Catalysis Laboratory; Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division

Dr. Akula Venugopal M Sc, Ph D Principal Scientist Catalysis Laboratory; Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division CSIR – Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad – 500 007, Telangana, India. Tel: +91-40-27193165 (Office), 27226703 (Residence), Fax: +91-40-27160921; Emails: [email protected], [email protected]

Personal details Education B. Sc 1989 1st Class with distinction Kakatiya University, Warangal M. Sc 1991 1st Class with distinction Kakatiya University, Warangal Ph. D 1998 Osmania University, (IICT) Hyderabad.

Life member: 1). Catalysis Society of India 2). Indian Council of Chemists Date of birth: 12th June 1969

Supervisor

PhDs – 7 students working (CSIR-IICT) and 2 for (IICT-RMIT); 8 - awarded M Sc (dissertation) – 19 awarded M Tech (dissertation) – 6 awarded B Tech (dissertation) – 1 awarded

Invited talks delivered: 17

Awards:

1) Best PhD thesis award presented by Director IICT on the occasion of IICT Golden Jubilee celebrations and CSIR foundation day, 1997. 2) Sistla Kamehswari Siddhanthi Young Scientist Award: Received for the year 2008 at Catsymp – 19, held at NCL, Pune during 18th Jan. 2009 to 21st Jan. 2009. 3) Best oral presentation award at NDCR, Saifabad Science College, OU Hyderabad, 2010. 4) Best poster presentation award at CATSYMP – 19, held at NCL, Pune. 5) Best paper presentation award received in Indo-German conference held at UICT Mumbai during November 2012. 6) Best paper presentation awarded at the 7th International Symposium on Recycling Feed stocks held at India Habitat Center New Delhi during 23rd to 26th November 2013. 7). Prof. Arvind Kumar Memorial award by Indian Council of Chemists (ICC) for the year 2013.

1 Professional experience 1. Postdoctoral Fellow at Surface Science and Catalysis Laboratory, University of Ulm, Germany. 2. Postdoctoral Fellow at Department of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 3. Visiting scientist at Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. 4. Brainpool Visiting Scientist at Hydrogen Energy Research center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea. 5. Visiting Scientist at Nacional Instituto de Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 6. Raman Research Fellow at Purdue Catalysis Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana, USA during April 2015 to July 2015.

List of Publications

1. Dismutation of CFC-12 to CFC-13 over Chromia – Alumina Catalyst. A Venugopal, K.S. Rama Rao, P.S. Sai Prasad and P. Kanta Rao. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1995) 2377.

2. Influence of Method of Preparation on Pore structure and Dehydrogenation activity of Chromia Catalysts. K.S. Rama Rao, K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, V. Venkat Rao, S. Khaja Masthan and P. Kanta Rao, Indian Journal of Chemistry. 35A (1996) 656.

3. Ammoxidation of 3-picoline over V2O5/TiO2 (anatase) system. 1. Relationship between ammoxidation activity and average oxidation state of vanadium. K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, S. Khaja Masthan and P. Kanta Rao, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 150 (1997) 269.

4. Ammoxidation of 3-picoline over V2O5/TiO2 (anatase) system. 2. Relationship between ammoxidation activity and dispersion of vanadia. K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, S. Khaja Masthan and P. Kanta Rao, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 167 (1998) 11.

5. Effect of method of preparation on the dismutation activity of Cr2O3-MgO-

Al2O3 catalysts. A Venugopal, K.S. Rama Rao, P.S. Sai Prasad and P. Kanta Rao. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. Vol. 113, (1998) 405.

2 6. Hydrodechlorination of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113)

over Pd supported on modified Al2O3. S. Chandra Shekar, A. Venugopal, K. S. Rama Rao, P.S. Sai Prasad, R. Srinivas and P. Kanta Rao. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. Vol. 113, (1998) 391.

7. Physico-chemical characterization of V2O5-TiO2 (anatase) catalysts for ammoxidation of 3-picoline. K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, S. Khaja Masthan and P. Kanta Rao. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. Vol. 113, (1998) 947.

