Summary for Chapter 16 Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Summary for Chapter 16 – Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Life expectancy in the United States increased dramatically in the 20th century. Factors that enhance longevity include limited or no alcohol use, regular balanced meals, weight control, adequate sleep, abstinence from smoking, and regular physical activity. Energy restriction in animals seems to lengthen their lives. Whether such dietary intervention in human beings is beneficial remains unknown. At the very least, nutrition—especially when combined with regular physical activity—can influence aging and longevity in human beings by supporting good health and preventing disease.

Many changes that accompany aging can impair nutrition status. Among physiological changes, hormone activity alters body composition, immune system changes raise the risk of infections, atrophic gastritis interferes with digestion and absorption, and tooth loss limits food choices. Psychological changes such as depression, economic changes such as loss of income, and social changes such as loneliness contribute to poor food intake.

The table below summarizes the nutrient concerns of aging. Although some nutrients need special attention in the diet, supplements are not routinely recommended. The ever-growing number of older people creates an urgent need to learn more about how their nutrient requirements differ from those of others and how such knowledge can enhance their health.

Nutrient Effect of Aging Comments Water Lack of thirst and decreased total body water make Mild dehydration is a common cause of confusion. Difficulty dehydration likely. obtaining water or getting to the bathroom may compound the problem. Energy Need decreases as muscle mass decreases Physical activity moderates the decline. (sarcopenia). Fiber Likelihood of constipation increases with low intakes Inadequate water intakes and lack of physical activity, along and changes in the GI tract. with some medications, compound the problem. Protein Needs may stay the same or increase slightly. Low-fat, high-fiber legumes and grains meet both protein and other nutrient needs. Vitamin B12 Atrophic gastritis is common. Deficiency causes neurological damage; supplements may be needed. Vitamin D Increased likelihood of inadequate intake; skin Daily sunlight exposure in moderation or supplements may be synthesis declines. beneficial. Calcium Intakes may be low; osteoporosis is common. Stomach discomfort commonly limits milk intake; calcium substitutes or supplements may be needed. Iron In women, status improves after menopause; Adequate stomach acid is required for absorption; antacid or deficiencies are linked to chronic blood losses and low other medicine use may aggravate iron deficiency; vitamin C stomach acid output. and meat increase absorption.

Senile dementia and other losses of brain function afflict millions of older adults, and others face loss of vision due to cataracts or macular degeneration or cope with the pain of arthritis. As the number of people over age 65 continues to grow, the need for solutions to these problems becomes urgent. Some problems may be inevitable, but others are preventable and good nutrition may play a key role.

Older people can benefit from both the nutrients provided and the social interaction available at congregate meals. Other government programs deliver meals to those who are homebound. With creativity and careful shopping, those living alone can prepare nutritious, inexpensive meals. Physical activity, mental challenges, stress management, and social activities can also help people grow old comfortably.