Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development and abilities through social interactions - encouragement from parents and teachers is necessary Erik Homburger Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in for success Frankfurt, Germany. Erikson went to an art school and - failure results in doubting one's own abilities to be got a job as a children portrait painter. He eventually successful was tutored psychoanalytic psychology by Anna Freud. Erikson went to the University of Vienna and earned his Stage 5: teaching degree using the Montessori Method. During Identity V Confusion the rise of the Nazis, Erikson moved to the United Adolescence States. He got a job as a child psychoanalyst and an - focus on exploring independence assistant professor and researcher at Harvard and Yale. - develop a sense of self Erikson moved to San Francisco and took a position at - personal exploration must be encouraged the University of California at Berkeley as a researcher - success will result in a strong sense of self and feeling and lecturer. Erikson perceived that there were eight of independence and control phases of development; trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. - failure with result in unsure beliefs and desire and shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, insecure/confused feelings in the future identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. Stage 6: Intimacy V Isolation Description of Stages Early adulthood - develop close, committed relationships in order to Stage 1: develop secure and committed relationship in the future Trust V Mistrust - strong sense of personal identity is needed Birth-1 Year of Age - less committed relationships will result in emotional - most fundamental stage of psychosocial development isolation, depression, and loneliness - based on quality of caregivers - success is based upon a feeling of safety and security Stage 7: - failure is based upon inconsistent care and emotionally Generativity V Stagnation unavailable caregivers Adulthood - failure will result in fear/belief that the world is - focuses on career and family unpredictable and inconsistent - asks questions about whether or not one will have a family and career Stage 2: - success will result in a sense that you've contributed to Autonomy V Shame/Doubt the world Early Childhood - failure will result in a feeling of being unproductive - develop a greater sense of personal control and uninvolved in the world - control gained through making preferences in food, clothing, and toys Stage 8: - success results in confidence and being secure with Integrity V Despair oneself Old Age - failure results in inadequacy and self-doubt - reflecting back on life - success will result in a general sense of satisfaction and Stage 3: wisdom Initiative V Guilt - failure will result in regrets, bitterness, despair, and a Pre-School Years feeling that your life has been wasted - asserting power through directing play and other social interactions Practical Applications/Uses in Society - success results in a sense of capability and an ability to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development can be lead others applied to many aspect of life, such as eating habits. His - failure results in a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of different stages correspond with the different stages in initiative the development of eating habits. During the first stage, which is Trust vs. Distrust, children must be fed by their Stage 4: parents. It is important that parents feed their children Industry V Inferiority only when they are hungry, and to do so in a cool, Ages 5-11 comfortable environment. By doing this, the child - children develop a sense of pride in accomplishments develops a sense of trust toward their adult. In the Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt stage, children acquire a greater sense of self control. Children should be allowed to attempt to feed themselves, regardless of whether they make a mess. They may refuse a food, or attempt to combine them, and should not be discouraged. As they grow, the toddlers enter the Initiative vs. Guilt Stage. As its name state, kids began to take more initiative. They will begin to try new foods, serving themselves, and deciding whether they are full. Finally, children enter the last stage that is related to eating habits, which is the Industry vs. Inferiority Stage. Adolescents feel capable of fulfilling their own needs. They can discern whether they are hungry, and satisfy themselves. Kids can begin assisting in the formation of menus and can even help prepare foods. The development of eating habits in young men and women can be traced using Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Related Articles: Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual " Erik Erikson: ages, stages, and stories. (Changing Development Perceptions of Aging and the Aged)" by Steven Wieland Sigmund Freud was an Austrian The article is about how Erikson came up with the scientist well known as the founder theory. of Psychoanalysis which is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning Questions: and behavior. He also created 1) During the first stage of development, what should theories to explain human parents emphasize for their child? development relating to how the 2) If a child has too much guilt during stage two (early mind works. Freud's theory of childhood) what can happen as a result? Psychosexual Development is one of the most 3) How do pre-school children assert their power? controversial theories in psychology today and is often 4) Why is the first stage the most important? discredited. In this theory, Freud suggests that the 5) Which stage (if successfully completed) results in a driving force behind behavior is Libido, which is feeling that you've contributed to the world? psychosexual energy. Healthy personalities are a result 6) As an adult, Mary is able to successfully live alone of successful completion of the five psychosexual stages. with no intervention from parents or family. This is a Description: most likely a result of what stage? Oral Stage (first 18 months of life): infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. This stage is responsible for pleasure from oral stimulation. During this stage, the infant also