8. Characterization and Reactivity of Pd/MgO and Pd/-Al2O3 Catalysts in the

Selective Hydrogenolysis of CCl2F2. Hari Padmasri Aytam, Venugopal Akula, Krishnamurthy Janmanchi, Seetha Rama Rao Kamaraju and Kanta Rao Panja. J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 1024.

9. Novel calcined Mg-Cr hydrotalcite supported Pd catalysts for the

hydrogenolysis of CCl2F2. A.H. Padmasri, A. Venugopal, J. Krishnamurthy, K.S. Rama Rao and P. Kanta Rao. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical 181 (2002) 73.

10. Calcined Mg-Al, Mg-Cr and Zn-Al hydrotalcite catalysts for tert-butylation of phenol with iso-butanol – a comparative study. A.H. Padmasri, A. Venugopal, V. Durga Kumari, K.S. Rama Rao and P. Kanta Rao. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical 188 (2002) 255.

11. Hydroxyapatite as novel support for Au and Ru: Behavior in water gas shift reaction. Akula Venugopal and Mike S Scurrell Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 245 (2003) 137.

12. Au-Ru/Fe2O3 catalysts for the low temperature water gas shift reaction. Akula Venugopal, James Aluha, Daniel Mogano and Mike S. Scurrell. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 245 (2003) 149.

13. The Water-Gas Shift Reaction over Au-based Bimetallic Catalysts. The Au- M (M = Ag, Bi, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ru, Sn, Tl) on Iron (III) Oxide System. Akula Venugopal, James Aluha and Mike S. Scurrell. Catal. Lett. 90 (1-2): (2003), 1.

14. Low temperature reductive pretreatment of Au/Fe2O3 catalysts, TPR/TPO studies and behavior in the Water-Gas Shift Reaction

3 Akula Venugopal and Mike S Scurrell Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 258 (2004) 241.

15. Advantage of Hydrotalcite Precursors as Supports for Pd Catalysts in

Hydrodechlorination of CCl2F2. A.H. Padmasri, A. Venugopal, V. Siva Kumar, V. Shashikala, B.M. Nagaraja, P. Seetharamulu, B. Sreedhar, B. David Raju, P. Kanta Rao and K.S. Rama Rao. J. Mol. Catal. A 223 (2004) 329.

16. Promotional effect of magnesia addition to active carbon supported Pd

catalyst on the characteristics and hydrodechlorination activity of CCl2F2. J Krishna Murthy, S Chandra Shekar, A H Padmasri, A Venugopal, V Siva Kumar, B M Nagaraja, V Shashikala, B David Raju, P Kanta Rao and K S Rama Rao. Catalysis Communications vol. 3, no. 5, (2004) 161.

17. Influence of H2O and CO2 on the Selective CO Oxidation in H2-rich Gases

over Au/-Fe2O3. M M Schubert, A. Venugopal, M Kahlich, V Plzak, and R J Behm J. Catal, 222 (2004) 32.

18. Reductive Routes to Stabilized Nano Gold and Relation to Catalysis by Supported Gold. D Boyd, S Golunski, G H R Hearne, T Magadzu, K Mallick, M C Raphulu, A Venugopal, M S Scurrell Appl. Catal. A: General. 292 (2005) 76.

19. Hydroxyapatite photocatalytic degradation of calmagite (an azo dye) in aqueous Suspension. M Pratap Reddy, A Venugopal and M Subrahmanyam Appl. Catal. B: Environmental, 69 (2006) 164.

20. Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over Ni/SiO2. A. Venugopal, J. Ashok, S. Naveen kumar, D. Hari Prasad, V. Durga kumari, and M. Subrahmanyam. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 (2007) 1782.

21. Hydroxyapatite supported Ag-TiO2 as Escherichia coli disinfection photocatalyst M Pratap Reddy, A Venugopal and M Subrahmanyam Water Research 41 (2007) 379.

