III Semana De Intercâmbio

2nd International Conference

Iberian and Slavonic Cultures in Contact and Comparison: Intra Muros – Ante Portas

Book of Abstracts

8, 9 and 10 of May 2008 Index

1. Culture, Literature, Philosophy and Art I.1 – Manuel Frias Martins – The Citizenship of Tolerance: a Literary Approach…..…...…... ………..1 I.2 – Taduesz Miczka – Strong Slavic and Iberian Identity Syndrome in the Perspective of Globalization…………………………………………………………………………....…...….… 2 I.3 – Teresa Pinheiro – When the Emigrant Turns a Participant Observer: Representations of Germany in the Works of Zé do Rock and Wladimir Kaminer …………….………………….....………………… 3 II.1 – Margaret Tejerijo – ‘Casa de dos Puertas, Mala es de Guardar’: Close Encounters of the ‘Dark Kingdom’ and ‘Black Spain’? ‘Bleak Houses’ of Women in Spanish and Russian Cultures…………………………………………………………………………..……...……...… 4 II.2 – Anna Kalewska – Sarbievius and Camões or Os Léquidos and Os Lusíadas in “Ilha dos Amores”. The Construction of a Line of Identity in Portuguese and Polish Mythology..…...... 5 II.3 – Fernanda Cristina Santos – Adultery in Leo Tolsoi’s Anna Karenina and Eça de Queirós’ Primo Basílio”: The Feminine Character as a Reflection of Society……………………...……..6 II.4 – Anna M. Kłobucka – Border Crossings: Transnationalism and Sexuality in Gombrowicz’s Trans-Atlantyk and Eça de Queirós’ A Cidade e as Serras………………. ………………...... 7 II.5 – Iliyana Chalakova Ivanova - The Homoerotic Identification with the Mother in the “Feminine Touch” and Inter-touch Poetry of Maria Teresa Horta and Elisaveta Bagryana...... 8 IV.1 – Francisco Javier Juez Gálvez – Slavonic Authors in the Index…………………………...... 9 IV.2 – Danuta Künstler-Langner – Polish Sarmatian Culture and Literature as an Incarnation of the Intra Muros – Ante Portas Idea. Contacts with Iberian Religious Tradition of the XVI and XVII Centuries ……………………………………………………………………………...... … 10 IV.3 – Gerard Guźlak – Pestem Fugo – Ringing Against the Plague …………………….....………… 11

i Book of Abstracts IV.4 – Enrique Santos Marinas – Messianism and Invading Peoples in Iberian and Slavonic Apocalyptic Literature ………………………………………………………………..………....12 IV.5 – Joana Partyka – Old Polish and Spanish Penitencials as a Source of Knowledge about Folk- Paganism in Christian Society……………………………………………………….……...…… 13 IV.6 – Ewa Cybulska – Polish Psalmody by Waclaw Kochowski as a Reflection of the Intra Muros – Ante Portas Idea (Spanish Sources of Sarmatian Piousity) ……………………….……….…… 14 IV.7 – Marcos Nunes Vilhena – Revelations in Fátima and Płock – or when the Divine Became Interested in Politics …………………………………………………………………………….15 V.1 – António Ventura – The Myth of the Soviet Union in Portugal ………………………...... …16 V.2 – Ernesto Castro Leal - Communist Russia as Read and Lived by the Portuguese (1917- 1929) ...17 V.3 – Sergey Mikhalchenko – Myths and Knowledge about Portugal and Spain in Russian Public Opinion………………………………………………………………………….………. ………...18 V.4 - Vanessa Rampton - The Western Ideal in Russian Thought: The Case of Spain……………...... 19 V.5 – Tamara Gella – Spain and Spaniards at the End of the XIX Century as Viewed by Russian Contemporaries: Social and Cultural aspects of Perception……………………………...... …… 20 VI.1 – Bogdan Zeler - ‘The Same’, ‘the Other’, ‘the Different’, ‘the Second’. Categories of Intercultural Dialogue from the Perspective of Contemporary Communication………….. ……....21 VI.2 - Marina Katnić-Bakaršić – Metaphors of Border: Language, Culture and Identities in Bosnia and Herzegovina……………………………………………………………………………...... …22 VI.3 – Valmir Francisco Muraro – The Slavonic Presence in Meridional Brazil: Myths, Prejudice and Identity………………………………………………………………………………………….…23 VI.4 - Elżbieta Budakowska – Sharing Ethnicity with ‘Others’. The Polish Cultural Heritage from a Brazilian Multicultural Perspective…………………………………………………………... …...24 VI.5 – Jacek Plenciński – Those Poles who Became Portuguese Speakers. The Migration Towards Brazil in Polish Literature ……………………………………………………………..…...……..25 VI.6 – Maria Isabel Morán Cabanas - The Representation of Slavic Immigrants in the Contemporary Portuguese Narrative (2004-2007): Character and Speech ………………... …...... 26

ii Book of Abstracts VI.7 - Dionísio Vila Maior – Bakhtinian 'Dialogism' and the Birth of Meaning ……..….……... ……..27 VI.8 - Małgorzata Czart – Between Treason and Patriotism: Gomes Freire de Andrade and Ryszard Kuklinski ……………………………………………………………………...….……………….28 X.1 – Juan Antonio Álvarez-Pedrosa – The Chronica Slavorum of Helmold of Bosau and the Historia Arabum of Rodrigo Ximenez de Rada. Two Christian Perspectives of non-Christians …………………………………………………………………………………………………….29 X.2 – Slava Yastremski – Translating the Other’s Other: The Arabic Cultural Heritage in Writings of the XIX Century Russian Travelers to Spain ………………..…………………………………… 30 XI.1 - Yana Andreeva – Fernando Namora and the Slavic World: Confrontation and Identification…31 XI.2 - José Eduardo Franco Beata Elżbieta Cieszyńska – Intra Muros and Ante Portas of Poland? Portuguese and Polish Perceptions of the Anti-Jesuit Politics of Marquês de Pombal …………..32 XI.3 – Luís Machado de Abreu – From Aveiro to Iasnaia Poliana – Going to Meet Leo Tolstoi………………………………………………………………………………..………….… 33 XI.4. - Mª do Carme Fernández Pérez-Sanjulián - From Poland to Galicia, the Centrality of the European Speech in Fra Vernero ……………………………………………………………….…….…34 XI.5 - Jacek Lyszczyna – The Meeting of the Nations and Cultures in the period of the Napoleonic wars……………………………………………………………………………………………….35 XIII.1 - Zbigniew Kadłubek – Silesian-Spanish Encounters at the Beginning of the XVII Century …36 XIII.2 - Małgorzata Lisecka – Iberian and Lusitanian Music and Culture in Polish Literature of XVII Century – Themes and Motifs ………………………………………………….....…………..…37 XIII.3 - Aline Gallasch-Hall – Giovanni Carlo and Carlo Galli: the Bibiena Family at the Courts of Lisbon and of Russia in the XVIII Century ……………………………………………………38 XIV.1 - Olga Miroshnichenko – The Image of Spain in the Russian Painting of the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries . ……………………………………………………………………….…………39 XIV.2 - Olga Roussinova – Equestrian Royal Statues in Portugal and Russia: the ‘National Monument’ in the Understanding of Politicians and Artists in the Age of Enlightenment...... …40 XIV.3 – José Manuel Milhazes Pinto – Os Velho: a Family from Oporto in Russia ( XVIII-XX Centuries) ………………………………………………………………………………...……..41 XIV.4 - José Renato Gonçalves – Inicial Sketches of Europe in the ‘West’ and “East’ ……....……42

2. Linguistic Perspectives

iii Book of Abstracts III.1 – Hanna Batoréo - Linguistic and Cultural Dialogue in the Linguistic Diversity of Portuguese School: the Role of Slavic Languages……………………………………………………...…….43 III.2 – Anna Ptensova - The Semantics of Knowledge Verbs in Old and Modern Russian in Comparison with Knowledge Verbs in Romance Languages………………….…………………44 III.3 – Smiljana Komar – The Slovene Language as an Endangered Species…………………..……..45 III.4 – Tatiana Penkoskaya - The Origin of the Slavonic Standard Language Against the Background of the Development of European Standard Languages………………. …………………………...46 IX.1 - Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz – Leaving a Door Open - Some Considerations of Phraseological Expressions with the Word 'Porta'/‘Drzwi’ ('Doors') in Polish and Portuguese …………...... 47 - Ejdyta Jablonka – Defending the National Idiom: analysing foreign words in portuguese and polish feminine magazines (examples from Activa and Twój Styl) ………………………………..48 IX.2 - Iovka Tchobánova - Lexical Composition of Phraseological Units in Portuguese and Bulgarian ……………………………………..…………………………………………….……………..…49 IX.3 – Maria Kistereva - Traps and Solutions when Naming ‘the Others’ and the ‘Same/Oneself/Him(her)self’…………………………………………………………………. …50 IX.4 - Helena Virgínia Valentim e Miroslav Mand’ák - The Formulation Requests in Portuguese and in Czech. Linguistic Forms and Values……………..……………………………………………51 IX.5 - Vesela Petrova Chergova - The Vision of ‘the Other’ and ‘he/herself’ in Bulgarian Renarrative (mood) Grammems and their Correspondence to the Portuguese Verbal Grammems……………………………………………………………………………….……..…52 IX.6 - Voiko Gorjanc – The others in the Reference Corpus of Slovene Texts: their Identification and Identity Creation……………………………………………………………………….………..… 53 IX.7 – Maria Teresa Ferreira – How the Russian Language Expresses Moving Closer and Moving Away …………………………………………………………………...……………………….… 54 XII. 1 - Gueorgui Hristovsky – Considerations about the Phonological Classification of the Fricative /v/ in Portuguese and Bulgarian……………….………………………………...….………………. …55 XII.2 - Milena Marinkova - Algunos Aspectos Fonéticos y Fonológicos de los Sistemas Vocálicos del Español y del Búlgaro: Cuestiones de Interferência Linguística / Some Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of the Vowel Systems of Spanish and Bulgarian: Questions of lLinguistic Interference ……………………………………………………………….……………………………………56

iv Book of Abstracts XII.3 – Donka Mangatcheva – Imperative Sentences with Reduced Form: the Challenge of Linguistic Configuration …………………………………………………………..…………………………57 XII.4 - Justyna Wiśniewska – Verbal Aspect in both Portuguese and Polish (a Contrastive Study) ……………………………………………………………………..…………………..….58 XII.5 – Ana Prokopyshyn –Intra sentences – Ante Verbs Subjects ………………………………….59

2. Translation Studies: VII.1 – Jasmina Markič – Srečko Kosovel´s Integrals in Spanish ……………………………….…… 60 VII.2 – Zlata Putnik – The Problem of Gender in the Translation of “Lamento Sobre Belgrado” – a Special Case….. …………………………………………………………………………………...61 VII.3 - Blažka Müller Pograjcu – Lídia Jorge’s O Vale da Paixão: a New Perspective of ‘the Others’ in Slovenia …………………………………………………………………………….…………….…..62 VII.4 - Maja Šabec - Slovene Translations of Federico García Lorca’s Dramas…………..…………..63 VIII.1 - Jaroslaw J. Jeździkowski – A Pillar of Communism or an Exotic Writer? Polish Translations of Jorge Amado…………………………………………………………………..……………………… 64 VIII.2 - Branka Kalenić Ramšak - The Slovenian Reception of Federico García Lorca`s Poetry ….65 VIII.3 - Polina Decker - Sweet Tongue of Germany”: Perspectives of Borges and Mandelstam……...66 VIII.4 - Mateja Rozman – Some Aspects of Mazzini’s Short Stories ……………………………….67

v 1. Culture, Literature,

Philosophy and Art

6 Book of Abstracts

I.1 - Manuel Frias Martins The Citizenship of Tolerance: a Literary Approach

The contemporary condition lies unequivocally on a platform of cultural diversity, which has not only redefined the idea of citizenship (both local and global) but also keeps widening the cognitive dimension of culture. That is the reason why it makes perfect sense nowadays to accept as literary practices of citizenship the thematic representations of specific social groups and their identity codes (women, gay people, ethic minorities, etc). However, are those representations aesthetically relevant or should they be seen as mere documents of an era, in spite their being offered under the mask of fiction? The concept of tolerance is invariably associated with the exercise of citizenship in a modern and democratic society; tolerance of all those who, as individuals or as a group, may be different from ourselves; tolerance of their arguments and preferences. This fundamental dissymmetry belongs to a set of intellectual codes that define a citizenship of rights (respecting the difference of opinion of those who are in the minority) and of duties (tolerating a different opinion when one has the power of smashing those who uphold it). However, how far can we take this citizenship of tolerance? Can we tolerate the intolerable for the sake of tolerance? This paper expands on the idea that only through literature can we gain an overarching and multifaceted access to the aporias associated with the citizenship of tolerance and the complex human relations it encapsulates.

