Saara J. Dewalt1,3, Benton N. Taylor2, and Kalan Ickes 1

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Density-dependent Survival in Seedlings Differs Among Woody

Life-forms in Tropical Wet Forests of a Caribbean Island

Saara J. DeWalt1,3, Benton N. Taylor2, and Kalan Ickes1

1 Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A.

2 Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New

York, NY 10027, U.S.A.

Received 12 August 2014; revision accepted 15 January 2015.

3Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected]

1 TABLE S1. Candidate models used in hierarchical model selection procedures. All models regardless of ΔAICc are shown. Only models with ΔAICc < 2 were carried to the next level of model selection. Parameters are Life = life-form; Ht = log(Height); CO = % canopy openness; Sdl = log(seedling density); TotBA = log(total basal area); PerConSdl = % conspecific seedlings; and PerConBA = % conspecific basal area. Parameters AICc ΔAICc Weight Basic model Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht 4747.55 0 0.58 Life, Ht, Life x Ht 4748.95 1.4 0.29 Life, Ht, Life x Ht, (Region as random) 4750.72 3.17 0.12 Life, Region, Ht 4760.61 13.06 0 Region, Ht 4767.43 19.88 0 Ht 4768.62 21.07 0 Life, Region 4873.07 125.52 0 Life 4874.88 127.33 0 Basic + Abiotic models Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Life x CO 4742.54 0 0.35 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO 4742.61 0.07 0.34 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Life x CO, Ht x CO 4744.55 2.01 0.13 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Ht x CO 4744.60 2.06 0.13 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht 4747.55 5.01 0.03

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Slope 4749.30 6.76 0.01

2 Parameters AICc ΔAICc Weight Basic + Biotic models Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4720.38 0 0.52 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4721.59 1.21 0.28 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4723.63 3.26 0.10

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA 4725.19 4.82 0.05

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, TotalBA, PerConBA 4726.46 6.09 0.02

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, Life x PerConSdl 4728.16 7.78 0.01 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, Life x PerConSdl 4729.41 9.03 0.01 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, TotalBA, PerConBA 4731.71 11.33 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x PerConSdl 4732.33 11.95 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl 4737.71 17.34 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4737.73 17.36 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x PerConSdl 4739.39 19.01 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA 4739.52 19.15 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, Life x Sdl, Life x PerConSdl 4743.04 22.67 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, TotalBA 4745.30 24.93 0

3 Parameters AICc ΔAICc Weight

Basic + Biotic models continued

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht 4747.55 27.17 0

Basic + Biotic + Abiotic + Biotic x Abiotic Models Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4715.41 0 0.18

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4716.58 1.16 0.10

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, Life x CO 4716.62 1.21 0.10

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConSdl 4716.85 1.44 0.09 Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConSdl, Life x 4717.13 1.72 0.08 CO Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConBA 4717.39 1.98 0.07

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, Life x CO 4717.66 2.25 0.06

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConSdl 4717.93 2.51 0.05

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x 4718.00 2.58 0.05 PerConSdl, Life x CO Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConBA, Life x 4718.35 2.94 0.04 CO Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConBA 4718.55 3.14 0.04

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConSdl, CO x 4718.71 3.29 0.03 PerConBA

4 Parameters AICc ΔAICc Weight

Basic + Biotic + Abiotic + Biotic x Abiotic Models continued

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x PerConSdl, CO x 4719.06 3.64 0.03 PerConBA, Life x CO Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x 4719.4 3.98 0.02 PerConBA, Life x CO Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x 4719.76 4.35 0.02 PerConSdl, CO x PerConBA Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl, CO x 4719.94 4.52 0.02 PerConSdl, CO x PerConBA, Life x CO Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4720.38 4.96 0.02

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, Sdl, PerConSdl, TotalBA, PerConBA, Life x Sdl 4721.59 6.17 0.01

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO, Life x CO 4742.54 27.13 0

Life, Region, Ht, Life x Ht, CO 4742.61 27.20 0

5 TABLE S2. Seedling life-form, abundance, frequency and percent survival of all woody species encountered in seedling plots in 17 different permanent plots on the island of Dominica. Individual-level analyses were conducted only on species occurring in at least three seedling plots during the first census. These species are in bold font. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana). All seedlings, focal and non-focal, were included for determination of seedling diversity in each seedling plot.

