Things to Know for the Final

Study Guide for 2nd Semester Final Biology: DeBroux

Cell Transport (Chapter 3 Sections 3-5 )

Be able to define diffusion including that it is the movement of molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration and that it is a form of passive transport.

Osmosis: Be able to define hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Be able to explain which direction water will move when given the solute concentrations inside and outside of a cell.

Be able to compare and contrast passive and active transport. Be able to explain exocytosis and endocytosis.

Cell Energy (Chapter 4)

Be able to define photosynthesis and know the reactants and products for this process. Be able to describe an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate), including which part of this molecule contains a high energy bond. Be able to explain the ATP/ADP cycle that is continually occurring in cells. Include in your explanation: which reaction is endergonic (requires energy) and which reaction is exergonic (releases energy), what processes provide energy for the endergonic reaction, and what are some possible uses for the energy that is released by the exergonic reaction. Be able to compare and contrast anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration. Be able to name the two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Know that our muscles perform lactic acid fermentation under low oxygen conditions (such as during intense exercise) Be able to define cellular respiration and know the reactants and products. Be able to explain what the goal of this process is. Be able to compare and contrast this process with combustion. Cell Division (Chapter 5 and 6.2) Be able to explain the difference between DNA, chromosome, gene and allele. Be able to define mitosis and explain the purpose of mitosis. Be able to define sister chromatid and understand that sister chromatids are identical copies that are the result of DNA replication during interphase. Be able to explain each of the phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis. Be able to define meiosis and explain the purpose of meiosis. Be able to define the following: sexual reproduction, gamete, sperm, egg, zygote, haploid, diploid, and homologous chromosomes. Be able to identify what types of cells are haploid and what types of cells are diploid. Be able to calculate the number of chromosomes in body cells if given the number of chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell (or vice versa). Know that where n represents the haploid number of chromosomes, the diploid number is 2n. Be able to compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis. Be able to explain the importance of genetic variation in a population.

Genetics (Chapters 6 and 7) Be able to define the following: dominant allele, recessive allele, incomplete dominance/ codominance, genotype, phenotype, carrier, heterozygous, homozygous. Be able to explain how meiosis relates to genetics. Which type of cells are produced (haploid or diploid)? Be able to explain Mendel’s experiments. For example, when he crossed true-breeding tall plant seeds with true-breeding short plant seeds, why was the F1 generation all tall plants? Why did the F2 generation consist of 75% tall plants and 25% short plants?

Be able to construct Punnett squares for both autosomal and X-linked traits, and use the results to determine possible offspring and their probabilities. Should able to construct both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

Be able to explain why X-linked traits are more common in males.

DNA Replication and Gene Expression: Transcription and Translation (Chapter 8)

Understand the structure of a DNA molecule, including knowing the 3 parts of the nucleotide subunits of DNA, and how the nucleotides are arranged in a DNA molecule.

Be able to compare and contrast DNA and RNA (include 3 differences).

Be able to explain the complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule, and how the complementary pairs relate to the ability of DNA to be accurately replicated.

Be able to explain the process of DNA replication including when/where it occurs, and what enzymes are involved.

Be able to explain the process of transcription, including what enzyme is involved. Compare and contrast transcription with DNA replication. Be able to define the following terms: codon, anticodon, genetic code, mutation

Be able to compare and contrast mRNA and tRNA

Be able to explain translation, including where it occurs, what is produced, what molecules are involved and the overall process.

Systems (Notes)

Be able to define open system, closed system, flow, inputs and outputs.

Be able to define equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium. Be able to identify examples of each type of equilibrium.

Be able to define positive feedback loops and negative feedback loops and be able to identify examples. Be able to define homeostasis, and be able to explain the role of feedback loops (esp. negative feedback loops) in maintaining homeostasis.