University of Lisbon

I.2 – Tadeusz Miczka

Strong Slavic and Iberian Identity Syndrome in the Perspective of Globalization

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My assumption is that, although those identities which are weak, anti-essential, mobile and easily “open” to new phenomena are particularly popular in postmodern epoch, in Iberian and Slavic cultures strong identities, which are essential, stable and coherent, play an important role in social life. It is caused mainly by such factors as adherence of the cultures to the difficult past (inheritance, tradition and memory), producing of rich repertory of their own language systems and symbolic signs of another type and devotion to values, which maintain the sense of separateness or even uniqueness. I analyze the most important tensions which exist nowadays between those strong and weak cultural identities as a result of integrative and globalization processes, which are reinforced by the expansion of the media. The focus of my reasoning is, as the most current interpreting perspective, the phenomenon of glocalization, which is understood as globalization (globalizm, globality) strongly connected with localization (localism, locality). I consider how in social practice tensions between cultural identities are used “to open” locally to globalization and simultaneously participate in global processes which “open” to locality? The main concern then, is to produce new rules of intercultural communication.

University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

I.3 – Teresa Pinheiro

When the emigrant turns participant observer: Representations of Germany in the works by Zé do Rock and Wladimir Kaminer

Although German politicians recognized Germany as an immigration country only in 2004, immigration itself has always been a fact. The agreements for the employment of workers

8 Book of Abstracts from Southern Europe, signed by Germany between 1955 and 1973, improved the emergence of a multicultural society in Germany. Immigration from Eastern Europe considerably increased with the end of the Eastern Block. Immigration soon was echoed in the literary representation. In the 1970s we could witness the phenomenon of foreign citizens writing in German and giving expression to their conditio migratoria through literature. Traditionally, migration literature reflects immigration as a painful experience of fragmentation of the subject in an intercultural dilemma. Nevertheless have there been changes in the way of representation of migration in the last decade. The participation of immigrants in more than one culture is now considered to enrich both for the individual as well as the society. The present paper deals with the representations of intercultural experience in the works of two young foreign authors writing in German: Zé do Rock, a Brazilian writer living in Munich, and Wladimir Kaminer, a Muscovite writer known as “the most famous Russian in Berlin”. In their works both authors look at German society from the ethnographical perspective of participant observation. By these means they improve the ability to self-reflection and more openness for cultural alterity of the German public.

Technische Universität Chemnitz

II.1 – Margaret Tejerizo ‘ Casa de dos Puertas, Mala es de Guardar’: Close Encounters of the ‘Dark Kingdom’ and ‘Black Spain’? ‘Bleak Houses’ of Women in Spanish and Russian Cultures

This paper will examine images of women as ‘Other’ in three male-authored dramatic works which cross borders of time, culture and identity. In the plays included in this paper it will

9 Book of Abstracts be demonstrated how, for example, walls, doors and gates are used as salient symbols and images which serve to heighten the atmosphere of entrapment, alienation and persecution of the women characters. By means of a short introduction the paper will compare and contrast cultural ‘constructs’ of women in Russia and Spain though brief references to ‘myths of origin’ and religious/political discourse. Additionally, it will be shown how all three dramatists present strikingly similar aspects of the persecution of ‘the Other’ by ‘the Other’ – namely how women ‘tyrants’ systematically encroach upon the space of their female ‘victims’ and destroy their lives. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s Groza (The Storm) particular attention will be given to the characters of Kabanova and Katia and it will be suggested how Lorca may have used and creatively absorbed these powerful Russian dramatic visions of the oppressive and destructive matriarch (Kabanova) and her ethereal and mystical ‘victim’ (Katia) into his depictions of their Spanish ‘counterparts’, Bernarda and Adela, in the much later play La casa de Bernarda Alba. A.P. Chekhov’s Tri sestry may also have been adapted by Lorca in terms of imagery, identity and destiny of groups of sisters enclosed within a hostile and ultimately life- depriving world. Images of female sexuality and motherhood will be compared and contrasted between and among these plays. In the conclusion the paper will suggest how two later women writers, Carmen Martín Gaite and Vera Panova, deconstruct from different perspectives and times certain of these myths and ideas about woman as ‘Other’ within Spanish and Soviet cultures respectively. Both present pessimistic views of ‘the Muse behind the Window’ and offer insightful images of the ‘persecution’ of women in Franco’s Spain and Stalin’s Russia.

University of Glasgow, Scotland

II.2 – Anna Kalewska

Sarbievius and Camões or Os Léquidos and os Os Lusíadas in “Ilha dos Amores”. THe construction of a Linenof Identity in Portuguese and Polish Mythology

The Polish-Lusitanian Island of Love or the appearance of a locus amoenus as an identitary topic, common to Polish and Portuguese poetic mythology, is a comparative projection established on the basis of two epic works fragments, namely Lechiados – fragmentum libri undecimi, the last part of Lyrica (dated approx. 1640), written by the Polish

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Jesuit and Latinist Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (Sarbievius), and Canto IX of The Lusiads (1572), written by Luís Vaz de Camões. The creation of a ‘pleasant place’ in the Slavic part of Christian Europe discloses a mythological vision of the ‘self’ as indebted to the ‘other’. Sarbievius’ collective hero – the Lechians, i.e. the descendents of Lech, the mythical founder of Poland in illo tempore – take their rest on the Island of Gopło, near the Lechian city of Gnezna (Gniezno), enjoying the pleasures worthy of new Argonauts. Thus, the history of the mythic foundation of the Polish nation is painted with Camonian colours by Lechiados, The Poet or Horatius Sarmaticus, and acquires a solid identity, at the same time monolithic and universal, Latin and Slavic. The comparative/conclusive synopsis of the two epic fragments under consideration (flowing water, a lake, a navigable river; music, melodic sounds and soft chants; Mars submitted to Venus; dawn, green meadows, sunlight; a crystal palace; flowers, apple-trees heavy with fruit; a garden with flowers; a ship; white horses; birds’ song) give the island the role of a perfect place, important for the constitution of the mythic-poetic Slavic-Lusitanian identity. The Lechtic-Lusiad Arcadia is more than a desire for imitation; it is a state of mind.

University of Warsaw, Poland

II.3 – Fernanda Cristina Santos Adultery in Leo Tolstoi’s Anna Karenina and Eça de Queirós’ Primo Basílio : the Feminine Character as a Reflection of Society

One of the literary phenomena of the second half of the 19th century is the outburst of novels of adultery and their subsequent spread all over Europe. Some of them even ended up by acquiring the status of real masterpieces of world literature. Consequently, the novel of adultery became a privileged 19th century novel type, used both for social portrays and criticism. This paper will therefore focus on two examples of the type, namely Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina (1875-77) and Eça de Queirós’ Cousin Basílio (O Primo Basílio, 1878), and examine

11 Book of Abstracts them in a comparative perspective. As they both have prominent female characters as protagonists, it is these characters that will be the object of a detailed analysis. Luísa, in Cousin Basílio, is portrayed as a futile woman. Elements of naturalist character description show how her education and sentimental temperament lead to a type of behaviour that highlights the negative aspects of the society, and how the influence of her social and cultural surroundings adds to this, stimulating her sentimentalist features. On the other hand, Tolstoy’s Anna, in Anna Karenina, is as a moral character, who engages in an internal moral battle, eventually leading her to leave her husband and children in order to join her lover. As an honest person, Anna acts according to her own will, and not according to the will of the society, that naturally condemns her. The bourgeois societies Anna and Luísa belong to show no substantial differences in their customs because they do, in fact, tolerate morally reproachable situations if not clearly visible. Anna, not being able to stand this kind of hypocrisy, challenges the society which, in turn, punishes her, and the consequences are quickly felt: she is condemned by a world that does not have any moral quality to judge her. Anna’s family conflict is thus transformed into a conflict between the individual and the society. University of Lisbon

II.4 – Anna M. Klobucka Border Crossings: Transnationalism and Sexuality in Gombrowicz’s Trans-Atlantyk and Eça de Queirós’s A Cidade e as Serras

This comparative reading of Witold Gombrowicz’s Trans-Atlantyk (1952) and Eça de Queirós’s A Cidade e as Serras (1901) will focus on the relationship, centrally important in both novels but until recently neglected by the critics, between, on the one hand, nationalism and transnational migration and, on the other, dissident and normative enactments of sexual identity. Where Eça’s protagonist Jacinto leaves behind a corrupt Paris and (as the novel’s narrator strongly suggests) a sexually ambiguous lifestyle to return to his ancestral lands and there

12 Book of Abstracts become naturalized to heterosexuality – whether this turns out to be a successful conversion is another matter – Gombrowicz’s intradiegetic narrator enthusiastically plunges into the cultural and sexual “in-betweenness” of his exile in Buenos Aires. My interpretation will also consider the ways in which both novels link their respective enactments of national and sexual dislocation with narrative form and textuality, primarily through the complex role played in A Cidade e as Serras by the novel’s narrator and through Gombrowicz’s deployment of Baroque style in Trans-Atlantyk.

University of Darthmouth, USA

II.5 – Iliyana Chalakova Ivanova

Homoerotic Identification with the Mother in the ‘Feminine Touch’ and Inter-touch Poetry of Maria Teresa Horta and Elisaveta Bagryana

This paper is part of a research in Portuguese and Bulgarian literature carried out in an attempt to establish connections leading to a thorough comparative analysis of the two literary visions in what concerns detecting and perceiving the presence of the ‘other’. The aim is to define and comment on two different experiences of the quests for identity by focusing mainly on cultural and social aspects, but also by dealing with some socio- and psycholinguistic questions. The quest for identity is based on homoerotic identification with the mother who, in Maria Teresa Horta and Elisaveta Bagryana’s poetry, is seen simultaneously as ‘identical, the

13 Book of Abstracts very own self’ and ‘strange, the other’. More specifically, it is traced down in the corpus selected from Horta’s poetry collection Minha Mãe Meu Amor, and from a series of Bagryana’s poetry works. Thus, the research will look for cultural and social models and attitudes within the mother-daughter relationship in the poetry of the two above-mentioned female poets. If possible, it will establish either one commonly-adopted stereotype of relationship or identification, or eventually two distinct ones, and proceed by commenting the immanent doubts about identity in terms of the relationship with the mother. Finally, it will question the role of the Christian religion in the mother-daughter relationship and in the process of shaping attitudes towards identity and destiny. However, the comparative perspectives of the homoerotic identification with the mother will try to go further and explain the ambiguity of the idea of the source. The figure of the mother will be dealt with in the perspective of its (erotic) function both as the source of identity and as the subsequent projection of an already acquired identity which, in turn, gives origin to the construction of future identities.