% Species Family Life-form % seedling plots survival Abarema jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip Fabaceae C 0.5 89 Acinodendron furfuraceum (Vahl) Kuntze Melastomataceae U 1.2 100 Acinodendron trichotomum (Desr.) Kuntze Melastomataceae U 1.9 89 Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq. Lamiaceae U 0.5 100 Amanoa caribaea Krug & Urb. Phyllanthaceae C 30.4 75 Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez Lauraceae M 0.5 100 Besleria filipes Urb. Gesneriaceae S 0.2 100 Bunchosia polystachia (Andrews) DC. Malpighiaceae U 10.1 84 Byrsonima trinitensis A. Juss. Malpighiaceae C 4.2 87 Calyptranthes fasciculata O. Berg Myrtaceae U 4.7 96

6 Cananga caribaea (Urb.) Britton Annonaceae C 6.4 79 Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal Solanaceae U 0.7 100 Chimarrhis cymosa Jacq. Rubiaceae C 0.5 50 Chrysobalanus cuspidatus Griseb. ex Duss Chrysobalanaceae U 0.5 100 Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. Sapotaceae C 0.5 100 Coccoloba ascendens Duss ex Lindau Polygonaceae L 0.2 100 Connarus grandifolius Planch. Connaraceae L 0.7 100 Conostegia montana (Sw.) D. Don ex DC. Melastomataceae U 2.1 100 Crantzia cristata (L.) Scop. Gesneriaceae L 0.2 100 Cybianthus rostratus (Hassk.) G. Agostini Myrsinaceae U 8.0 98 Dacryodes excelsa Vahl Burseraceae C 38.4 75 Diasperus mimosoides Sw. Phyllanthaceae U 7.8 97 Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann Bignoniaceae L 1.6 50

7 % Species Family Life-form % seedling plots survival Drypetes glauca Vahl Putranjivaceae M 0.5 50 Endlicheria sericea Nees Lauraceae M 19.8 89 Eriphia lutea (L.) Raf. Gesneriaceae S 0.2 50 Eugenia albicans (O. Berg) Urb. Myrtaceae M 0.5 100 Eugenia coffeifolia DC. Myrtaceae U 12.7 99 Eugenia sp. Myrtaceae U 6.4 92 Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. Rubiaceae U 54.6 90 Gerascanthus reticulatus (Vahl) Borhidi Boraginaceae M 2.4 100 Gonzalagunia spicata (Lam.) M. Gómez Rubiaceae S 0.2 100 Graffenrieda latifolia (Naudin) Triana Melastomataceae U 1.4 100 Guapira fragrans (Dum. Cours.) Little Nyctaginaceae M 2.6 100 Guarea glabra Vahl Meliaceae U 0.7 100 Heisteria coccinea Jacq. Olacaceae U 4.2 90 Heteropterys Malpighiaceae L 6.6 93

8 platyptera DC. Hirtella sp. Chrysobalanaceae U 0.5 100 Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. Fabaceae M 19.1 97 Ixora ferrea (Jacq.) Benth. Rubiaceae U 12.2 93 Licania ternatensis Hook. f. ex Duss Chrysobalanaceae C 45.9 82 Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) Govaerts Magnoliaceae C 0.5 100 Manekia incurva Piperaceae L 4.2 82 (Sieber ex Schult.) T. Arias, Callejas & Bornst. Maytenus guyanensis Klotzsch ex Reissek Celestraceae U 2.1 92 Meliosma herbertii Rolfe Sabiaceae C 2.1 91 Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre Sapotaceae C 20.2 93 Mikania hookeriana DC. Asteraceae L 0.2 100 Myrcia amazonica DC. Myrtaceae U 0.2 100 Myrcia deflexa (Poir.) DC. Myrtaceae M 1.9 100 Myrcia fallax Myrtaceae M 10.6 92

9 (Rich.) DC. Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb. Lauraceae M 8.5 92 Notopleura uliginosa (Sw.) Bremek. Rubiaceae S 0.2 100 % Species Family Life-form % seedling plots survival Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez Lauraceae M 1.2 86 Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Laness. Lauraceae M 2.1 93 Odontonema nitidum Kuntze Acanthaceae S 3.5 90 Ormosia monosperma (Sw.) Urb. Fabaceae M 0.7 100 Ouratea longifolia (Lam.) Engl. Ochnaceae U 1.4 100 Paullinia vespertilio Sw. Sapindaceae L 33.4 92 Petrea volubilis L. Verbenaceae L 0.9 80 Pinzona coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Dilleniaceae L 0.7 67 Piper aequale Vahl Piperaceae S 2.4 100 Piper dilatatum Rich. Piperaceae S 0.2 100 Pouteria pallida (C. F. Gaertn.) Baehni Sapotaceae C 14.4 88 Protium Burseraceae C 0.2 100

