Study Guide to Chapter 5 s1

Energy Study Guide Name______

Geology & Mineral Resources – Chap 8 1. Earth formed ______years ago. Elements & minerals present when Earth formed are all we have and they are distributed ______around the globe. 2. Describe the earth’s zones: a. Core

b. Mantle

c. Asthenosphere

d. Crust

e. Lithosphere

3. Explain Tectonic Plate Theory

4. How were Hawaiian Islands formed?

5. Describe the THREE types of plate movement (what forms: earthquakes, trenches, mountains, etc) a. Divergent & seafloor spreading

b. Convergent & subduction

c. Transform

6. Earthquakes are a direct result of ______a. Fault ______b. Richter scale: increases by a factor of ______c. What is the Ring of Fire

7. Volcanoes: ______% occur along plate boundaries, often with earthquakes a. Damage

b. Benefits

8. The Rock Cycle is the ______of Earth's cycles, but important in recycling useful minerals 9. Describe how formed and identify ONE example of the THREE different types of rock: a. Igneous

b. Metamorphic

c. Sedimentary

10. Draw a basic picture of the rock cycle: Label Convergent & Divergent Plates. Indentify hotspots

11. External processes tend to wear down earth’s surface. Describe: a. Weathering

b. Erosion c. Deposition 12. In contrast, Interior processes generally ______the earth’s surfaces 13. Define a. Ore

b. Reserves

14. Are minerals considered renewable or nonrenewable? ______15. What are the most abundant element/mineral in Earth’s: a. Crust ______b. Atmosphere______c. Core ______16. Describe THREE types of surface mining a. Strip mining

b. Open pit

c. Mountain top removal

17. Define: a. Overburden

b. Spoils

c. Reclamation

18. Compared to surface mining, list 2 benefits and 2 disadvantages of subsurface or underground mining.

19. Describe the environmental effects of mining, processing, & using our mineral/energy resources

20. What is Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act of 1977? Why is it not always successful?

NonRenewable Energy – Chap 12 21. Define non-renewable energy: Identify 2 categories: 22. World’s total energy consumption; 81% comes from fossil fuels (give %): Oil ______, Coal ______, Gas ______, Renewable ______, Nuclear ______23. Describe patterns of Energy use in US: What energy source imported ______exported ______

24. United States total energy consumption; 84% comes from fossil fuels (give %): Oil ______, Coal ______, Gas ______, Renewable ______, Nuclear ______25. Quantifying energy efficiency: convert coal to electricity ______% most lost to ______a. Embodied energy

b. EROEI

c. Transportation: CAFE standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)

26. Put the following steps of electricity production in order: a. ______the electrical grid distribute the electricity to homes and businesses b. ______the electricity is transported to the electrical grid c. ______the fuel is burned d. ______the generator creates electricity e. ______the heat is used to boil water f. ______the steam is used to turn a turbine g. ______the turbine turns the generator 27. Define cogeneration

28. Fuels used for electricity generation (give %): a. Coal ______Natural gas ______Nuclear ______Hydro ______other renewable ______29. Coal: What is main use______30. Coal is formed primarily from: ______31. Which 3 countries have the most coal? List in order of most to least 1. ______2. ______3.______32. List major advantages & disadvantages of coal including specific pollution emissions Advantages Disadvantages

33. Identify and describe the FOUR types of coal: Increasing Moisture Content Increasing Heat and Carbon Content a. b. c. d.

34. Oil (Petroleum) : Mainly used for ______35. Oil is formed from ______36. Oil is refined or separated into its components by a process based on their boiling points called ______37. What is OPEC? How much of the world's oil do they have? Controls 80% of oil reserves Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: 12 countries: : Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. 38. Which countries have the largest oil reserves (in order) Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait 39. Which countries are producing the most oil? 40. List the major advantages and disadvantages of using conventional oil Advantages Disadvantages

41. Natural Gas: Mainly used for ______42. Natural gas is 80% to 95% ______. Where is it most often found?______43. Which 2 countries have the largest Natural gas reserves Russia & Iran (although the US is currently the biggest producer) 44. What are major advantages & disadvantages of Natural Gas Advantages Disadvantages