University of Sofia St. Clement of Ohrid, Bulgaria

IV.1 – Francisco Javier Juez Gálvez

Slavonic Authors in the Index

Twenty year ago Leo Košuta revealed that Marko Marulić's best-seller Institutio was included in Inquisition's Index of Madrid 1612 and thenceforth. Nevertheless, it is not the only Marulus's echo in the Indexes, nor the only Slavonic author in them. They usually belong to the Slavia Romana, most often write in Latin, and not well known ‘heretics’ as Vlacius or Dominis or the philologist Garbitius are to be found in them.

Complutense University, Madrid, Spain

IV.2 – Danuta Künstler-Langner

Polish Sarmatian Culture and Literature as an Incarnation of the Intra Muros – Ante Portas Idea. Contacts with Iberian Religious Tradition o the XVI and XVII Centuries

This paper is devoted to Sarmatian culture which appeared very strong formation existing in mental, religious and political spheres of life. Polish Sarmatians lived their life inside Poland as ResPolonia for Christians, in a space called Ante-murale of Christianity. I want to show how and why old Poland was closed for the Others and to find the social and historical reasons for this situation (wars on east borders, lack of cultural connections with inhabitants of east territories). I am interested in Polish Messianic thought in context of national mythology of Sarmatian winners of European wars. Polish religious space of XVI and XVII century was opening itself for Iberian spirituality and the works of mystic authors. The main field of my work is to answer the question, if the ideas of Iberian spirituality could co-existence with Polish

15 Book of Abstracts models of Sarmatian Christianity. Was Iberian culture of meditation a short or a big part of mental life. I would like to include the influence of St. Ignatius Loyola in Baroque Polish culture (meditation, manuals, visual arts). The main subjects to explore: closing and opening for the Others, building own and European Christian patterns, existing inside and outside Sarmatian society

Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland

IV.3 – Gerard Guźlak

Pestem Fugo – Ringing Against the Plague

The bells allow to understand the magnitude of fear among the Christian population, not knowing medicine against the variety of diseases and epidemics spreading across the land. Christians, in accordance with the mythological understanding of the world, tried for centuries to counteract plague by appealing to the world of transcendence through the mediation of the loud voice of a sacred object, being nearer to the God than the human voice. Ringing by the ill and by the persons of their surrounding was – first of all – a form of a loud, deprecatory prayer, was a call for help, but a warning as well and making the healthy aware of the potential hazard to take all the precautions possible, including a change in their route and a retreat from the locations ”marked” with the sound. Therefore the bells played a double role in the time of plague: a sacral as well as a significant communicative one.

The basis of the reflection presented in this paper has been field research in selected areas of Poland, where architectonic signs of ringing against plague have been preserved: warning campaniles on the ill marching routes, campaniles on plague graveyards, and leprosaria, referred to as “bell houses”. The exemplification material is also constituted of historic sources on ringing against something or somebody, and - most of all – the literature considered as an anthropological evidence. The literature geography embraces here the Christian area of the Iberian-Slavic world, including the ringing tradition in the Orthodox Church cultural circle. The paper, according to the methodological assumption of the diffusionist theory of cultural areas comparison, constitutes a preliminary stage for further field work and research to be conducted – among other places - on the Iberian Peninsula.

Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland

IV.4 – Enrique Santos Marinas

Messianism and Invading Peoples in Iberian and Slavonic Apocalyptic Literature

It is a well-known fact that both the Iberian and the Slavic countries were on the borders of Europe. In this particular geographical location, they suffered the invasion of several peoples in different historical periods: the Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula in the eighth century, the Tartars in the Kievan Rus’ in the thirteenth century, and the Turks in the Balkans in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In all these periods of crisis and threat we can see an increase of the eschatological beliefs together with a flowering of the apocalyptic literature. Like this, some old apocryphal works of eastern origin were translated and became widespread across the Iberian and Slavic lands, such as the Pseudo-Methodius, the Oracle of the Tiburtine Sibyl, or the Vision of Daniel. The three of them showed the Ismaelites (Muslims) as the enemies who were going to fight the Christian empire in the End Times. It is very interesting to trace in these texts

17 Book of Abstracts the evolution of the Russian national identity: in Kievan times they included themselves among the invading peoples who were going to destroy the “corrupted” Byzantine empire (Gog, the chief prince of Rôs/Rus’), whereas during the fifteenth century, after the fall of Constantinople, they considered themselves the flava gens – rusij rod “blond people” of the prophecies, who were supposed to save the Christendom. Similarly, the Mozarabic Visigoths assimilated Gog to the Goths, as it was accepted by Saint Isidore of Seville.

IV.5 – Joanna Partyka

Old Polish and Spanish Penitencials as a Source of knowledge about Folk-Paganism in Christian Society

The main purpose of the paper is to describe the struggle of a Christian church against pagan survivals in popular beliefs and practices in two distant poles of Europe – Poland and Spain, as well as Portugal – in medieval and early modern period. The considerable number of references to these data could be obtain from sermon literature, treatises on morals, the records of the Inquisition, etc. Here, the knowledge of the various misdemeanors and errors – magical practices, pagan cults, different kind of superstition, the presence of quacks and magicians in everyday life and other forms of folk-paganism – is derived from the penitencials (libri poenitentiales).

Three penitencials – handbooks for confessors, included large lists of sins and the penances prescribed for them – are the main object of comparison here: the Instruction de confesores, como han de administrar el Sacramento de la Penitencia by Jesuit Antonio Fernandez de Cordoba (1633), El fuero de la conciencia o Diálogo entre un confesor y un penitente by Valentín de la Madre de Dios (1704), Kolęda duchowna parafianom od pasterzów by Marcin Józef Nowakowski (1753) and so called Katalog magii Rudolfa (Cataloque of Rudolph’s Magic) from 13th century. The investigation of the texts proved that “folk-paganism was a hydra which no weapons of ecclesiasticism could slay”, as one of the scholar interested in that subject wrote in 1933. Some of described practises and superstitions are studied till now, jet as a contemporary phenomena, by ethnographers, both in Poland and Spain.

University of Warsaw, Poland

IV.6 – Ewa Cybulska Polish Psalmody by Waclaw Kochowski as a Reflection of the Intra Muros – Ante Portas Idea (Spanish Sources of Sarmatian Piousity)

Idea of Poland percieved as the bulwark of Christendom riped in Polish culture and literature in the baroque. The XVII Century appears a very hard time for Res Publica Polonia. After the renaissance dominated by such ideas as: “gold” peace and freedom, tolerance and being receptive to new ideas – Poland – called in this time a Country without stakes – start to surronding by thick wall of mistrust towards novelties and strangers. In my paper I’d like to examine various reasons of this complicated process in such aspects as: history, historiology but also literature and culture. My argument is based on literary analysis Polish Psalmody by W. Kochowski. I’ll try to prove, that such literary work may be perceived as a kind of testimony to the baroque period in Poland, when idea Intra-Muros was born. I’d like to investigate Polish

19 Book of Abstracts variants of this idea manifested in the form of myths of Sarmatian, the bulwark of Christendom and Polish messianism. I’d like also present this idea in the context of Spanish ideas of meditation, perceived as one of main sources of Polish piousity. Idea created by Ignatius Loyola in his Spiritual Exercises was a kind of corner stone of Polish religious activity. So we can notice a kind of paradox in Sarmatian culture: closed and open at the same time.

Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

IV.7 – Marcos Nunes Vilhena

Revelations in Fátima and P łock – or when the Divine Became Interested in Politics

The following work deals with the problem of the political and religious convenience of revelations in Fatima and Plock. Even separated by some years, the two phenomena seem to become part of a similar background of the political, cultural and religious crisis in two traditionally Catholic countries. In addition, and through an eminently historical approach, a compared analysis of the facts, the iconography and the statement of the "clairvoyants" Lucia and Faustyna Kowalska should be done, showing the similarities and dissimilarities between two "martyr" nations which in a difficult period of their history benefited from a political godlike influence in order to return to the true Christian way.

Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho, Lisbon

V.1 – António Ventura

O Mito da União Europeia em Portugal

V.2 – Ernesto Castro Real

Communist Russia as Read and Lived by the Portuguese (1917-1929)

This paper intends to reveal and interpret the way the Portuguese perceived and experienced the beginnings of the Communist Russia, especially in the second decade of the 20th century, as observed in the documents ranging from the initial report on the October Revolution in 1917, made by the then Portuguese Ambassador to Russia, Jaime Batalha Reis, to the testimonies given by Damião do Rio, Carlos Rates, Carlos Santos, Herlander Ribeiro or César Porto.

Different representations of political friends and enemies, including some mystifications, constitute an important means of observation which is here used to unveil different currents of memory politicisation that took place in a moment of strong ideological conflict between demo- liberalism, fascism and communism, and at the turning point in European and international geopolitics.

V.3 – Sergey Mikhalchenko Myths and Knowledge about Portugal and Spain in Russian Public Opinion

The Russians’ attitude to Portugal was always a little bit dim. Both countries are located in Europe, but on different "coasts" of continent and the representations about each other always were strongly mythologistic. "Bears on the streets" of Russian cities in representation of the Portugueses and "the far African country with the best rum in the world " in representation of the Russians were replaced with adequate representation only during global, revolutionary events. In the Soviet Union with enthusiasm «revolution of carnations» in 1974 was met and the process of decolonization, and in Portugal with interest and enthusiasm (as, however, in the

23 Book of Abstracts majority of the countries of the world) considered processes of reorganization in the Soviet Union (“Perestroyka”) at the end of the 1980-s. The contacts, which extended per last years, however, did not resulted in expansion of knowledge about Portugal at wide circles of the Russians. The knowledge of the Portuguese sports successes, climate, and recreation opportunities is most adequate. But the Portuguese culture remains while terra incognita for the Russian citizens. The knowledge of Spain is more developed, than about Portugal. The Russians better know the Spanish culture - Cervantes, Dali, Picasso, etc. (though only 50 % of the interrogated named correctly capital of Spain). The distribution of knowledge about Spain was strongly promoted by the Soviet volunteers’ participation in the Civil war 1936-1939, and then USSR has accepted some thousand refugees from Spain. Now in Russia the rest on the Spanish resorts is popular, that helps also to distribute of knowledge about the Spanish customs and culture.

The Bryansk State I. G. Petrovsky University, Russia

V.4 – Vanessa Rampton The Western Ideal in Russian Thought: The Case of Spain

19th century Russian Westernizers believed that the historical trajectory, national particularities and social organization in Western countries had special relevance for Russia’s own fate. The Hegelian liberals, in particular, considered that different countries were progressing in a historical continuum towards higher stages of development and, therefore, that events that took place in one country held distinct lessons for the future of another. Vassilii Botkin’s ‘Letters on Spain’ (Pis’ma ob Ispanii, 1847-51) is a testimony to this kind of interest. Botkin noted the striking similarities between Russia’s situation and that of Spain, including their respective roles as ‘outpost[s] of European civilisation’ and bulwarks

24 Book of Abstracts against an external invader. In a detailed account of his encounter with Spanish culture, Botkin emphasized various aspects of Spanish life which held valuable lessons for Russia. Botkin’s ‘Letters’ are best understood as part of the wider context of the Russian intelligentsia’s fascination with the West. Indeed, the publication of ‘Letters on Spain’ and its reception in the 1840s and 1850s also revealed profound divisions within the intelligentsia about which aspects of the West could serve as a model for Russia, the methods Russia should use, and the extent to which it could be expected to conform to the West. Indeed, an important division between those who believed that the Western model of a liberal constitutional state is the highest form of progress, and those who thought that there is no one plan and no final outcome to national evolution, had a profound influence on the history of liberal thought in Russia.

University of Cambridge, UK

V.5 – Tamara Gella

Spain and the Spaniards at the End of the XIX Century as Viewed by Russians Contemporaries: Social and Cultural Aspects of Perception

The report is devoted to the formation of the image of Spain and its people in Russian society at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The author analyzes the notes and memoirs of Russian travelers. One of the most acute problems of Russia’s spiritual life has always been self- identification as regards its territorial and historical relation to the East and to the West.