10 attenuatum (Rose) Urb. Psychotria berteroana DC. Rubiaceae U 0.2 100 Psychotria urbaniana Steyerm. Rubiaceae S 43.5 94 Rauvolfia biauriculata Muell. Arg. Apocynaceae U 0.5 100 Richeria grandis Vahl Phyllanthaceae M 0.2 0 Rudgea citrifolia (Sw.) K. Schum. Rubiaceae U 28.5 82 Schradera exotica (J. F. Gmel.) Standl. Rubiaceae L 0.7 100 Simarouba amara Aubl. Simaroubaceae C 4.9 84 Sloanea berteriana Choisy ex DC. Elaeocarpaceae C 0.5 100 Sloanea caribaea Krug & Urb. ex Duss Elaeocarpaceae C 25.6 88 Sloanea massonii Sw.* Elaeocarpaceae C 5.4 76 Smilax guianensis Vitman Smilacaceae L 0.9 83 Sterculia caribaea R. Br. Malvaceae M 16.9 73 Stylogyne Myrsinaceae U 1.9 100 lateriflora (Sw.)

11 Mez Swartzia caribaea Griseb. Fabaceae M 3.8 88 Symphonia globulifera L. f. Clusiaceae C 3.5 74 Symplocos martinicensis Jacq. Symplocaceae M 1.2 100 Tapura latifolia Benth. Dichapetalaceae M 45.4 88 Tovomita plumieri Griseb. Clusiaceae M 0.7 100 % Species Family Life-form % seedling plots survival Trichilia pallida Sw. Meliaceae U 1.2 80 Trichilia septentrionalis C. DC. Meliaceae M 7.5 97 Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don Staphyleaceae M 0.2 100 Unknown Laurac1 (LAURAC365) Lauraceae M 3.8 95 Unknown Laurac2 (LAURACMT1) Lauraceae M 0.7 100 Unknown Myrtac1 (MYRTMT1) Myrtaceae M 21.4 93 Unknown Myrtaceae M 4.0 65 Myrtac2

12 (PPMYRTAC) Unknown Myrtac3 Myrtaceae U 0.2 100 *Seedlings of Sloanea dentata and Sloanea massonii were lumped in this study because of our inability to distinguish them at this stage.

Synonymous species names: Abarema jupunba = Pithecellobium jupunba, Acinodendron furfuraceum = Miconia furfuracea, Acinodendron trichotomum = Miconia trichotoma, Byrsonima trinitensis = Byrsonima martinicensis, Cananga caribaea = Guatteria caribaea, Diasperus mimosoides = Phyllanthus mimosoides, Dolichandra unguis-cati = Macfadyena unguis-cati, Eriphia lutea = Besleria lutea, Gerascanthus reticulatus = Cordia reticulata, Magnolia dodecapetala = Talauma dodecapetala, Manekia incurva = Sarcorhachis incurva, Miconia mirabilis = Miconia guianensis, Micropholis guyanensis = Micropholis chrysophylloides, Myrcia amazonica = Myrcia leptoclada, Notopleura uliginosa = Psychotria uliginosa, Petrea volubilis = Petrea kohautiana, Pouteria pallida = Oxythece pallida, Sapium glandulosum = Sapium caribaeum, Sloanea massonii = Sloanea truncata, Tapura latifolia = Tapura antillana

13 TABLE S3. Parameter estimates for the second-ranked model predicting survivorship of seedlings across 17 permanent plots in Dominica. Estimates were derived from standardized variables. The baseline life-form and region are canopy tree and NE Dominica, respectively. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana).

Parameter Estimate ± 2 SE (Intercept) 1.744 0.445 * lifeformL -0.200 0.835 lifeformM 0.555 0.598 lifeformS 0.707 1.028 lifeformU 0.930 0.649 * regionNW 0.638 0.341 * regionSW 0.177 0.273 Log(height) 0.854 0.222 * Canopy openness (CO) 0.172 0.115 * Log(seedling density) 0.241 0.142 * Percent conspecific seedlings (PerConSdl) -0.107 0.103 * Log(total basal area) 0.048 0.104 Percent conspecific basal area (PerConBA) -0.182 0.085 * lifeformL x log(height) -0.877 0.426 * lifeformM x log(height) -0.540 0.338 * lifeformS x log(height) -0.302 0.404 lifeformU x log(height) -0.153 0.390 lifeformL x log(seedling density) -0.312 0.382 lifeformM x log(seedling density) 0.051 0.232 lifeformS x log(seedling density) -0.452 0.429 *

14 lifeformU x log(seedling density) -0.265 0.237 * * 95% confidence interval of the coefficient does not overlap with 0.