22. COx-free H2 production via catalytic decomposition of CH4 over Ni supported on zeolite catalysts

4 J. Ashok, S. Naveen Kumar, A. Venugopal, V. Durga Kumari, M Subrahmanyam* Journal of Power Sources 164 (2007) 809.

23. Effect of method of preparation of Cu-Zn-Al catalysts on DME synthesis. Akula Venugopal, Jelliarko Palgunadi, Oh-Shim Joo, and Kwang Deog Jung* Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (2007) 1741 - 1744. Advances in Nanomaterials and Processing

24. Production of COX free hydrogen by catalytic decomposition of methane over Ni/HY catalysts. Jangam Ashok, Sathu Naveen Kumar, Machiraju Subrahmanyam and Akula Venugopal* Catal. Lett. 118 (2007) 139.

25. COx free hydrogen by methane decomposition over activated carbons. J. Ashok, S. Naveen Kumar, A. Venugopal, V. Durga Kumari, S. Tripathi, M Subrahmanyam* Catalysis Communications 9 (2008) 164.

26. Decomposition of methane for hydrogen production over novel hydroxyapatite supported nickel catalysts. J. Ashok, S. Naveen kumar, M. Subrahmanyam and A Venugopal* Catal. Lett. 121 (2008) 283.

27. Cu-Zn-Cr2O3 catalysts for dimethyl ether synthesis: structure and activity relationship Akula Venugopal*, Jelliarko Palgunadi, Kwang Deog Jung*, Oh-Shim Joo and Chae-Ho Shin Catalysis Letters 123 (2008) 142 -149.

28. Catalytic decomposition of CH4 over Ni-Al2O3-SiO2 catalysts: Influence of

pretreatment conditions for the production of H2 Jangam Ashok, Gangadhara Raju, Padigapati Shiva Reddy, Machiraju Subrahmanyam and Akula Venugopal* Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, 17 (2008) 113-119.

29. Hydrotalcite structure derived Ni-Cu-Al catalysts for the production of H2

by CH4 decomposition. Jangam Ashok, Machiraju Subrahmanyam and Akula Venugopal* International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33(11) (2008) 2704 - 2713.

5 30. Catalytic Decomposition of CH4 over NiO-Al2O3-SiO2 Catalysts: Influence

of Catalyst Preparation Conditions on the Production of H2 Jangam Ashok, Padigapati Shiva Reddy, Gangadhara Raju, Machiraju Subrahmanyam and Akula Venugopal* International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33 (2008) 4809-4818.

31. Development of methane decomposition catalysts for COx free hydrogen Jangam Ashok, Machiraju Subrahmanyam and Akula Venugopal* Catalysis Surveys from Asia, 12 (2008) 229 – 237.

32. Solvent free aerobic oxidation of ethylbenzene over supported Ni catalysts using molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure. G Raju, P Shiva Reddy, J Ashok, B Mahipal Reddy and A Venugopal* Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, 17 (2008) 293 – 297.

33. Dimethyl ether synthesis on the admixed catalysts of Cu-Zn-Al-M (M=Ga,

La, Y, Zr) and γ-Al2O3 : The role of modifier. Akula Venugopal*, Jelliarko Palgunadi, Jung Kwang Deog*, Oh-Shim Joo and Chae-Ho Shin. J. Mol. Catal. 302 (2009) 20-27.

34. Catalytic decomposition of methane to hydrogen and carbon nanofibers

over Ni-Cu-SiO2 catalysts Jangam Ashok, Padigapati Shiva Reddy, Gangadhara Raju, Machiraju Subrahmanyam and Akula Venugopal* Energy & Fuels 23(1) (2009) 5-13.

35. Hydrotalcite derived Cu-Zn-Cr catalysts admixed with -Al2O3 for single step dimethyl ether synthesis from syngas: Influence of hydrothermal treatment. Akula Venugopal*, Jelliarko Palgunadi, Jung Kwang Deog*, Oh-Shim Joo and Chae-Ho Shin. Catalysis Today 147 (2009) 94-99.

36. Low temperature steam reforming of bio-ethanol over Ni/CuO-Al2O3 catalysts. A. Venugopal*, M. Sudhakar, R. Kishore, Reema Sarkari, J. Ashok, F. B. Noronha, S. M. de Lima, and A. Hari Padmasri. Int. J Nanotechnol. 7 (2010) 1188-1203.