Therefore, Russians have long been interested in social and political experience of West European countries, including Spain. The analysis of Russian travelers’ notes and memoirs indicates a certain transformation of the image of Spain and its people of the period in question. After the publication of V.P. Botkin’s “Letters about Spain” in the late forties Russian society viewed Spain as an unusual country “sunny, exotic, with beautiful women, boisterous passions, and bull fights”. Travelers to Spain in the times of the fourth and the fifth Spanish Revolutions shared the optimism of Spanish intellectuals who anticipated bourgeois-democratic reforms (M.N. Kapustin, L.I. Mechnikov, K.A. Skalkovsky, and others). The notes and memoirs of the late 1870-s – 90-s are different. Those are rather critical; they often denounce the policy of Restoration. (V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, A. Verner, A. Shepetov). Russian readers, however, were most of all interested in travelers’ impressions of immediate contacts with the country and its people. The image of this foreign country in spite of all its specifics could often be summarized as follows: Spain, which differs much from other European countries, is in some ways similar to Russia. A Russian traveler feels home in Spain (K.A. Korovin, I.A. Goncharov). The report also highlights the image of Spanish people, their way of life and typical traits of character. The author comes to the conclusion that the way Russians’ imagined Spain and its people at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries was one of the main contributing factors in establishing a dialogue of Russian and Spanish cultures.

VI.1 – Bogdan Zeler

Orel State University, Russia

“ The Same”, “the Other”, “the Different”, “the Second”. Categories of Intercultural Dialogue from the Perspective of Contemporary Communication

The perspective of intercultural dialogue seems to be extremely important, especially nowadays, for reflection on culture communication. The paper concerns the changes appearing in understanding of such terms as the Same, the Other, the Different, the Second – which constitute thinking on intercultural communication. It seems that the starting point of the

26 Book of Abstracts discussion should become the perspective outlined by the outstanding Polish writer Ryszard Kapuściński in the volume of his essays “This Other”. The proposition of the interpretation described in the paper is on one hand connected with the perspective of the philosophy of dialogue, especially with the reflection of Emanuel Levinas and of Polish philosopher and priest Józef Tischner, and on the other – with transformations of intercultural dialogue implicated by new media, especially by the networked perspective of Internet. The paper describes reevaluations appearing on the Internet and concerning categories important for this kind of communication. The Network emerges as the place of opening for “the Second” and simultaneously as the space of rejection and exclusion. The analysis of the phenomenon of interculturality leads to the conclusion that the so-far understanding of categories constituting the intercultural discourse needs to undergo the fundamental transformations and reevaluations. On the place of so-far oppositions there appear new ones, formed i.e. by new technologies. One of them may be the necessity of dialogue between “young” and “old”, where only the first group seems to be completely competent participants of networked life, when the second group became “the Others” of cyber-world.

University of Silesia, Poland

VI.2 – Marina Katnić-Bakaršić

Mataphors of Border: Language, Culture and Identities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper examines complex relations between languages, culture and identities in Bosnia and Herzegovina through exploring several key motifs or metaphors of Bosnia and Herzegovina from cognitive and semiotic perspective. Such metaphors (e.g. metaphor of crrossroads or arabesque at the one side, or «the dark world» on the other side) are being

27 Book of Abstracts deconstructed in the paper and replaced by currently more relevant metaphor of borders. This metaphor is further explored in the paper in relation with metaphor of gates. While it can be argued that everything can become a border, real or virtual one, the notion of border does not necessarily imply negative connotation. Crossing the borders of language, ethnicity, gender, social group, family, or culture in the broad sense of the word, can be rewarding and illuminating or disappointing and frightening. E.g., the specific sociolinguistic situation creates many virtual and real borders between people who speak Bosnian, Croatian or/and Serbian. There can be observed reduction of all identities to the ethnic identity, which is strongly based on one of the three national languages, often regarded in Bosnia and Herzegovina as the most important exponents of that identity. Even varieties of addressing and greetings in Bosnia and Herzegovina may become powerful virtual borders for intercultural communication due to their strong ethnic or ideological connotations. The paper shows that metaphor of border can become a means for creating social change in Bosnia Herzegovina in the context of promoting different cultural identities.

University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

VI.3 – Valmir Francisco Muraro

Slavic Presence in Southern Brazil: Myth, Prejudice and Identity

Historical documents confirm that Polish migration to Brazil started in 1847, and in the following decades various groups of Poles settled in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. Since Brazilian immigration agents of the time presented Paraná as a new Eden,

28 Book of Abstracts preserved and destined to Polish peasants by the Blessed Virgin Mary, Southern Brazil received a really representative number of the Poles who, during the great Polish exodus in the first decades of the 19th century, went to America. Although Brazil’s Poles are today renowned as the pioneers of soya beans cultivation, one of the country’s main exports, they actually stopped being discriminated only very recently. Words and expressions such as arruaceiros, vagabundos, cachaceiros, burros, sem bandeira, negros do Paraná were their frequent attributes. In fact, Brazil is the only country in the world where an enormous effort was made in the sense of substituting the term polaco by its synonymous Gallicism polonês. Naturally, the Polish felt offended with the prejudice, the origins of which are attributed to the Imperial Government of Brazil that promoted immigration of European prostitutes, including the Polish. This, together with the economic competition with other immigrant nations, the successive invasions of Poland and the attempts to preserve the values of a common Polish past, gave origin to the ‘shame’ of being Polish. Today, in the 21st century Brazil, Polish descendents still preserve parts of their old culture, and are at the same time proud of their origins and fully aware of the fact that Brazilian identity is plural.

Federal University o Saint Catherine, Brazil

IV.7 – Elżbieta Budakowska Sharing Ethnicity with “Others”: The Polish Cultural Heritage from a Brazilian Multicultural Perspective

Contemporary changes in identity processes are taking place in increasingly complex and culturally differentiating societies. It is especially the case in post-colonial and post-immigrant populations, where cultural exchange of the components can take different shapes. The revitalization of the public sphere in Brazil after democratization in the late 80s (XX century) caused that different ethnic new social movements had emerged. One of them was

BRASPOL, initiated by the Polish post-immigrant generations in the South of Brazil, mostly inhabited by the descendents of European immigration. This movement operates now on a few different levels like building individual cultural identity on the base of the revitalized ethnic roots, renewing collective identity in the rival ethnic environment, combating the historical stigmatization, and including the multicultural level in the pluralistic society. In this respect, it is creating new bridges between the multiethnic post-immigrant populations at the local neighborhood environment. One of the most important event enforcing everyday multicultural practice is festa - the interethnic cultural event, being organized on many occasions. The preparation of the group’s participation (with the symbolic elements of the own cultural heritage) is the process of active contacts and cooperation with the Others. In my paper I will analyze the forms and circumstances of sharing ethnicity by Polish post- immigrant generations with the multicultural local communities. The activity of BRASPOL will serve as an empirical exemplification of the process.

Warsaw University, Poland

VI.5 – Jacek Pleciński The Polish who Became Lusophonic. Emigration to Brazil in Polish Literature

Poland has always been a continental and agricultural country. Although it does have a big sea coast, there are no important maritime traditions. The few Polish navigators who discovered new worlds did it in the name of foreign powers. In the end of the 18 th century, after the country had been divided by its neighbors (Russia, Prussia and Austria), there was, for the first time in Polish history, a situation of massive emigration of patriots (noblemen) to the West. However, in the second half of the 19th century, the situation changed completely. Now it was the turn of the Polish peasants to emigrate for economic reasons, ‘to earn their daily

30 Book of Abstracts bread’. Millions of rural Poles went to the United States. Some also went to Brazil, where they settled mainly in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. This paper will focus on two literary works dating from the turn of the 20th century, namely the novel Running Loose (Na zlamanie karku) by Adolfo Dygasinski, and the poem Mr Balcer in Brazil (Pan Balcer w Brazylii) by Maria Konopnicka. Both works portray the phenomenon of Polish peasants’ emigration to Brazil, and despite their poor literary quality, their documentary value is enormous. Although most of the emigrants ended up by staying overseas, Dygasinski and Konopnicka preferred to underline, due to obvious ideological reasons (patriotism, love of the homeland), as well as to merely humanistic ones (compassion felt in relation to the other compatriots’ bad luck), the will of the emigrants to come back to Poland, and their determination to do so. Thus, the paper will try to use literature to present the Lusophonic community with this nearly forgotten episode in the history of contacts between Poland and the Brazil.

Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

VI.6 – Maria Isabel Morán Cabanas

Representations of Slavic Immigrants in Very Recent Portuguese Narrative (2004-2007): Characters and Discourses

Over the past few years, and despite some timidity, characters of Slavic immigrants started to gain presence in Portuguese narrative writing, thus drawing the readers’ attention to the many different pieces that constitute the social puzzle of contemporary Portugal. Thus, this paper aims at analyzing the constants and the variables that can be observed in the artistic treatment given to Slavic characters, to the paths of their working and private lives, and at reconsidering the fictional discourse in which they are inserted. The novel Soup (Sopa) by

Filomena Marona Beja has already been analyzed in this perspective, so this paper will now include some other novels recently published on the Portuguese market, such as My Only True Love, I’ve Just Married (Meu único grande amor, casei-me) by Manuela Gonzaga, The Midnight Sun (O sol da meia-noite) by Manuel da Silva Ramos, and Ulianov and the Devil (Ulianov e o Diabo) by Pedro G. Rosado. All the books deal with fractured existences, but from very different perspectives and with very different motives: the first focuses on an NGO, the second makes an adaptation of pamphlet and love novella mechanisms (light, ultra-light, super- pop) to satiric and humoristic intentions, the third embarks on a vertiginous trip into the Lisbon night, and the forth belongs to police literature. The paper will focus precisely on this last novel because, following Ulianov’s steps during the night, the novel dedicates a lot of space and time to East European men and women. Ulianov is an ex-member of the Special Russian Forces (spetsnaz), who looks for justice in a hostile and dark Lisbon, in a setting made up of underground spaces, brothels, rich young men, frustrations and crime.

University of Santiago de Compostela

VI.7 – Dionísio Vila Maior

Bakhtinian Dialoguism and the Birth of Meaning

This paper will try to consider some theoretical ideas issuing from Mikhail Bakhtin’s thinking within the areas of the Theory of Subject, the Theory of Language and the Theory of Literature. Thus, it will try to examine the extent to which Bakhtinian hypotheses can be related to a project dependable on an absolute alterity according to the principle which stipulates that a human subject is identitarily (con)figured in the space of an Other, be it either in an esthetical and literary sense, in the inter-subjective space of the language and thinking, or still on the stage

32 Book of Abstracts of cultural experience. And because the widening of the meaning of the self is always born from the dialogical meeting with the other, it is important to question to what extant Bakhtinian dialogue can be understood on the basis of a certain subjectivist model – not on the basis of what qualifies this model in functional and monologically reducing terms, but more on the basis of what, in that very model, is, eventually, the result of the meeting between the self and the other: a value added to the subject itself.

Open University, Lisbon

VI.8 – Małgorzata Czart

Between Treason and Patriotism: Gomes Freire de Andrade and Ryszard Kuklinski

There’s a very thin line between patriotism and treason. What in certain circumstances can be seen as treason, can be understood by others as patriotism. The perception metamorphosis is a particular characteristic of times of political hardness, when the independence of the home land is an illusion. Some historical figures still generate polemic nowadays.

In Portugal, one of the questionable characters is the General Gomes Freire de Andrade (1757- 1817), the public enemy of the absolute regime, sentence to death by high treason, and a symbol for heroism at the eyes of liberals. In Poland, the most questionable character might be Ryszard Kuklinski (1939/2004) the military accused of cooperating with the United States, during communism, against the rehabilitated polish government. For some, heroes, for others, traitors, they history still makes people reconsider the higher standards of human live and the limits of politic duty.

