind JQAdams. “Corrupt Bargain” = in return for his support, Pres. JQAdms makes him Sec. of State & next in line for Pres. . 5. HR chooses JQAdams Pres. over Jackson = start of the Democratic Party John Quincy Adams Significance: Jackson & his supporters believe cheating occurred! Create own political party (Democrats) to get Jackson elected Pres. in 1828. Internal Improvements: Tariffs: Adams’ support for the American  Support for tariffs: System (B.I.T.): . He supported high protective tariffs as part of Clay’s American System. He believed the $ raised from . JQ Adams worked on developing the American tariffs could be used for internal improvements that System, consisting of a high tariff to support internal would lead to more $ from internal trade. improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. Tariff of Abominations (1828): . In his first annual message to Congress, Adams . It was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress presented an ambitious program for modernization that in 1828. included roads, canals, a national university, an . It came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations"

1 astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. to Southerners b/c of the effects it had on the . The support for his proposals was limited, even from Antebellum (pre-Civil War) Southern economy. his own supporters. His critics accused him of . It is the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime history, unseemly arrogance because of his narrow victory. enacting a 62% tax on 92% of all imported goods. . Most of his initiatives were opposed in Congress by . The goal of the tariff was to protect industry in the Jackson's supporters, who remained outraged over the northern U.S. from competing European goods by 1824 election. increasing the prices of European products. . Some American System pieces passed: Tariff of 1828, . The first protective tariff was passed by Congress in extension of the National Road to Ohio, and the 1816 (25% tax on imports), and was increased in Chesapeake & Ohio Canal. 1824 (37% tax on imports), followed in 1828 by the Cumberland Rd (National Rd) extended Tariff of Abominations (62% tax on imports), a name given by the state of South Carolina. into Ohio: . President John Quincy Adams signed the tariff, although he realized it would be used to discredit him politically. . In the Election of 1828, Andrew Jackson did indeed defeat Adams. . South Carolinian (and Vice-Pres.) John C. Calhoun strongly opposed the tariff. Faced with a reduced market for goods, the British reduced their imports of cotton, which hurt the South. The tariff forced the South to buy manufactured goods at a higher price and Southern states also faced a reduced income from sales of raw materials. This inspired Calhoun to attempt nullification of the tariff within South Carolina. He authored the South Carolina Exposition . The National Road or Cumberland Road was one of and Protest in response and would later participate in the first major improved highways in the U.S., built by the Nullification Crisis in 1832. the Federal Government. . A revised and generally lower tariff was passed by . Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, Congress in 1832 & a compromise tariff in 1833. on the Potomac River, and the road reached Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) on the Ohio River in 1818. . Plans were made to continue through St. Louis, Missouri, on the Mississippi River to Jefferson City, Missouri, but funding ran out and construction stopped at Vandalia, Illinois in 1839. . National Rd connected the East & West for trade. . Turnpikes = toll roads ($ used to pay for road) Chesapeake & Ohio Canals: Abbreviated as the C&O Canal operated from 1836 until 1924 parallel to the Potomac River in Maryland from Cumberland, Maryland to Washington, DC. The total length of the canal is about 184.5 miles (300 km). New York’s Erie Canal: . The canal is an internal improvement (American System) paid for by the state of NY b/c it is only in that state = intrastate commerce. . It’s a glorified ditch  that connects the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. . The first section of canal was completed in 1819, and the entire canal was opened in 1825. . It was 363 miles long, 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep. There were 83 locks along the canal. . The Erie Canal = 1st transportation route faster than carts pulled by draft animals b-w the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. and the western interior, and cut transport

2 costs into what was then wilderness by about 95%. . The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement. . Connects the East & West = more internal trade = more $$$

Steamboats would travel this route

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