37. Methane decomposition catalysts for COX free hydrogen production. Ashok Jangam, Reema Sarkari, Anjaneyulu Chatla, Subrahmanyam Machiraju, Venugopal Akula* Rev. Chem. Eng. 26 (2010) 29-39.

6 38. Vapour phase synthesis of methylpyrazine using aqueous glycerol and

ethylenediamine over ZnCr2O4 catalyst: Elucidation of reaction mechanism. Reema Sarkari, Ramineni Kishore, Medak Sudhakar, Chatla Anjaneyulu, Akula Venugopal* Catalysis Communications, 12 (2011) 1067-1070.

39. Oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over La1-xCexNiO3 perovskite-type oxides for the production of hydrogen Sania M. de Lima, Adriana M. da Silva, Lídia O.O. da Costa, José M. Assaf, Lisiane V. Mattos, Reema Sarkari, A. Venugopal, Fábio B. Noronha* Applied Catalysis B, 121-122 (2012) 1-9.

40. Pd/MgLa Mixed Oxide Catalyzed Chemoselective Hydrogenation of C=C at Room Temperature M. Lakshmi Kantam, R. Kishore, Jagjit Yadav, M. Sudhakar, A. Venugopal Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, 354 (2012) 663-669.

41. Ruthenium/Magnesium-Lanthanum mixed oxide: An efficient reusable catalyst for oxidation of alcohols by using molecular oxygen. M. Lakshmi Kantam,* R. Sudarshan Reddy, Ujjwal Pal, M. Sudhakar, A. Venugopal, K. Jeeva Ratnam, F. Figueras, Venkat Reddy Chintareddy, and Yuta Nishina. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 359 (2012) 1-7.

42. Synthesize 2-methylpyrazine using aqueous glycerol and ethylenediamine over zinc oxide-zinc chromite catalysts: structure activity relationship. Akula Venugopal*, Reema Sarkari, Chatla Anjaneyulu, Vankaduth Krishna and Mandari Kotesh Kumar. Applied Catalysis A: General 441-442 (2012) 108-118.

43. Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide- Stabilized Palladium(0): Heck Reaction with Heteroaryl Bromides in the Absence of Ligand and Base. M. Lakshmi Kantam, P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy, P. Srinivas, A. Venugopal, Suresh Bhargava and Yuta Nishina. Catalysis Science and Technology 3 (2013) 2550-2554.

44. N-Alkylation of amines with alcohols over nanosized zeolite Beta Marri Mahender Reddy, Macharla Arun Kumar, Peraka Swamy, Mameda Naresh, Kodumuri Srujana, Lanka Satyanarayana, Akula Venugopal and Nama Narender* Green Chemistry 15 (2013) 3474-3483.

7 45. Characteristics of La modified Ni-Al2O3 and Ni-SiO2 catalysts for COx free hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane Chatla Anjaneyulu, Velisoju Vijay Kumar, Suresh K. Bhargava, Akula Venugopal* Journal of Energy Chemistry 22 (2013) 853-860.

46. Pd/Mg-La mixed oxide catalyzed oxidative sp2 C-H bond acylation with alcohols. R. Kishore, M. Lakshmi Kantam*, J. Yadav, M. Sudhakar, S. Laha and A. Venugopal* Journal of Molecular Catalysis A 379 (2013) 213-218.

47. Effective utilization of bio-glycerol for the synthesis of 2-methylpyrazine

over ZnO-ZnCr2O4 catalyst. A. Venugopal*, R. Sarkari, M. Kotesh Kumar, S. Syed John, J. Krishna Reddy, and A. Hari Padmasri* Journal of Chemical Sciences 126 (2014) 387-393.

48. Influence of acid-base sites on ZnO-ZnCr2O4 catalyst during dehydrocyclization of aqueous glycerol and ethylenediamine for the synthesis of 2-methylpyrazine: Kinetic and mechanism studies Akula Venugopal*, Reema Sarkari, Chatla Anjaneyulu, Vankudoth Krishna, Mandari Kotesh Kumar and Aytam Hari Padmasri. Applied Catalysis A 469 (2014) 398-409.