Warsaw University, Poland

X.1 – Juan Antonio Alvarez-Pedrosa The Chronica Slavorum of Helmold of Bosau and the Historia Arabum of Rodrigo Ximenez de Rada. Two Christian Perspectives of non-Christians

Although they are separated by about fifty years apart, the texts that are going to be compared are the works of two Christians who narrate, from the perspective of their faith, the history of two non-Christian peoples, the Arabs of Spain and the pagan Slavs of North Germany. Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada (archbishop of Toledo between 1209 and 1247) writes as a

34 Book of Abstracts historian and as a man of political action that handles direct firsthand sources on the origins of Islam and the development of Islamic kingdoms in Spain. On the other hand, he understands Islam as a theological competitor of Christianity with which seeks points of contact and co- existence and on which investigates points of conflict. By contrast, Helmold of Bosau (he composed his work between 1167 and 1172) is a priest who never had a brilliant career, but an outstanding training as a latinist. He was faithful disciple of St. Vicelinus and understood the conflict between Christians and pagan Slavs from a strictly missionary point of view. While his rejection of paganism is frontal, he shows an attitude of compassion from abuse and economic extortion carried by German nobility.The missionaries aspects of his Chronicle relating to their mentors, St. Vicelinus and bishops Gerold and Conrad are very detailed, because they come from his own personal experience and his relationship to the local church.

X.2 – Slava Yastremski Translating the Other’s Other: The Arabic Cultural Heritage in Writings f the XIX Century Russian Travellers to Spain

Travel is inevitably an encounter with the Other. This Other represents a collective national character inscribed into the physical and cultural landscapes of the country a traveler visits. This encounter leads to an attempt to translate the Other into the cultural idioms of the home country. Paraphrasing Edward Said’s statement in his Orientalism, “everyone who writes about [a foreign country] must locate himself vis-à-vis [this country]; translated into his text, this location includes the kind of narrative voice he adopts, the type of structure he builds, the kinds images, themes, motifs that circulate in his text…” In case of the encounter of the 19th

35 Book of Abstracts century Russian travelers in Spain , this Other was perceived through the prism of its own Other – the Arabic cultural heritage which, to a large extent, determined for them the composition of the Spanish national character. My paper will focus on the vision of this Arab heritage in writings of two Russian men of letters Vasily Botkin and Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko. Their travels to Spain were separated by almost 40 years, and the two men represented two very different views of the Spanish culture defined by their social and ideological stands. Botkin’s Letters about Spain were written at the height of Russia’s post-Napoleonic war interest in Spain and permeated with the late Romantic vision of the Arabic culture. For Botkin, the Arabic culture, the presence of which he sees virtually everywhere, is the force that transformed the barbaric Goths into the noble Spaniards. In Nemirovich-Danchenko’s voluminous Sketches of Spain, Arabic culture plays a much smaller role. For him it is just a part of that which was lost by the present day Spain which is described in his book in deliberately naturalistic tones – as a dirty, uncultured, and self- serving provincial country. The difference in perception to a large extend is explained by the fact that Botkin is attempting to translate the Spanish Other through its own Other (no matter how romanticized and idealized this second Other was in his writing); and Nemirovich- Danchenko translated the Spanish Other through French cultural idioms.

Bucknell University, USA

XI.1 – Yana Andreeva

Fernando Namora and the Slavic World: Confrotation and Identification

This intervention intends to focus the problematization of the confrontation and identification between Portuguese and Slavic, which are materialized in an insistent way in the travel books of Fernando Namora (1919 – 1979). Namora was, in the opinion of Nelly Novaes Coelho, “one of the great travellers of our literary times”. Many of his self acknowledge and self definition, that revels to be essential to anyone that writes his own biography, relate the course taken by the author wanderings through several countries. In the countless travelling that this writing testifies, the writer crosses physical and spiritual frontiers, discovering new geographical and human horizons, focusing all kinds of events and personalities with the intention of knowing others in order to know himself. In the autobiographical writings of Fernando Namora, the observation of the other leads the subject to the analytical confrontation of self behaviour and

36 Book of Abstracts behaviour of others, emerging from that consideration a clear profile of the “I”. There for, when he registers the multiplicity of the world in which he travels, the “I” develops a self-reflection , which leads to the conscience of not only individual identity, but also to a group identity: “the encounter with others is the true encounter with ourselves”, claims Namora, in Os Adoradores do Sol. If in the writings of the 1960’s and early 1970’s the author expresses in an insistent way his feelings of national marginalization, based in a time when Portugal lived in cultural isolation. After the 1970’s and manly in the 1980’s, the books that give an account of the authors travelling in foreign land, thematize the coincidences in the way of perceiving the world and the cultural identity between individuals that represent different nations. In our communication we intend to examine, based in several texts ( Os Adoradores de Sol; Sentados na Relva; Urss Bem Amada, Mal Amada; Jornal sem Data) the perspectives through which Namora faces the Slavic World, to who the felted emotionally connected, cause of the countless travellings and achieved friends, which left him a considerable mark. We will point out, not onlu the sympathy for which the Slavic peoples are know, and their idiossincratic peculiarities, but also the strong impulse of identification of the Portuguese “I”, with the Slavic “other”, due to the fact that both can be integrated in a periphery space.

University of Sveti Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria

XI.2 – José Eduardo Franco & Beata Elżbieta Cieszyńka “ Intra Muros and Ante Portas of Poland? Portuguese and Polish Perceptions of the Anti- Jesuit Politics of Marquês de Pombal”

Our intervention intends to analyse the way Marquês de Pombal led its politics against the Jesuits and how it was seen and considered buy Portugal and Poland in the post pombaline period. In this study, we will highlight the representative perceptions of different sections and opinions in different contexts, serving a well marked ideology and politic objectives. We will also point out some authors and representative documents of the reception of the anti-jesuit politics and some emblematic documents, connected to those traditionalistic, liberal and masonic sectors that have expressed their opinion about the religious politic practised by the Prime-minister of the Portuguese King, D. José I.

Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland

XI. 3 – Luís Machado de Abreu From Aveiro to Iasnaia Poliana

The intellectual from Aveiro, Jaime de Magalhães Lima, is one of the most significant representatives of the Portuguese interest for the Russian culture at the end of the 19th century. After having discovered the literary novelties coming from the East, through the reading of Le Roman Russe, by Eugène-Melchior de la Vogüé, he fell in love with the social and cultural universe of Leon Tolstoy’s work. In 1888 he left for Iasnaia Poliana to meet, in person, the great master for whose work and doctrine he felt deeply attracted. The meeting with Tolstoy originated numerous newspaper articles and the publication of a volume titled “The doctrines of Count Leon Tolstoy” (1892) in which the author from Aveiro plays the part of a cultural intermediary who wants to introduce the Portuguese to the relevant aspects of Russian culture. This communication aims at showing how Jaime de Magalhães Lima carries out this cultural mediation and in what way he selects and filters the images and examples coming from that culture. University of Aveiro

XI.4 – Mª do Carme Fernández Pérez-Sanjulián From Poland to Spanish Galicia: Centrality in the Europeanist Discourse in Fra Vernero

This paper will focus on the analysis of the representations of the Slavic world, namely of Poland, that can be observed in Fra Vernero (1934), a novel written by Galician novelist Ramón Otero Pedrayo (1888-1976). Furthermore, it will study the way the author used Slavic imagery as identification referents designed to sustain the discourse of national identity affirmation, historically denied because of political dependence and/or marginalisation in relation to the traditional power centres, and the way he simultaneously made them reinforce the idea of a type of Europeanism that is not seen from the perspective of national states that had a traditionally central role in the configuration of Europe, but from the perspective of peripheral European nations with or without a proper State. Corunha University, Spain

XI.5 – Jacek Lyszczyna The Meeting of the Nations and Cultures in the Period of the Napoleonic Wars

The contacts between the Poles and the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula had in the early ages only occasional character, first of all at the diplomatic occasions. Of course a long distance between these two extreme limits of Europe was not a favourable factor for these contacts. The situation began to change in the period of the Napoleonic wars, when the polish soldiers had to fight in Spain under the command of Napoleon. There is a lot of literary testimony - poems, letters, diaries and memoirs - which evidence this moment of meeting the other nation and other culture. In spite of the war, these contacts had different character – not only hostility, but also curiosity and mutual recognition, assistance, even friendship and affection.

XIII.1 – Zbigniew Kadłubek

Silesian-Spanish Encounters at the Beginning of the XVII Century

There are close affinities between the thought of the Silesian Mannerist poet Balthasar Exner and of the renowned Spanish poet Luis de Góngora of Córdoba. They both manifest an all-European crisis of spirit on the threshold of modernity. It does indeed make sense to refer certain mental tropes in Exner’s poetry to Spanish culture, since many Silesian intellectualists and poets were residents at the court of Rudolf II in Prague where they met Spanish artists. A very good graphic illustration of Mannerism is provided for instance by Giuseppe Arcimboldo’s portrait of emperor Rudolf II: one is baffled, or even terrified, by the figure of the emperor composed of fruit. The atmosphere and spiritual climate of the “Spanish” Prague under Rudolf II reveals a world of great volatile and eccentric personalities: John Dee, Francesco Pucci, Giordano Bruno, Fabrizio Mordente, Tych Brahe and Johannes Kepler are cases in point. The presence of Silesian people was noticeable at the Prague court. Among the intellectuals who were then active in Silesia and somehow influenced by the intellectual atmosphere of Mannerist and imperial Prague was also Hieronymus Arconatus from Lwówek Śląski (Germ. Loewenberg). Arconatus studied in Padua; he took part in the famous Battle of Lepanto, lived for some time in Crete, joined the Spanish army and befriended David Ungand von Sonneck. He wrote interesting Latin poems which often featured anti-Turkish sentiment (Arconatus spent some time in Constantinople, which made him familiar with the issue). Balthasar Exner, the most eminent Neo-Latin poet among Silesian Mannerists, stemmed from Jelenia Góra (Germ. Hirschberg). He studied in Leipzig, where he was awarded a doctor’s degree in liberal arts. He stayed for some time in Prague, was a tutor at the prince’s house in Cieszyn (Germ. Teschen) and an official in various Moravian towns. Exner sojourned for some

41 Book of Abstracts time in Levoča (Germ. Leutschau, Slovak Spiš region). He had numerous connections among Hungarian arts scholars. In Bytom on the Oder he was a professor of history. He wrote hundreds of Neo-Latin works. He was very much aware of his art, writing theoretical literary introductions to his collections of poetry, and is often described today as a master of paronomasia. Many of his meditational and metaphysical poems are written in the elegant and affected Gongorist style (e.g. Ad Christum and Fortunae inconstantia).

XIII.2 – Małgorzara Lisecka

Iberian and Lusitanian Music and Culture in Polish Literature of the XVII Century

This short lecture touches upon musical and artistic themes and motifs that are most typical of Polish poetry of the 17th century, especially of poesis artificiosa. The aforementioned themes and motifs are derived from whole West European culture (among other things from Italian, Spanish and also Portuguese) and mirrored in the poetry such authors as Hieronim Morsztyn (Światowa Rozkosz), Samuel Twardowski (Nadobna Paskwalina), Wacław Potocki (Fraszki – Epigrams) or Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski (Orfeusz – Orpheus). Thus, the main object of our analysis will be the lyrical and epical texts by aforementioned poets. The main objective of this analysis is to show, how in the Polish poetry in the 17th century some elements of unfamiliar culture function and how these elements could be paraphrased and, if necessary, adapted to native cultural context. The main field of interest will be motifs and themes connected with names of dances, musical instruments, music theory and practice, visual art and historical, mythologizing allusions. On the basis of analyzed materials the speaker will present the different ways of depicting the strange culture that is sometimes considered as native and close. Also the most representative schools of Polish baroque poetry, poetic imagination of the respective Polish creators and their different ways of constructing the “poetic canvas” will be presented in this lecture.

Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland

XIII.3 – Aline Gallasch-Hall Giovanni Carlo and Carlo Galli: the Bibiena Family at the Courts of Lisbon and of Russia in the XVIII Century

Between the 17th and the 18th centuries, one family in Europe stood up, as one of the most famous ever, in what regards architects and set designers. Fortunately, one member of this family, Giovanni Carlo Sicinio contributed through an operatic show to the affirmation of King José I’s power, with a piece that, though ephemeral had great importance. A few years later another member of this family, often mistaken for the previous one, Carlos Gallin Bibiena benefited Saint Petersburg theatre with a marellous set design. This study tries to establish, in a first and unpretentious approach, a parallel between the set designs of these two artists, which have reached our days, as a reflex of their time, connecting these two universes in a cultural way: the monarchical Portugal and the imperial Russia of the 18th century.

University of Evora

XIV.1 – Olga Miroshnichenko The Image of Spain in the Russian Painting of the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries

My topic is “The image of Spain in the Russian painting of the late XIX – early XX centuries”. It is dedicated to the perception of Spain in Russia of this period. The research deals with the reflection of Spain’s image in the works of several Russian painters: K. Korovin, M. Vrubel, A. Golovin, P. Konchalovsky and N. Goncharova. The perception of Spain is badly known in Russia: it is fragmentary represented in few biographical and critical papers. Here is an attempt to summarize facts and thoughts to present the whole viewing of this topic in Russian painting. My main purpose is to show that this perception was not direct: few literature and musical oeuvres had greatly influenced on it. That is why when the painters wanted to show Spain in their paintings they might make this with help of some literature personages. The personage depended on what part of Spain had to be shown: Southern or Northern ones. This research tries to prove that the novel “Carmen” by P. Merimee and later the opera by G. Bizet were the basic stories for the named painters in painting the South of Spain and to show by what means they reflected its influence in their works. For this purposes I analyze the “Spanish” painting of K. Korovin, M. Vrubel, A. Golovin, P. Konchalovsky and N. Goncharova their memoirs and the memoirs and reviews of their contemporaries and other researchers’ material concerning this topic.

European University at St. Petersburg, Russia

XIV.2 – Olga Roussinova Equestrian Royal Statues in Portugal and Russia: the “National Monument” in the Understanding of Politicians and Artists in the Age of Enlightenment

Proposed presentation is devoted to comparative analysis of the XVIII century equestrian royal statues to Dom José I and to Peter I (Lisbon, 1775, Machado de Castro, and St.- Petersburg, 1782, Etienne Falconet, correspondingly). Established approximately in the same time, they were the most representative monuments, symbols of their State, following enlightened political programs of Pombal and Catherine the Great. Presentation focuses at art history matters, as artistic conceptions and projects for both monuments. But what is the point, where production of national art can be understood? And how did artists themselves understand their task of establishing national monument? To answer these questions, the paper examines classical examples, which were taken by both sculptors as their starting points and sources for inspiration. First, it was monument to Marcus Aurelius in Roma, which was the main source for all equestrian European statues. Second, sculptors followed Italian baroque tradition. And third, they both rejected the ideas of the monumental school of the French Academy of Arts. The general intentions of the sculptors were similar. Even descriptions of their difficulties, fight for projects and conflicts with officials, seem, repeated one another. Meanwhile in result, monuments appeared to be quite different (particularly, because of education of the artists and of their background). So, from the one hand, political programs for national monuments were realized by means of narrow professionalism. From another hand (and it is much more important) period of 1770-ies was the first time, when art disagreed with politics in the matters, what national means indeed.

European University at Saint Petersburg, Russia

XIV.3 – José Manuel Milhases Pinto Os Velho: uma Família Portuense na Rússia (séc. XVIII-XX)

José Celestino Velho came to Russia in the second half of the 18th century. This paper gives an account of the Velho Family in Russia till the 20th Century. Some of members of this family have carried out some very important positions in this country.

Correspondent in Agência Lusa, SIC e RDP, in Moscovo, Russia

XIV.4 – José Renato Gonçalves Initial Sketches of Europe in the “West” and “East”

In the presence of a construction with an actual relevance as the European Union, we could have the pretension of assuming to be able to find, in older times, ideas or pictures that suggested the precise origin of the European continent and it’s evolution towards present days. Besides the fragility of such an idea and its anti-historic nature, it’s important to notice that we don’t intend to do history. The task is much less ambitious; our intention is to express some of the initial sketches of the idea of “Europe”, which will most probably follow an imaginative representation chart, instead as a real representation one, both in the Western, as in the Eastern sides of the now called “old continent”, looking forward to identify similarities and idiosyncrasies.

2. Linguistic Perspectives

48 III.1 – Hanna Batoréo

Linguistic and Cultural Dialog in the Linguistic Diversity of the Portuguese school: The role of the Slavic Languages

In the portuguese society of the 21st century, the reality of school is multilingual and multicultural, as was largely illustrated by the study Diversidade Linguistica na Escola Portuguesa, initiated in 2005. Based on the inquiry made under this project, presented to primary school, was verified that – representative universe of the great Lisbon – eleven per cent of the students were born out of Portugal, from seventy five different countries, and had as mother language fifty eight different languages. More than fifty per cent of these students have as mother language one of the following four: Cape Verdian, Guzerate, Mandarin or Ukrainian. Other Slavic languages like Russian, Bulgarian or Polish, exist but do not have the same weight. In this way, for the first time in Portuguese school history, between predominant postcolonial linguistic diversity, emerged Slavic languages brought by a strong immigration in the last ten years from eastern countries. According to the Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Foreign and Boarder’s Office), among the Ukrainian community in Portugal in 2004 there was almost 70 thousand immigrants in regular situation, and among other Slavic communities about 30 thousand. The recent melting pot above mentioned defines a space far from the limited context of official scholar monolinguism of the last century, and so, it demands a different look over the new human reality, i.e., linguistical, social, educational and cultural of the students. The subject is not only the conviviality with the Other, and his passive acceptation, but to valorise his mother language and his knowledge. This knowledge takes to the integration of the Other, and to it’s preservation and promotion. Open University, Lisbon

III.2 – Anna Penkovskaya

The Semantics ok Knowledge verbs in Old and Modern Russian in Comparison with Knowledge verbs in Romance Languages

The paper is about two fundamental Russian knowledge verbs “znat” and “vedat” which ascend to the Indo-European roots. In old Russian they differed in the following way: the first one meant “ to know visually any material object” (e.g. “to know a person / a place”) and the second one meant “to know smth about smth (e.g. “to know that…”). The verb “znat” combined with the nouns / pronouns indicating objects, while “vedat” connected propositions. The situation began to change about XVI century: the verb “znat” started to extend the area of its usage replacing step by step the second verb. In modern Russian the verbs have mainly stylistic differences. It seems to be very important that the semantic opposition of these verbs in old Russian is very similar to the opposition of their equivalents in modern Romance languages – Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, - although the romance equivalents of Russian “vedat” ascend to another root – Latin “sapere” which meant “to taste”. That’s why very likely that the distribution of knowledge verbs – if both of them exist in the language – is connected with common principles of language and thinking rather than with the history of certain roots

Moscow State University, Russia

III.3 – Smiljana Komar

The Slovene Language as an Endangered Species

The lingua franca of today is English. This is an indisputable fact which is manifested by the use of English words to name shops, bars and restaurants, to appear in grafittis and to prevail in conversations among young people in Slovenia. The English expressions have also found their way into Slovene newspapers, official debates among educated people and even in official documents. Slovene-conscious linguists and a certain percentage of general public think that the use of foreign names should be forbidden by law as it presents a severe danger for the Slovene language. They speak of the ‘agression’, ‘intrusion’ or even ‘occupation’ of Slovene by English. They propose a ‘defence’, perhaps even a ‘war’ against the attempts of English to envade Slovene. They warn that if nothing is done against this epidemics, the Slovene language will become extinct. But they seem to forget that a language dies when it ceases to develop according to its inherent rules, as well as external influences. Unnecessary usage of foreign words in a mother tongue is not a result of the ‘agressiveness’ of a foreign language but rather of a noncritical and ignorant attitude of native speakers towards their mother tongue. It is also a result of a cultural hybridization which introduces new objects and ideas and names for them. It is thus necessary to reject the idea of ‘envading foreign languages’ and admit that the phonomenon of language hybridization in global circumstances is caused by the speakers themselves. We have to find out the reasons for hybridization and strive to develop cultural and language awarness and introduce them in the teaching of foreign languages as well as the mother language.

University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

III.4 – Tatiana Penkovskaya

The Origin of the Slavonic Standard Language Against the Background of the Development of the European Standard Languages

As it is well known, the origin of Slavonic Standard Language is closely connected to the process of the Christianization of Slavs. The written texts in Slavonic languages arose in 9th-10th centuries at the common context of the development of the European Standard language tradition to be a part of it. They arose in the area of spreading of the Latin liturgical tradition in close vicinity of the German linguistic area. There are several written monuments which reflect both the processes of the Christianization and the formation of the local written language, for example, famous Prayers of Freising (or Fragments of Freising) written by latin characters in Old Slovenian in 10th-11th cent. The special place belongs to the Kiev glagolitic Missal (or Kiev Fragments) written in Old Church Slavonic in 10th cent., which reflects the tradition of Slavonic service of Latin rite. The period of appearance of these texts is roughly the same that the period of written fixation of the local languages in Romanic area (cp. for example the Glosses of San Milan and Silos), but the principal resemblance and dependences of these texts is found out from the sources of German origin connected to the Christianization. The origin of the new idiom (written language) put the Slavonic linguistic situation in one row with the European one, because in its first period written Slavonic language in respect of the Slavonic dialects occupied the same place that the local written languages took regarding the Romanic and German dialects.

Moscow State University

IX.1 – Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz Leaving a Door Open - Some Considerations of Phraseological Expressions with the Word 'Porta'/‘Drzwi’ ('Doors') in Polish and Portuguese

The world’s linguistic image is one that comes of a notional structure, and exists in every languages trough which speakers classify and interpret our reality. All though these notional

46 Book of Abstracts structures are different in different languages, it s possible to compare, not only the formal structures used in the process of representation, but also the semantic content of the element in this formation. This intervention intends to analyse phraseological expressions with the word “porta” / “drzwi” in European Portuguese and in Polish, comparing them in a formal an semantic point of view, to define the linguistic image of that part of the reality that those two languages represent.

Marie-Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland

IX.1 – Ejdyta Jablonka In Defence of National Languages: An Analysis of Foreign Borrowings in Portuguese and Polish Woman Magazines (‘Activa’ and ‘Twój Styl’)

This paper intends to show that foreign borrowings have a very important role in the language of magazines. In general, English is the dominant language, although French examples

47 Book of Abstracts are also found. Thus, besides separate words and expressions, a reader can come across whole sentences written in English. Foreign borrowings can adapt to the target language in terms of phonetics, morphology or syntax. In the corpus selected from Portuguese and Polish magazines for the purpose of this study, many examples of words already integrated in the language have been found, as well as quite a number of those still in the first phase of adaptation, and even some hapax legomena. This paper will therefore not only analyze the borrowings, but also compare the lexical fields of their occurrences in Portuguese and Polish magazines, where the most frequent borrowings apparently belong to the areas of computing, clothes, cooking and beauty products. One of the conclusions of the study points to the overuse of foreign borrowings, so in order to better defend a national language, be it Portuguese or Polish, some methods of limiting their use should be considered. Marie-Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland

IX.2 – Iovka Tchobánova

Lexical Composition of Phraseological Unities in Portuguese and Bulgarian.