15 TABLE S4. Parameter estimates for the third-ranked model predicting survivorship of seedlings across 17 permanent plots in Dominica. Estimates were derived from standardized variables. The baseline life-form and region are canopy tree and NE Dominica, respectively. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana).

Parameter Estimate ± 2 SE (Intercept) 1.730 0.449 * lifeformL -0.210 0.836 lifeformM 0.509 0.600 lifeformS 0.692 1.036 lifeformU 0.919 0.649 * regionNW 0.678 0.352 * regionSW 0.220 0.282 Log(height) 0.849 0.222 * Canopy openness (CO) 0.270 0.150 * Log(seedling density) 0.215 0.145 * Percent conspecific seedlings (PerConSdl) -0.110 0.104 * Percent conspecific basal area (PerConBA) -0.184 0.085 * lifeformL x log(height) -0.869 0.428 * lifeformM x log(height) -0.537 0.337 * lifeformS x log(height) -0.293 0.405 lifeformU x log(height) -0.153 0.390 lifeformL x CO -0.008 0.420 lifeformM x CO -0.239 0.248 lifeformS x CO -0.415 0.456 lifeformU x CO -0.170 0.237 lifeformL x log(seedling density) -0.309 0.403 lifeformM x log(seedling density) 0.094 0.235 lifeformS x -0.371 0.437

16 log(seedling density) lifeformU x log(seedling density) -0.211 0.248 * 95% confidence interval of the coefficient does not overlap with 0.

17 TABLE S5. Parameter estimates for the fourth-ranked model predicting survivorship of seedlings across 17 permanent plots in Dominica. Estimates were derived from standardized variables. The baseline life-form and region are canopy tree and NE Dominica, respectively. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana).

Parameter Estimate ± 2 SE (Intercept) 1.737 0.446 * lifeformL -0.202 0.837 lifeformM 0.545 0.600 lifeformS 0.715 1.030 lifeformU 0.924 0.650 * regionNW 0.652 0.340 * regionSW 0.193 0.270 Log(height) 0.858 0.223 * Canopy openness (CO) 0.176 0.116 * Log(seedling density) 0.238 0.142 * Percent conspecific seedlings (PerConSdl) -0.117 0.104 * Percent conspecific basal area (PerConBA) -0.177 0.085 * lifeformL x log(height) -0.882 0.427 * lifeformM x log(height) -0.541 0.338 * lifeformS x log(height) -0.309 0.405 lifeformU x log(height) -0.155 0.390 lifeformL x log(seedling density) -0.302 0.382 lifeformM x log(seedling density) 0.046 0.233 lifeformS x log(seedling density) -0.451 0.430 * lifeformU x -0.265 0.237 * log(seedling

18 density) CO x PerConSdl -0.032 0.084 * 95% confidence interval of the coefficient does not overlap with 0.

19 TABLE S6. Parameter estimates for the fifth-ranked model predicting survivorship of seedlings across 17 permanent plots in Dominica. Estimates were derived from standardized variables. The baseline life-form and region are canopy tree and NE Dominica, respectively. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana).

Parameter Estimate ± 2 SE (Intercept) 1.735 0.452 * lifeformL -0.206 0.839 lifeformM 0.492 0.602 lifeformS 0.700 1.039 lifeformU 0.913 0.651 * regionNW 0.678 0.357 * regionSW 0.218 0.287 Log(height) 0.855 0.223 * Canopy openness (CO) 0.291 0.155 * Log(seedling density) 0.211 0.145 * Percent conspecific seedlings (PerConSdl) -0.120 0.105 * Percent conspecific basal area (PerConBA) -0.180 0.085 * lifeformL x log(height) -0.879 0.428 * lifeformM x log(height) -0.538 0.338 * lifeformS x log(height) -0.304 0.405 lifeformU x log(height) -0.157 0.390 lifeformL x CO -0.063 0.430 lifeformM x CO -0.273 0.253 * lifeformS x CO -0.427 0.456 lifeformU x CO -0.199 0.242 lifeformL x log(seedling density) -0.292 0.403 lifeformM x log(seedling density) 0.087 0.236 lifeformS x -0.374 0.438

20 log(seedling density) lifeformU x log(seedling density) -0.208 0.248 CO x PerConSdl -0.055 0.088 * 95% confidence interval of the coefficient does not overlap with 0.