develops qualities such as trust and comfort with its caretakers because they feed it. Anal Stage (late infancy to 1.5-3 years of life): During this stage, the child’s primary focus is on controlling the bowel and bladder movements. This is the stage where toilet training is important to the child’s development. Success in this stage is heavily weighted on the way parents approach toilet training. Freud says that if parents are too lenient during toilet training, children can have a wasteful of destructive personality (anal- expulsive personality). His theory also says that if parents are too strict or starting training too early, the child can become orderly, rigid, and obsessive (anal- This theory is often criticized and discredited by many retentive personality). psychologists, so not many psychologists use it as an Phallic Stage (early childhood-3 to 6 years of life): the application in patients today. The biggest criticism of primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. This is Freud's theory is that it is very sexist. When Freud when children discover the differences between males created this theory, psychologists say that he used a lot and females. The Oedipus complex plays into this part of of introspection, and looked mostly at how he developed the theory. The Oedipus complex explains boys’ angst as a child. Psychologists also say that Freud had trouble toward their fathers and the desire to replace them in relating to and relaying female desires. Freud even their mother’s eyes. Boys often fear that their fathers admitted to not fully understanding female sexuality. will discover these feelings and physically castrate them. Because of this lack of knowledge, Freud did not have This fear is called Castration Anxiety. Freud’s theory much hope that his theory would be believed in explains a similar reaction in girls called the Electra psychology. Scientist say that Freud's psychosexual are Complex, or informally, Penis Envy, in which they plausible and can be observed in children, they are not acquire a physical attraction to their fathers and become determined to happen. envious of their mother. The most applicable part of Freud's psychosexual theory Latency Stage (middle and late childhood-from six to is said to be observed during the Phallic Stage, puberty): Sexual energy in the Latent Period is still concerning the Oedipus Complex. The Oedipal Complex present, but the mind becomes more focused on other came from Socrates' story Oedipus, in which the main things in their lives, such as peer relationships, hobbies, character, Oedipus, unknowingly falls in love with his and other interests. Social and communication skills and mother and then gauges his eyes out when he finds out. self-confidence are key in a child’s development during This proposed theory is often applied in psychology this stage. when a small child develops an unusual attraction to one of their parents, just as Freud's theory states. Genital Stage (Puberty-Adulthood): This is the final stage in psychosexual development. During this time, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the A modern day example of this theory can be presented in opposite sex. Interest in the welfare of others grows the recent movie "Grown Ups" Staring Adam Sandler. In during this stage. If the other stages have been the movie, there is a 4 year old child who still completed successful, the individual should now be breastfeeds from his mother. Throughout the movie he is well-balanced, warm and caring. The main goal during always at his mother's side, and always demanding milk. this time is to gain a balance in different aspects of life. It is clear he has a strong feeling for his mother, and can be seen as being selfish and protective. This, itself, is an Key Notes: example of the Oedipus Theory. Near the end of the Freud emphasized that a child's first five years were the movie, the boy is denied his mother's milk by his father, most important years to social and personality and is made to drink regular milk. The boy then development. proceeds to say "I am just like daddy" which is the stage of the Oedipus theory where the child internalizes the Gratification has a big role in a child's development, as rules of his father, and identifies with his father figure. well as the child's parents. Conflicts occur when the child's gratification is put off by the parents, who decide Related Articles: when, where, and how gratification is granted. Problems can occur if the parents give in to every want and need http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/ of the child or never give the child what they want or p/freudprofile.htm need. Balance is very important. Small Biography on Sigmund Freud This theory is often discredited by many psychologists. http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/pap er932/news/2001/11/02/News/Mchugh.Discusses.Oedip al.Complex-2247468.shtml Dr. Paul McHugh, retired director of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine discusses the oedipal complex
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n16_v140 /ai_11515981/ Bruce Bower discusses the Oedipus Complex Practical Applications: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2375259
References: Kohlberg observed that growing children advance Cherry, Kendra. "Freud's Stages of Psychosexual through definite stages of moral development in a Development - What Is Psychosexual Development." manner similar to their progression through Piaget's well Psychology - Complete Guide to Psychology for known stages of cognitive development. His observation Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. 2010. Web. 08 Nov. and testing of children and adults, led him to theorize 2010. that human beings process consecutively from one stage to the next in an invariant sequence, not skipping any important, but people should also agree as a society, on stage or going back to any previous stage. These are these standards. stages of thought processing implying qualitatively different modes of thinking and of problem solving at Stage six (Universal Principles), it is based upon each stage. universal principles and reasoning. During this stage, people follow these internalized principles, even if they Kohlberg's Levels and Stages of Moral Development: interfere with the rule and laws.