The Object of our study is the lexical composition of phraseological unities (UF) in Portuguese and Bulgarian. Our intention is to present a panoramic table about the constitutive elements of Phraseological Unities in these two languages. The study is divided in three steps: First, we will analyse the presence of the constitutive elements of Portuguese Phraseologisms in different parts of speech; secondly, we will present the statistical analysis of lexical components inside of each group, for instance, in the case of substantives, is looked up the relative weight of somatisms, of names of animals, of plants, names that designate quotidian objects, professions, natural phenomena, names of people, biblicalisms, etc. Finally, we will quantify the frequency of substantives of different groups in UF (for instance, within somatisms, we will analyse the frequency of lexemes as head, eye, arm, foot, etc.). The same procedure will be applied to analyse support verbs more frequent, the adjectives, the numerals, etc. In each step, we will compare Portuguese and Bulgarian. In order to develop the statistical lexical study is used a large Corpus of idiomatic expressions and fixed comparations, extracted from 7 Portuguese dictionaries (A-O), as O Dicionário Fraseológico da Língua Búlgara (1974-1976). We hope that the results of this investigation have a practical and theorical relevance. They can serve as basis to study Portuguese Phraseologisms with a certain lexical element, to develop comparative analysis with other languages UF, as well as to analyze cultural aspects and people’s way of life, which created the respective phraseology.

IX.3 – Maria Kistereva “Traps and Solutions when Naming ‘the Others’ and the ‘Same/Oneself/Him(her)self’ ”

Our intervention is about the theme “the grammars in European Languages”. As we know Portugal and Russia never had a strong connection, neither close, neither regular due to historical, geographical and cultural factors. For this reason this subject is even more interesting:

How does one country see the other? And how healthy is the relation between these two extremes of Europe? The Portuguese language is seen by the Russians as an exotic language. However, we can find Russian academic researchers working in subjects like: “Portuguese”/”Portugal”. There for, we propose in the current intervention to observe some work of Russian researchers about the Portuguese Grammar. We point out the word Grammar, because it is, in fact, a very important part of the description of a language. In this paper, we will argue about grammar in latu senso – linguistic studies for there will be bibliographical lists of Portuguese literature in Russian literature.

Moscow State University, Russia

IX.4 – Helena Virgínia Valentim & Miroslav Mand’ak The Formulation of Requests in Portuguese and in Czech. Linguistic Forms and Values

The distinctive functioning of the Czech and Portuguese languages exceeds various domains and, among other aspects, reflects some differences relating to the way in which an inter-subjective relationship is set. The different linguistic resources which are applied in the formulation of an indirect form of request is an example of this distinction.

The conditional mode (Poderia trazer-me um café?) or the imperfect tense (Podia trazer-me um café?) is quite frequently used in Portuguese to produce a delicate form of request. In Czech, there are several resources in tenses which are in common with Portuguese; one of which is the Conditional (Chtěl bych kávu ou Uvítal bych, kdybyste mi donesl kávu). But there are also some other unique ways for expressing request. Perhaps, the most significant of which is the usage of an interrogative negative construction which features the phenomena of semantic neutralization of the negative value (Nemůžete mi donést kávu? or Nemohl byste mi donést kávu?). However, there are some constructions in Portuguese for expressing request which doesn´t exist in Czech. A very relevant one is the usage of an imperfect tense or of a conjunctive mood. In this mood, a Portuguese sequence like Talvez me possa trazer um café, through which the speaker produces an indirect request by means of conjunctive mood, corresponds in Czech to Snad byste mi mohl donést kávu, with the verb in the conditional. With this presentation, we intend to describe in a semantic perspective these, as well as other linguistic occurrences, which show different forms of making a request in Czech and in Portuguese languages. We also propose a meta-linguistic explanation for these different linguistic configurations.

New University Charles University, Prague

IX.5 – Vesela Petrova Chergova

The Vision of ‘the Other’ and the he/herself’ in Bulgarian Renarrative (mood) Grammems and their Correspondence to the Portuguese Verbal Grammems

The variety of themes and roaches proposed by the 2nd International Conference for Iberian and Slavonic Cultures in Contact and Comparison: Intra Muros – Ante Portas leads us to suggest a research into contact and comparison between Bulgarian and Portuguese linguistic topics. The Bulgarian, as one of the Slavonic languages, has developed a specific verbal morpheme to express a non-testimonial or renarrative position of the communicator regarding

51 Book of Abstracts the content of his message (Georgi Gerdžikov, Ivan Kucarov, Ivan Kânchev, Anna Wierzbicka etc). At the discourse level such non-testimonial or renarrative morpheme could transmit different values of communicator’s doubt or reservation concerning the authenticity and the credibility of the referred message, which practically means that communicator underlines morphologically his retreat from the Other’s opinion, no matter whether the communicator was or not a witness of the referred events. Relying on the theory and the methods defined by Eugénio Cosériu, and some other linguists such as Anna Wierzbicka, about prime universal concepts and their particular historical and cultural structure in any natural language, we would try to identify which verbal grammems, syntactic structures and discourse tactics could realize the same or a similar meaning of doubt and reservation expressed by the communicator regarding the Other’s speech. The absence of a specific morphological instrument for some kind of meanings does not interdict its realization throughout any other language features at different structure levels. In our case we will try to identify the possible renarrative values of the Inactual Portuguese grammems and the discourse techniques of the Indirect speech, attempting to recognize Ourselves in the language of the Other.

University of Sofia Sveti Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria

IX.6 – Vojko Gorjanc The Others in the Reference Corpus of Slovene Texts: Their Identification and Identity Creation

In the discourse which can be monitored in a reference corpus, information on discourse identity can be examined; particularly the identity of social groups which dominant social groups understand as different. The identity of such social groups in discourse is formed through the discourse of dominant social groups. By means of corpus analysis, it is therefore possible to identify the others and the creation of their identities as it is crated by the dominant social groups.

For the purpose of our research, the reference corpus of Slovene contemporary texts, called FidaPLUS (http.//www.fidaplus.net) will be used. We will briefly present the 621 million word corpus and its basic structure, since the interpretations of the results of the analysis depend on the characteristics of the corpus, above all its text type structure. First, we will present the means of identifying the others in the reference corpus. Using corpus analysis, primarily the statistical values MI and LL of the distribution of lexical items we (Slov. mi) and they (Slov. oni) and their co-occurrences, we will identify those who are understood as the others by the speakers of Slovene. After their identification, we will focus on the creation of their identity in the discourse. As the others are far from being a homogeneous social group, we will focus our attention on the others as part of the Slovene society and the ones from the outside. By analysing patterns of collocations, we will observe the labelling of different social groups which will reveal the attitudes and tolerance towards different social groups by the speakers of Slovene.

IX.7 – Maria Teresa Ferreira How the Russian Language Expresses Moving Closer and Moving Away

As we know in Russian, the contrast between verbal aspects and telicity marking is done through verbal pairs. In atelic expressions we use an imperfective aspectual verb, whereas in telic expressions we use a perfective aspectual one. The Generative Grammar considers aspect as a functional projection, which head is marked with a specific feature. Schollermer (1995:77) refers to the syntactic grammar theory, which is represented in the synthetic structure as a separated functional category. He argues that all languages in the world have “internal temporal relations”, know as aspect or aktionsart. One of the aspectual properties of a verb, as referred by Slabakova (2005) is related to telicity/atelicity. To Slabakova (2002), the acquisition of time and aspect is one of the most prolific investigation fields of applied linguistics.

According to Polinsky (2006:7), some of the emergent questions of this investigation are connected to the nature of aspectual distinction. Movement verbs, apart from sharing these characteristics, also show the particularity of indicative direction, this is, there are unidirectional verbs (idti-iexat'-bejat'…) and multidirectional verbs (xodit'-iezdit'-begat'…). Both groups belong to the class of imperfective verbs and are, according to Avilova (1976:107), archaic verbs. With the help of the available bibliography o this matter, I will briefly compare the Russian and Portuguese languages. I will also describe the way pedagogical grammar and other didactic materials for the teaching treat the subject.

XII.1 – Gueorgui Hristovsky Considerations about the Phonological Classification of the Fricative /v/ in Portuguese and Bulgarian

Bulgarian segment /v/ has complex phonological behavior. In some processes it acts as a sonorant, in others, as a typical obstruent. Even in a single word, it is possible to observe /v/ to be a trigger of epenthesis, generally conditioned by unsyllabified sonorants, and to be a target of devoicing, which affects obstruents in all Slavic languages. In Portuguese /v/ clearly belongs to the class of obstruents. Linguist working in Bulgarian phonology dedicated special attention to the strange properties of /v/. Scatton (1975, 1984), based on diachronic facts, classifies /v/ as a rounded glide - /w/. Jetchev (1999), recognizing the hybrid phonological character of /v/, and taking into account some phonetic evidences, classifies it as a sonorant. We agree with these authors that the hypothesis for explaining the strange behaviour of /v/ depends on the correct postulation of its underlying structure. Nevertheless, the solution of the problem depends on the ability of given (under)specification model has to give answers to two

54 Book of Abstracts independent and more general theoretical issues: (i) the different degree of ‘activism’ of features when organized in hierarchy, (ii) the system of contrasts between phonological segments at different levels of representation. In this presentation, we will try to show that it is possible to overcome the above mentioned problems if we use the model of Clements (2001). The presentation is organized as follows: 1. Short description of processes where /v/ is target and trigger of phonological processes. 2. The solutions of Scatton (1975, 1984) and Jechev (1999). 3. Hypotheses in other underspecification models. 4. Analysis following Clements (2001). 5. Comparison with the Portuguese /v/.

XII.2 –Milena Marinkova

Some Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of the Vowel Systems of Spanish and Bulgarian: Questions of Linguistic Interference

On the basis of the idea that the forms of expression (phonemes and allophones) are governed by the selection rules principle, the object of my study is a contrastive analysis between some aspects of Spanish and Bulgarian vocal systems. The aim is to define the distinctive features that both languages present on the level of linguistic norm, as well as the difficulties of pronunciation that Spanish vowels could create to students whose native tongue is Bulgarian. First of all, Bulgarian vowels are dark compared to Spanish vowels which are clear. Secondly, diphthongs and triphtongs are widespread in Spanish whereas they are absent in Bulgarian. Thirdly, Spanish avoids hiatus while the opposite tendency is observed in Bulgarian. Fourth, open syllables are prevalent in Spanish, while in Bulgarian the tendency is to closed syllables. Stress intensity is predominant in Bulgarian whereas fundamental pitch prevails in Spanish. The empirical material consists of the analysis of the most frequent errors made by Bulgarian students when they perceive and pronounce Spanish vowels in different sequences as

55 Book of Abstracts a result of the interference with their mother tongue. The conclusion I have reached is that the two contrasted languages present functional differences, non genetic, and the vocal systems prove it.

Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’, Bulgaria

XII.3 – Donka Mangatcheva Imperative Sentences with Reduced Form: the Challenge of Linguistic Configuration

Тhe study presents the Imperative sentences with reduced form in Portuguese and their functional equivalents in Bulgarian, at the basis of the apparent contrast between both linguistic systems as regards the formal plenty/deficiency, as well as expressive (im)possibilities of the correspondent resources. The analysis of the respective linguistic means outlines the “improper” ones and reveals that even the “same” have “other” behaviour. The Portuguese constructions, containing an impersonal form of the verb, represent a realization of the direct speech act with no conformity in Bulgarian. The referred sentences are interpreted as patently elliptical, since the dropped element ‒ a verb in the Imperative Mood ‒ lends regeneration. The said patterns are considered formal variants of the on-record directive utterance, whose values keep bound to numerous shades of a subjective attitude towards the proposition. The study describes the possible communicative intentions, which presuppose the usage of the constructions in question as well as their impact. The conclusions about the values, which the mentioned linguistic means may acquire, are drawn mainly in the light of linguistic pragmatics, interactional sociopragmatics and psychology of verbal communication.

