Chapter 23-Sustainable Cities

Chapter 23-Sustainable Cities Objectives

1. List five worldwide trends in population distribution. Describe the four major shifts in population distribution in U.S. history. Summarize the factors that contribute to urban growth.

2. Summarize the following urban environmental problems: vegetation, water runoff and flooding, heat islands and dust domes, solid-waste disposal, air pollution, noise pollution, human health, land conversion, social disruption. List three ways that urban areas positively affect the environment.

3. List the pros and cons of the major urban transportation options: individual transit (walking, biking, motorized vehicles) and mass transit (rail systems and buses). List three policies that contribute to a positive feedback loop creating more dependence on automobiles. Describe three policies that would create negative feedback loops.

4. Differentiate between conventional and ecological land-use planning. List two means by which local governments can control the rate of development. Summarize obstacles to more ecological land-use planning.

5. List five approaches to improving urban life. Choose one case study from your textbook. Evaluate how far your chosen urban area has come in implementing these five approaches.

Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.) barrios (p. 557) car-sharing networks (p. 559) cluster development (p. 564) compact cities (p. 558) ecocities (green cities) (p. 548) ecological footprints (p. 554) environmental sustainability (p. 565) full-cost pricing (p. 559) green city (p. 566) greenbelt (P. 564) heavy-rail (p. 559) land-use planning (p. 562) light-rail (p. 559) megacities (megalopolises) (p. 549) megalopolis (p. 552) metropolitan areas (p. 550) pull factors (p. 549) push factors (p. 549) quality urban design (p. 565) rapid-rail system (p. 560) rising poverty (p. 551) shantytowns (p. 556) smart growth (p. 562) smart transportation (p. 565) squatter settlements (p. 556) tax shift (p. 559) unsustainable system (p. 544) urban heat island (p. 555) zoning (p. 562)

Sustainable Cities Chapter 24-Economics, Environment, and Sustainability

Objectives

1. Define economy and economic resource. Distinguish among the following: economic system, natural capital, human capital, manufactured capital, pure free-market economic system, marginal costs and marginal benefits.

2. Distinguish among approaches to an environmentally sustainable economy offered by neoclassical economists and ecological ecologists/ environmental economists.

3. Describe ecological pricing and the tools that environmental economists use to estimate the value of the earth’s ecological services.

4. Distinguish between internal and external costs. Distinguish between external costs and external benefits. Describe measures that can be taken to achieve full-cost pricing.

5. Define cost-benefit analysis.

6. Describe Gross Domestic Product, and per capital GDP. What are other indicators of environmental quality and human well- being?

7. What factors does an environmentally honest market system consider and what is meant by full-cost pricing, product eco- labeling, subsidy shifting, green taxes, environmental regulation, tradable pollution, and eco-leasing as methods to improve environmental quality?

9. Describe an earth-sustaining economy. Describe a plan to move toward creation of earth-sustaining economies. Summarize efforts by the Netherlands to move toward ecological sustainability.

Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the tex aesthetic value (p. 574)

bequest (option) value (p. 574) marginal benefit (p. 571) cost-benefit analysis (CBA) (p. 576) marginal cost (p. 570) demand (p. 570) market failures (p. 572) discount rate (p. 574) market price equilibrium point material flow eco-labeling (p. 574) economy (p. 583) eco-leasing (p. 583) mitigation cost (p. 574) ecological economists (p. 569) natural capital (p. 570) economic development (p. 569) natural resources (p. 570) economic growth (p. 569) neoclassical economists (p. 569) economic system (p. 570) nonuse values (p. 574) environmental economists (p. 569) optimum levels (p. 575) Environmental Sustainability Index per capita GDP (p. 577) environmentally sustainable economy poverty (p. 583) existence value (p. 574) price inelasticity (p. 571) full cost (p. 578) pure free-market economic system resource-use full-cost pricing (p. 572) permits (p. 582) genuine progress indicator (GPI) service flow economy (p. 583) green taxes (p. 580) subsidy shifting (p. 574) gross domestic product (GDP) tax shifting (p. 574) human capital (p. 570) tradable pollution (p. 582) human development index (HDI) trickle-down effect (p. 584) human resources (p. 570) wealth gap (p. 584) indirect (external) costs (p. 575) willingness to pay (p. 574) innovation-friendly regulations

Economics, Environment, and Sustainability Chapter 25-Politics, Environment, and Sustainability Objectives

1. Summarize the basis of a constitutional democracy. Evaluate the position of special-interest groups. Distinguish between profit-making organizations and nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Explain how governmental structure drives a reactive rather than a proactive stance.

2. Briefly describe how environmental policy is made in the United States. Distinguish the roles played by the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches. List five approaches that legislation uses to protect the environment. Give one example of legislation for each method.

3. Name five general principles for setting environmental regulations. Give one example of legislation using each strategy. Summarize how the courts are used to implement or weaken environmental regulations.

4. Describe how environmental policy can be influenced by individuals exercising their democratic responsibilities, leadership skills, and career choices.

5. Summarize the struggle between the Greens and the Browns. Be sure to distinguish between national and grass roots environmental groups. Be sure to list the strategies that are being used by the current Wise-Use Movement.

6. Explain the importance of critical thinking and distinguishing between pioneer science and consensus science in evaluation of claims by environmental and anti-environmental groups.

7. Summarize a strategy to bring about election finance reform. List three strategies to improve bureaucracies. List four strategies to give ordinary citizens a stronger role in governance. List three linkages between crime and environmental quality.

8. Summarize the results of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Describe the development of the ecojustice movement. Suggest ways to improve global environmental protection.

Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

administrative laws (p. 603) mainline groups (p. 606) arbitration (p. 603) mediation (p. 604) civil suits (p. 603) National Forest System (p. 600) class action suit (p. 603) National Park System (p. 601) conventions (p. 611) National Resource Lands (p. 600) environmental justice principle (p. 595) National Wildlife Refuges (p. 600) environmental law (p. 602) negligence (p.603) environmental policy (p. 593) nongovernment organizations (NGOs) (p. 594) executive branch (p. 597) polluter pays principle (p. 595) global public policy networks (GPPNs) (p. 605) precautionary principle (p. 595) global sustainability movement (p. 606) precedents (p. 597) grassroots groups (p. 606) prevention principle (p. 595) human rights principle (p. 595) profit-making organizations (p. 594) humility principle (p. 594) public participation principle (p. 595) injunction (p. 603) reversibility principle (p. 594) integrative principle (p. 595) special-interest groups (p. 594) judicial branch (p. 597) statues of limitations (p. 603) legislative branch (p. 597) statutory laws (p. 603) lobbying (p. 598)

Economics, Environment, and Sustainability