Stage six has been omitted in newer versions of Level 1 Preconventional Morality (Very weak Kohlberg's theory since too few people have reached it. understanding of right and wrong) Stage five and six are the hardest to reach for people and only a few adults reach the post conventional level. Stage one (Obedience and Punishment), is the earliest stage of moral development and is especially common in PRACTICAL APPLICATION/USES IN SOCIETY: young children, but adults are also capable of expressing Teachers frequently apply Kohlberg's Theory to their this type of reasoning. During this stage, children see classroom discussions in order to help students reason on rules as fixed and absolute; obeying the rules is a higher level of morality. In addition to influencing important because it is a means to avoid punishment. curricular instruction and teaching strategies, Kohlberg's Theory is often implemented by counselors attempting During stage two (Individualism and Exchange), to explain a client's moral processing and lawyers children account for individual and personal points of justifying client’s criminal actions. In 1979 James Rest view based on what they need. In the Heinz Dilemma, used Kohlberg's Theory in order to create the Defining children argued that the best course of action was the Issues Test, which is a pencil-and-paper alternative to choice that best-served Heinz's need. Reciprocity is the Moral Judgment Interview test. The (DIT) is possible, but only if it serves one's own interest. commonly used to determine the morality of politicians, doctors, clergy and other decision- making workers. Level 2 Conventional Morality ( Decision making and reasoning focused on following rules and what is generally accepted) Related Articles
Stage three (Interpersonal Relationship), often Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development referred to as the "good boy- good girl" orientation, is This article explains the development of moral focused on living up to social expectations and roles. reasoning. There is an emphasis on being "nice" and consideration of how choices influence relationships. Moral Development: Knowing Right from Wrong This article judges bad behavior by the amount of Stage four (Maintaining Social Order), people begin damage caused by a person's behavior. to consider society as a whole when they are making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one's duty, and respecting Questions: authority. 1. What are the three levels of Kohlberg's moral Level 3 Postconventional Morality (Able to fully development? discern the meaning and consequences of actions and 2. What stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral make decisions accordingly) development is unattainable to most humans? Why is this so? Stage five (Social Contract and Individual Rights), 3. Which theorist did Kohlberg rely heavily upon to people being to account for differing opinions and derive his own theory? beliefs of others around them. Rules of law are 4. What is "The Heinz Dilemma"? Why is Kohlberg's Theory not possible without it? 5. A four year old child understands that he can't run into the street, but he doesn't know why, he only knows that doing so will result in his mother yelling at him. What level of moral development is the described child currently at and why doesn't the boy run in the street? 6. In your opinion, what level of moral reasoning and development do you think most adults are at?
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Kohlberg's_st ages_of_moral_development.
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"Moral Development in Business | EHow.com." EHow | How To Do Just About Everything! | How to Videos & Articles. Web. 09 Nov. 2010. http://www.ehow.com/about_6327963_moral- development-business.html