University of Sofia Sveti Kliment Ohridski, Bulgária

XII.4 – Justyna Wiśniewska

Verbal Aspect in Both Portuguese and Polish (a contrastive study)

With this study we intend to analyse all the available resources in Portuguese an in Polish, to express the category of the verbal aspect. We will try to point out the differences between the Portuguese and Polish verbal aspect systems. As we know, both languages have different lexical and grammatical resources to express verbal aspect. We will focus only on the grammatical resources, such as verbal periphrases, grammatical and adverbial tenses. We will start will examples out of Portuguese, moving on to polish. Our analysis shows that, while Portuguese presents a certain richness expressing verbal aspect, the polish language expresses it through simple verbs and adverbials.

Marie-Curei Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland

XII.5 – Ana Carina Prokopyshyn

Intra Phrases – Ante Verbs Subjects

In this paper we will describe and analyse co-reference restrictions between the subjects of completive sentences and the subjects of the respective main sentences. The known phenomenon “subject obviation” is typical in several Romanic languages, namely Portuguese, French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, etc. It is specifically related to the occurrence of the subjunctive, i.e., the subject of a main sentence, which rules a sentenctional complementation with the subjunctive, can not be co-referred of the subject of the enclosed sentence. Co-reference is only possible if the verb of the enclosed sentence is in the infinitive. Solutions for this phenomenon have already been proposed by several authors and, in what concerns Romanic languages (see Martineu, 1994), one of the solutions is associated with the occurrence of subjunctive. However, this phenomenon isn’t exclusive to these languages; we can also find it in some Slavic languages, like Russian, despite the absence of the subjunctive in these languages. With this paper, we intend to compare the phenomenon “subject obviation” in Portuguese and Russian, using a parallel corpus. We will try to demonstrate that, despite the apparent distance between these two languages, they present a similar behaviour in this kind of

58 Book of Abstracts structure, i.e., similar restrictions are applied to the co-reference of “subjects intra Phrases – Ante verbs”.

3. Translation Studies

59 VII.1 – Jasmina Markić

Scrčko Kosovel’s Integrals in Spanish

Srečko Kosovel (Sežana, 1904 – Tomaj, 1926) is one of the most important Slovene poets. He is mainly known as an avant-garde poet from the Kras region. During his short life he wrote a very intensive poetry which is difficult to be classified. The Kosovel's poetics is divided traditionally in three currents: impressionism, expressionism and constructivism, but this classification is too general to define his complex poetry. These poetical lines intertwine with dadaist, surrealist and futurist elements. The prewar period, the First World War and the postwar period, when a large part of Slovene territory was annexed by Italy and the Slovene population was oppressed and terrorized by the Italian fascist regime, marked deeply his life and poetry. Those were times of closing frontiers and growing hostility towards Slovene population. This paper deals with Kosovel´s poetry and its translation into Spanish. The Spanish version of Kosovel´s Integrals (Integrales), translated by Santiago Martín, was published by Ediciones Bassarai, Vitoria-Gasteiz, in 2005. The paper presents the main problems in translating Kosovel ´s poems from Slovene into Spanish and some strategies used by the translator to solve them i.e. to keep "the meaning" and also to convey the rhythm, rhymes and melody of the original.

VII.2 – Zlata Putnik The Problem of Gender in the Translation of “Lamento Sobre Belgrado” – a Special Case”

In the first part a theoretical perspective on translation is presented, while in the second part an experience of concrete translation, with some possible theoretical implications, of the poem “Lament nad Beogradom”, by the Serbian poet Milos Crnjanski, is described. In literary texts, and even more in poetic texts, it is not the meter of translation only, but of a transmission of one sense or concept from one idiom to another, preserving the essential of the transmitted message. Among innumerous situations which the translator faces transmitting to the reader the pretended message there is a question of gender. This question imposes itself not only to the morphological correspondence of gender, but also to its semantic-pragmatic contents, or mental image. In this paper some proposals for translation of the gender of Serbian words to Portuguese are presented, being Portuguese with two genders, masculine and feminine, while in Serbian, besides these exist the third gender, “medium”, or neutral. Because of that, the mechanisms for should be sought for transmitting all senses from one language to another reconciling, or negotiating, morphologically possible substitutions, or not, and, following, verifying its semantic-pragmatic correspondence. Based on theoretical exposition in the first part, in the second part of the paper the proposals for translation of the common and proper names are presented, namely the gender of the word Belgrade, town, which in Serbian, in both cases, is designated as the masculine gender, and while in Portuguese town belongs to the feminine gender. Keywords: translation, Milos Crnjanski, gender, mental image, plurisignification.

Post Graduate Student of University of Minho, Braga

VII.3 – Blažka Müller Pograjcu

Lídia Jorge’s O Vale da Paixão : a New Perspective of ‘the Others’ in Slovenia

In the Spring of 2008, will came out, for the first time in the history of Slovenia and Portugal a translation of a book, by Lídia Jorge, O Vale da Paixão. This book will offer the Slovenian readers a new image of “others”, in this case of the Portuguese. The narrative interest of Lídia Jorge’s romance contributes to deepen the reflection made by the contemporary European Union about emigration, preservation and the lost of identity in foreign lands, as well as the absorption of the identities of others, and the defence of the mother language. All these questions have being showing up in the Slovenian society and literature, representing a great share of the complexity the existing Portuguese-Slovenian contacts, which though looking very little are very diverse. In this intervention, I would like to expose, in a comparative point of view, an approach of some Slovenian writers and researchers of the thematic of emigration, and their literary and cultural opinions about “the others”, proving that both Slovenian and Portuguese, though living in extreme poles of Europe, share some models and national attitudes, which in this case is the phenomenon of emigration, i.e., a common fate.

VII.4 – Maja Šabec

Slovene Translations of Frederico Garcia Lorca’s Dramas

Lorca’s appearance as a playwright in Slovenia closely followed his poetic presentation there, beginning with his last play The House of Bernarda Alba, staged by the Slovene National Theatre Drama in 1950. During the following ten years the Slovene audience saw the remaining two “trilogy” tragedies Blood Wedding and Yerma, and Mariana Pineda. Apart from these, major Lorca’s works, Slovene professional and amateur theatres also put on Doña Rosita the Spinster, The Public, The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife and The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal. In the past, Lorca’s plays used to be translated into Slovene only for theatre productions and were not, with the exception of Yerma, published as books. Some earlier translations were adaptations of the originals or translated through a third language (e.g. Croatian or Italian); as a result they were inadequate and sometimes even misleading, revealing not only a lack of knowledge of the Spanish language but also of Spain’s historical and cultural reality. The article is bringing up some conspicuous incongruities, which have been, however, almost entirely overcome in contemporary translations that served as the basis for theatre productions in the last decade. In 2007, the publisher Zamik published Lorca’s Collected Plays presenting the entire author’s theatre opus, from his first play The Butterfly’s Evil Spell, the puppet plays and farces to the two surrealist plays and his most famous theatre works. The collection gives Slovene readers and theatre goers the opportunity to discover the great Spanish playwright and poet in an unprecedented way.

VIII.1 – Jaroslaw J. Jeździkowski

A Pillar of Communism or an Exotic Writer? Polish Translations of Jorge Amado

The translations of Jorge Amado’s work stared to be published in Poland, in the year of 1949, when the country was living the dictatorial times of Staline. The censure would only accept cultural productions that where compromised with the socialist reality. The translations of Jorge Amado were done along with others author that were sympathizers with communism. There for, the brazilian author has a great impact over the polish socio-politic system. When this author is introduced in the polish literary system it coincides with his exile in Europe. Till de year of 1993 there were translated, editated and reeditated seventeen books by Amado: eleven in the socialist reality period, and six in the days of wider opening in the political system. The study of the translations goes far beyond the problematic of linguistic. Research analyses the dialectic of conditionings, in which starts and develops the intercourse between the two cultural systems: the brazilan and the polish, operated by the translated work of Jorge Amado. The thesis answers the question about the role of Jorge Amado’s work, in the polish literary system, suggesting two possible roles: a pillar for communism or an exotic writer.

Federal University of Bahia, Brazil

VIII.2 – Branka Kalenić Ramšak

The Slovenian Reception of Frederico García Lorca’s Poetry

Lorca`s poetry appeared for the first time in Slovenian language in 1943 when it was included in the anthology Modern Spanish Lyric Poetry (Moderna španska lirika). Later (in 1958) Federico García Lorca was the first Spanish poet of the twentieth century whose poetry was selected, translated to the Slovenian and published in the form of the book. The paper will analyse the Slovenian reception of Federico García Lorca`s poetry based on selected examples of various Lorca`s translators, especially on the selection made by Jože Udovič, Niko Košir and Aleš Berger. A comparative viewpoint (poems in Spanish and Slovenian), through different contents and forms, will lead us to a deeper understanding of Lorca`s reception between Slovenian critics and authors mostly from the late fifties till the actuality. At first glance, there have been several differences between those translations, mostly due to different concepts of reading and understanding the original, as well as due to different historical periods of the translations.

University of Ljubjana, Slovenia

VIII.3 – Polina Decker “ Sweet Tongue of Germany”: Perspectives of Borges and Mandelstam

Jorge Luis Borges and Osip Mandelstam are at first glance very different poets: the cerebral Anglophile Argentine who gained worldwide fame late in life, and the emotional Russian who died in a Stalin prison camp at the age of 48 and whose fame came after his death. Yet from their opposite sides of the globe – one Slavic and one Iberian – and their radically divergent cultural traditions, Borges and Mandelstam both gravitated toward a linguistic expression of Otherness: the German language, to which both poets dedicated poems. The attraction of the German language for Borges and Mandelstam may have been a case of the periphery seeking the centre – Slavic and Iberian outliers seeking the European core. But the two poems also illustrate fundamentally different conceptions of a foreign language and a poet’s interaction with it. For Mandelstam, a linguistic nationalist, the Russian language represents a perfect instrument of poetic expression, while German serves as a gateway into a more serious and formal world. Borges, on the other hand, speaks of his native Spanish language not as a close friend but rather a deeply respected uncle, describing other languages acquired by him—such as English, Greek and German—as intimate and musical. Close comparison of these two poems reveals that through the externalizing mechanism of a foreign language—German—the two poets measure and deepen their psychic movements and changes—variations of the Own and Other which are perhaps not achievable within the iron framework of the native language, but only in the paradoxical freedom of the language of the Other. Brown University, USA

VII.4 – Mateja Rozman Some aspects of Mazzini’s short storys

In the first part of this intervention, we will use a fragment taken from a sort story by the Slovene author Mazzini, “Recognizing Mazzini” which is included in an antology with other sort stories. We will demonstrate how we can translate the subjunctive mark to Slovene, knowing that this language doesn’t have it. The Slovene uses different markers to express the same semantic values expressed by subjunctive marks in Portuguese. We will mention some of these markers, in the light of Campos (1991-1998) formal theory of Enunciation. In the second part, after reading a fragment of the translated sort story, we will focus on some issues of thematic of the shattered identity of the human being. In “Recognizing Mazzini”, the social rules are imposed by the parents’ manipulation, which can be seen as a kind of wall that stops the autonomous development of their first born. The acknowledgement of this manipulation in the end of the story is the way to save his lost identity. In this short story we can find the following questions: How far is our identity imposed to us by society rules? Can we really believe it is our real identity? The theme of this sort story is connected with the universal identity of the human being. This story could take place in any place of the world, both in Portugal as in Slovenia. Focusing in this sort story we will emphasize some common aspects of universal identity that we all have, as well as some identity differences that are conditioned by the identity of the mentioned nations, reflecting about the stereotype of the identity of the Portuguese and Polish nations.