21 TABLE S7. Parameter estimates for the sixth-ranked model predicting survivorship of seedlings across 17 permanent plots in Dominica. Estimates were derived from standardized variables. The baseline life-form and region are canopy tree and NE Dominica, respectively. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana).

Parameter Estimate ± 2 SE (Intercept) 1.735 0.445 * lifeformL -0.207 0.836 lifeformM 0.550 0.599 lifeformS 0.707 1.029 lifeformU 0.925 0.649 * regionNW 0.653 0.339 * regionSW 0.196 0.269 Log(height) 0.854 0.222 * Canopy openness (CO) 0.171 0.116 * Log(seedling density) 0.237 0.142 * Percent conspecific seedlings (PerConSdl) -0.110 0.103 * Percent conspecific basal area (PerConBA) -0.180 0.085 * lifeformL x log(height) -0.876 0.426 * lifeformM x log(height) -0.541 0.338 * lifeformS x log(height) -0.302 0.404 lifeformU x log(height) -0.154 0.390 lifeformL x log(seedling density) -0.300 0.382 lifeformM x log(seedling density) 0.056 0.234 lifeformS x log(seedling density) -0.446 0.429 * lifeformU x -0.259 0.239 * log(seedling

22 density) CO x PerConBA 0.007 0.076 * 95% confidence interval of the coefficient does not overlap with 0.

23 TABLE S8. Range and mean (± 1 S.D.) values of predictor variables for seedlings in the five life-forms. Life-forms were determined by observations in the field (C = canopy tree, M = midstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, and L = liana).

24 SH4 SH5 SH6 SH1 MT SH3 SH2 SBNT NE MR C NW

S2 S3 S4 S1 M1 M2 M3 SW

Life- Height (cm) Canopy openness (%) Slope Seedling density Con. seedlings (%) Con. basal area (%) form Range Mean ± S.D. Range Mean ± S.D. Range Mean ± S.D. Range Mean ± S.D. Range Mean ± S.D. Range Mean ± S.D. C 10 - 266 22.3 ± 21.8 4.6 - 10.8 7.2 ± 1.2 3.9 - 41.5 20.0 ± 8.2 1 - 99 30.3 ± 19.9 0 - 83.5 24.8 ± 22.2 0 - 92.6 18.8 ± 23.6 M 10 - 246 25.4 ± 20.7 4.7 - 10.8 6.9 ± 1.1 0.8 - 41.5 17.6 ± 8.8 1 - 99 21.3 ± 13.1 0 - 75.0 15.9 ± 19.8 0 - 71.6 8.9 ± 14.8 U 10 - 220 24.3 ± 27.1 4.6 - 10.8 7.1 ± 1.1 0.8 - 41.5 18.8 ± 8.6 1 - 99 23.3 ± 15.2 0 - 66.7 12.5 ± 15.3 0 - 40.7 1.9 ± 3.3 S 10 - 250 38.9 ± 28.5 5.0 - 9.7 7.4 ± 1.0 3.9 - 41.5 18.2 ± 9.1 3 - 99 20.8 ± 12.4 0 - 71.4 25.5 ± 18.9 0 - 0.3 0 ± 0.0 L 10 - 300 24.0 ± 26.3 4.7 - 10.3 7.3 ± 1.1 3.9 - 40.8 20.8 ± 9.1 1 - 99 21.6 ± 14.4 0 - 45.5 12.6 ± 14.7 0 - 0.9 0.1 ± 0.2 FIGURE S1. Map of study sites on the island of Dominica, eastern Caribbean. Sites were clustered within the northeast (NE), northwest (NW), and southwest (SW) regions of Dominica.

25 1.0 0 s l g

a 565 0.8 n i v l i d v r e u

1130 e

s 0.6 Canopy s

Midstory o e

c 0.4 i Understory 1130 e d b

e Shrub r m u P 0.2 Liana 565 N 0.0 0

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Percent canopy openness FIGURE S2. Effects on survival of canopy openness by life-form. All other variables in the model were held at their median values. Parameter values were obtained from non-standardized variables from the third-best model (Table S4).

26 A B

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 80 80 60 10 10 9 60 9 40 8 40 8 7 7 20 6 20 6 0 5 0 5

FIGURE S3. Effects on survival of canopy openness and (A) percent of seedlings composed by conspecifics and (B) percent of basal area (BA) composed by conspecifics. All other variables in the model were held at their median values. Parameter values in (A) and (B) were obtained from non-standardized variables from the fourth (Table S5) and sixth top models (Table S7), respectively.