49. Selective CO oxidation over Fe5(PO4)3(OH)5 supported Pt catalyst: Kinetic and mechanistic studies. A Hari Padmasri*, P Anil Kumar, S Naveen Kumar, A Venugopal, Sooboo Singh Indian Journal of Chemistry 53A (2014) 511-515.

50. Synthesis and characterization of Pt supported on Fe5(PO4)3(OH)5 catalysts P Anil Kumar, A Hari Padmasri*, S Naveen Kumar, A Venugopal*, Sooboo Singh. Indian Journal of Chemistry 53A (2014) 566-571.

51. Vapour phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over metal (Ru, Ni, Pt, Pd)

supported on Ca5(PO4)3(OH) catalysts M. Sudhakar, M Lakshmi Kantam*, R Kishore, S Naveen Kumar and A Venugopal*. Indian Journal of Chemistry 53A (2014) 550-552.

52. Hydroxyapatite as a novel support for Ru in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone

8 M. Sudhakar, M. Lakshmi Kantam*, V. Swarna Jaya, R. Kishore, K.V. Ramanujachary and A. Venugopal* Catalysis Communications 50 (2014) 101-104.

53. Bio-glycerol utilization: Synthesis of 2,6-dimethylpyrazine over MxOy-

MCr2O4 (M = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) catalysts. V Krishnaa, S Naveen Kumara, S Reemaa, A Hari Padmasrib, KVR Charya and A Venugopal*,a Applied Catalysis A: General 488 (2014) 275-284.

54. Selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid to -valerolactone over Ru/Mg- LaO catalysts V Swarna Jaya, M Sudhakar, S Naveen Kumar and A Venugopal RSC Advances 5 (2015) 9044-9049.

55. Influence of La on reduction behaviour and Ni metal surface area of Ni-

Al2O3 catalysts for COx free H2 by catalytic decomposition of methane Ch. Anjaneyulua, S. Naveen Kumara, V. Vijay Kumara,b, G. Naresha,b, S.K. Bhargavab, KVR Charya and A. Venugopala,* International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40(9) (2015) 3633- 3641.

56. Synthesis of fluorenones by using Pd(II)/Mg–La mixed oxide catalyst Ramineni Kishore, Samudrala Shanthi Priya, Medak Sudhakar, Boosa Venu, Akula Venugopal,* Jagjit Yadav and Mannepalli Lakshmi Kantam* Catal. Sci. Technol., 5 (2015) 3363.

57. A Pd(II)/Mg–La mixed oxide catalyst for cyanation of aryl C–H bonds and tandem Suzuki–cyanation reactions Ramineni Kishore, Jagjit Yadav, Boosa Venu, Akula Venugopal and M. Lakshmi Kantam* New Journal of Chemistry, 39 (2015) 5259-5264.

58. Influence of Rare Earth (La, Pr, Nd, Gd, and Sm) Metals on the Methane Decomposition Activity of Ni−Al Catalysts Chatla Anjaneyulu, Gutta Naresh, Velisoju Vijay Kumar, James Tardio, Tumula Venkateshwar Rao and Akula Venugopal* ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 3 (2015) 1298−1305.

59. Role of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites on Ni/TiO2 catalyst for vapour phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid: Kinetic and mechanistic study. Velisoju Vijay Kumar, Gutta Naresh, Medak Sudhakar, James Tardio, Suresh K. Bhargava and Akula Venugopal∗ Applied Catalysis A: General, 505 (2015) 217-223.

9 60. Vapor phase hydrogenation of aqueous levulinic acid over hydroxyapatite supported metal (M = Pd, Pt, Ru, Cu, Ni) catalysts. M. Sudhakar, V. Vijay Kumar, G. Naresh, M. Lakshmi Kantam, S.K. Bhargava and A. Venugopal* Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 180 (2016) 113-120.

61. Crude bio-glycerol as a hydrogen source for the selective hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds over Ru/ MgLaO catalyst Medak Sudhakar, Gutta Naresh, Gundeboina Rambabu, Chatla Anjaneyulu, Aytam Hari Padmasri, Mannepalli Lakshmi Kantam, Akula Venugopal* Catalysis Communications 74 (2016) 91-94.