45. Describe Fracking. What are some potential problems

46. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of nonconventional oil: Oil (tar) sand & shale oil Advantages Disadvantages

47. Describe issues: Future of fossil fuel Use - include Hubbert curve & peak oil

48. Nuclear Power: Mainly used for ______49. Describe how a nuclear power plant creates electricity: Fission or fusion? 50. What is the purpose of the control rods 51. It can take up to ______lbs of uranium ore to produce ______lbs of fuel 52. What 3 countries have large uranium mining operations ______, ______, ______53. what 2 elements are used? ______and ______54. Electricity generated from nuclear: France ______% US ______% 55. Where do we store nuclear waste and for how long? Do we have a long term storage facility in US

56. Identify major advantages & disadvantages of using nuclear power Advantages Disadvantages 57. What is thermal pollution?

58. Describe: a. Yucca Mountain

b. Three Mile Island

c. Chernobyl

59. Describe Fusion power. Are we using it? Why or why not

Renewable Energy - Chap 13

60. Describe tidal power? Is it feasible?

61. Wasting Energy. What % is wasted (lost usually as heat):___80%______a. Unavoidably lost due to 2nd law of thermodynamics ____40%___ b. Unnecessarily____40%__poor gas mileage, inefficient appliances, not insulating houses___ 62. How much energy is lost (wasted) in: a. incandescent light bulb _____95%____only 5% produces light the rest lost as heat______b. internal combustion engine ___94%______c. nuclear power plant ______86%______d. coal burning power plant _____66%______e. photosynthesis ______99%_____ - only 1% efficient______

63. What is the difference between potentially renewable resources and nondepletable

64. Renewable energy use in the US is ______% a. Biomass ______%, Hydroelectric ______%, Wind ______% Geothermal ______% , Solar ____% 65. Renewable energy sources are more sustainable than fossil fuels, but using any form of energy has impact on environment: give examples

66. Energy conservation means ______Give examples: 67. Sustainable design Give examples

68. All energy comes directly or indirectly from the ______. Except for ______, ______, ______, & ______69. Biofuels, biomass that has been processed into a liquid, include ______70. Describe solid biomass:

71. Who uses biomass as a major source of domestic energy

72. What is net removal and what does it lead to

73. Identify advantages and disadvantages of solid biomass energy: including pollutants Advantages Disadvantages

74. Describe Liquid Biomass: Biofuels a. Ethanol

b. Boidiesel

75. Identify advantages & disadvantages biofuels: including pollutants

76. Describe the process of hydroelectric power generation:

77. Identify advantages & disadvantages of hydroelectric energy including environmental impacts

78. What is the name and location for the largest dam a. in world ______b. in the US ______79. Describe the following renewable energy: Tidal Energy - including advantages & disadvantages 80. What are the advantages & disadvantages of passive solar systems

81. Describe the following types of Direct solar power: a. Solar water heating systems

b. Photovoltaic systems

c. Concentrating solar thermal

82. Describe the advantages & disadvantages of active solar power

83. Describe the process of geothermal power generation:

Ground source heat pump

84. Identify advantages & disadvantages of geothermal energy

85. What countries are generating the most wind power

Denmark obtains ______% of its electricity from wind 86. Why is wind power generation so promising. wind is the fastest growing source of energy worldwide. Capturing only ___20%__ of the wind energy could meet all the world energy demand. 87. Identify advantages & disadvantages of wind energy:

88. Describe advantages & disadvantages of Hydrogen fuel cells

89. Explain how we can plan our energy future a. Improving Electrical Grid

b. Addressing Energy Cost & Storage

90. List some government strategies for energy solutions Provide research & development subsidies & tax breaks, enact regulations to stimulate energy alternatives Raise taxes, eliminate existing subsidies to discourage wasteful uses of energy Educate the public & offer incentives for energy efficiency - Develop long term policy 91. Describe Iceland’s energy use