62. Nano structured bismuth and nitrogen co-doped TiO2 as an efficient light

harvesting photocatalyst under natural sunlight for the production of H2 by

H2O splitting. M Kotesh Kumar, K Bhavani, B Srinivas, S Naveen Kumar, M Sudhakar, G Naresh and A Venugopal* Applied Catalysis A: General (Revision submitted).

63. An investigation on the influence of support type for Ni catalysed vapour phase hydrogenation of aqueous levulinic acid to γ- valerolactone Velisoju Vijay Kumara,b, Gutta Naresha,b, Medak Sudhakara, Chatla Anjaneyulua, Suresh Kumar Bhargavab, James Tardiob, Vanga Karnakar Reddyc, Aytam Hari Padmasric and Akula Venugopala,* RSC Advances 2015 (Revision submitted).

LIST OF PATENTS

1. An improved process for producing nicotinonitrile. V. Venkat Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, P.S. Sai Prasad, K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, M. Subrahmanyam, P. Kanta Rao and A.V. Rama Rao Indian Patent No. 183837.

2. A process for preparation of heteroaromatic nitriles by ammoxidation using a novel catalyst. K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, P.S. Sai Prasad, A. Venugopal, K.V. Narayana, M. Subrahmanyam, P. Kanta Rao and A.V. Rama Rao Indian Patent No. 183838.

10 3. An improved process for producing a vanadium titanium catalyst composition useful for the preparation of nicotinonitrile V. Venkat Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, P. Kanta Rao, P. Sai Prasad, K.V.Narayana, A. Venugopal, M. Subrahmanyam and A.V. Rama Rao Indian Patent No. 183921.

4. A process for the preparation of highly active and selective ammoxidation catalyst. P.Kanta Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, M. Subrahmanyam and A.V. Rama Rao Indian Patent No. 187346. 208/DEL/94, dt. 24.2.94.

5. An improved process for the production of 3- & 4- cyanopyridines by vapor phase ammoxidation. P. Kanta Rao, V. Venkat Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, A. Venugopal, K.V.Narayana, M. Subrahmanyam and A.V. Rama Rao. Indian Patent - Filed. No. 210/DEL/94, dt. 24.2.94.

6. Process for the preparation of highly active and selective ammoxidation catalyst and its use in preparing heteroaromatic nitriles. P. Kanta Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, M. Subrahmanyam and A.V. Rama Rao. U.S. Patent No. 5,910,465. Dt. June 8th 1999.

7. Process for the preparation of a highly active and selective ammoxidation catalyst and its use in preparing heteroaromatic nitriles P. Kanta Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, K.V. Narayana, A. Venugopal, M. Subrahmanyam and A.V. Rama Rao U.S. Patent No. 5,952,508. Dt. September 14, 1999.

8. An improved process for the preparation of highly active halogen exchange catalyst. P. Kanta Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, V. Durga Kumari, K.V.R. Chary, B. David Raju, P.S. Sai Prasad, M. Subrahmanyam, Suresh Farsinavis, V. Vishwanathan, A. Venugopal and G. Krishna Reddy. Indian Patent – Filed. No. 320/DEL/99 dated 4-6-1999.

9. An improved process for the preparation of 2-chloro 1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane by catalytic vapour phase hydrofluorination. P. Kanta Rao, K.S. Rama Rao, V. Venkat Rao, V. Durga Kumari, K.V.R. Chary, B. David Raju, P.S. Sai Prasad, M. Subrahmanyam, Suresh Farsinavis, V. Vishwanathan, A. Venugopal and G. Krishna Reddy. Indian Patent Application – Filed.

11 10. Catalyst Development: Process for preparing precursors of catalysts containing copper, zinc, aluminum and/or gallium, lanthanum, yttrium, zirconium for the synthesis of DME from syngas. Akula Venugopal, Jelliarko Palgunadi, Oh-Shim Joo and Kwang Deog Jung, Korean Patent Filed, May 2006.