Review III WHAP/Napp

Review III WHAP/Napp I. Jesus A. Major teachings: devotion to God and ______for fellow man B. His message, “The kingdom of God is at hand” seemed to threaten Rome because it ______allegiances C. After the Crucifixion, devotion to him grew rapidly; called the _____ (Greek for Messiah, or “the anointed one”)-His teachings ______throughout the Roman Empire II. Early Christianity A. Christians would not worship the ______of the Roman Empire B. Worshipped a ______God C. Appealed to the lower classes (urban dwellers and women)-Taught equality of the sexes - Early Christians were ______by the Romans for failing to worship the Roman godsApproximately three hundred years after the Romans crucified Jesus, a Roman emperor (______) converted to Christianity III. Silk Road A. Southeastern Asia, China, and India traded: silk and ______west to consumers in central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman Empire B. Spices were important because they had ______purposes (food preservative and flavoring and pharmaceutical) - Central Asia ______horses, jade, and magic potions west C. Trade route that ______the Han and Roman Empires in classical times D. Facilitated the ______of goods, ideas, and disease E. Following the fall of the Han and Roman Empires, the route was revived in post-classical times, first by the Tang and Song and later the ______IV. Fall of the Roman Empire A. Problems: internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the throne), generals struggled for power and died violently, empire was simply too _____, epidemics B. Diocletian ______the empire into two districts: eastern (Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, and Greece) and western (Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa) C. Germans migrating from the north ______the western half; especially powerful were the VisigothsHun invasions, led by ______, pressured other Germanic tribes to invade: Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks V. Germanic Invasions A. Ended imperial Roman power in ______Europe by 476 C.E.; power later shifts to Byzantium in the east B. Nomadic ______tribes – Visigoths, Huns (led by Attila), Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks – encountered little effective resistance C. Controlled the western half of the Roman empire: Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa - Led to decentralized rule and to the establishment of the ______system VI. Early Byzantine Empire A. Emperor Constantine accepted ______in 313 C.E. B. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to ______in the east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and allowed him to spy on enemies in the East C. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the eastern half became known as the ______Empire and included lands in Greece, the Balkans, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northeastern Africa D. Roads and communication systems, emperors above law  divine ______VII. Justinian’s Code A. Justinian (reigned 527-565 C.E.) was a very important emperor during the early Byzantine empire; his wife, ______, advised him on political, religious, and diplomatic issues B. Built great public works, including the Hagia Sophia, a ______that became a mosque following the Ottoman Turks’ conquest of Constantinople C. After a systematic review of all laws of the republic, Justinian codified Roman _____, keeping legal principles of ancient Rome D. Published Corpus juris civilis (Body of Civil Law)Justinian’s Code has remained an inspiration for civil law ______VIII. Byzantine Economy and Society A. Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the ______B. Byzantine government prevented ______classes from seizing peasants’ lands C. The wealthy could buy exemptions from ______D. Craftsmen were highly respected for their handiwork in areas of glassware, gems, jewelry, and mosaics (used to decorate ______) E. Architectural gems – Hagia Sophia (church, later ______) F. Byzantine government recognized the importance of the silk industry (a trade borrowed from the ______) and subsequently closely supervised its production and saleTrade à important as a direct result of ______IX. Legacy of Classical Greece A. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the ______Empire B. Byzantine scholars, like Greek scholars, focused on literature, history, and philosophy; their legacy was the preservation of ______culture C. Byzantine preservation of Greek and Roman cultures was transmitted back to western Europe during the ______X. Fall of the Byzantine Empire A. Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople (later renamed it ______)Byzantines lost Anatolia (their breadbasket), which led to their ultimate demise (they had no ______source) XI. Byzantium and Russia A. Russia created several trading centers, including ___ along the Dnieper River B. In 989 C.E., Prince Vladimir of Kiev ______to Orthodox Christianity as a result of his exposure to Byzantium; his subjects followed C. Other Byzantine influences included the Cyrillic ______, writing, codified laws, and art and architecture (for example, onion domes) D. After Constantinople fell, Russia named Moscow the world’s third Rome – Center of Orthodox Christianity shifts northward XII. Long-Distance Trade A. Specialized _____ and efficient means of transportation encouraged trade between groups such as the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians as early as 3500 B.C.E. B. Sumerians, who needed natural resources, traded regularly with the ______society by 2300 B.C.E. XIII. Spread of Epidemic Diseases A. Smallpox devastated the _____ Empire – reduced population by approximately one-quarter during the second century B.C.E. B. Epidemics appeared later in China C. Epidemics led to social change; trade ______, and people learned to be self- sufficient XIV. Muhammad A. About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last ______of AllahHe believed in ___ God (Allah) B. Allah’s words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in the ______C. Hadith, a record of ______attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophet’s deeds, serve as a guide for the interpretation of the Quran and for social and legal customs D. Muhammad’s journey to Mecca became a symbolic starting point of the official Islamic calendar and a religious ______for the followers of Islam XV. Expansion of Islam A. Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad’s death was the work of early ______who spread the word through pilgrimages B. Between 633 and 637, Muslims took control of Byzantine Syria and Palestine and seized most of ______from the Sassanids C. During the 640s Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North ______D. By 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and ______E. By 718, Muslims controlled Hindu India, northwestern Africa, and the Iberian ______F. Muslims allowed conquered people (Christians and Jews) to maintain traditions but paid jizya (_____) XVI. Abbasid Dynasty A. In 750, the Umayyad Dynasty ______after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu al-Abbas, who founded the Abbasid dynasty, the main source of power in dar al-Islam (House of Islam) B. Abbasids were headquartered in ______C. Trade arrangements held the empire ______D. Officials included ulama, religious experts, and qadis, judges; both resolved local disputes and set moral ______XVII. Trade within Eastern Hemisphere A. Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the ______Road (perpetuated by Muslims) B. Classical roads, originally commissioned by India and Persia and revived by Muslims, provided quick and efficient ______through dar al-Islam C. Overland trade was conducted by camel ______D. Caravansaries provided lodging, food, and water for traveling ______and their animals E. Technological advances, such as the compass, the lateen sail, and the astrolabe led to increasing travel in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and ______Ocean F. Abbasids encouraged large-scale trade by reinstituting letter of _____ – sakk (checks) XVIII. The Quran and Women A. The Quran helped and hurt ______B. Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to brides, not ______C. Described women as honorable individuals equal to ___, not property D. Both the Quran and sharia (Islamic ___) emphasized male dominance: descent through the male line, male inheritance, strict control of women by male guardians E. Social customs were influenced by Islamic beliefs: men were permitted to take up to four wives (______), women were veiled in public XIX. Influences on the Dar al-Islam A. Arabic term referring to the “house of Islam”the lands under Islamic ____ B. Persian influences: administrative techniques; ideas of kingship (greatly influenced caliphs); Persian, the language of ______, poetry, history and political thought (for example, The Arabian Nights) C. Indian influences: mathematics, Arabic/Hindi numbers, symbol for ____, algebra, trigonometry, geometry D. Greek influences: philosophy, science, medical writings (especially _____ and Aristotle), Arabic libraries and museums held translated Greek and Roman works XX. Islam in Northern India A. Muslim forces reached _____ by the mid-seventh century B. Muslim merchants reached the northern and southern coasts of India; Islam was spread _____ using connections established through relationships with Arabs and Persians prior to Muhammad C. Migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking people from central ____ D. Mahmud Ghazni, the Turkish leader in Afghanistan, destroyed hundreds of Hindu and ______sites; Buddhism’s decline ironically did not tarnish Islam’s reputation with Indians E. Sultans ruled Punjab to the ______valley from 1206 to 1536 XXI. Sui Dynasty A. After centuries of turmoil following the Han dynasty, the Sui emerged to restore peace and _____ B. Public works included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; most elaborate project was the Grand _____ C. Grand Canal: a series of artificial waterways that ______Hangzhou to Chang’anThe Grand Canal linked north and south economies of China D. 610s: rebellions broke out in northern _____ E. 618: emperor Sui Yandi was assassinated and dynasty ______XXII. T’ang Dynasty A. Ruled ______beginning in 618 C.E. B. Expanded into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and _____ C. By 907, the empire became so large that local warlords gained more and more power, and the T’ang dynasty ______A golden age D. Poetry made the T’ang Dynasty truly _____ E. Also, ____, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain, silk, and transportation systems XXIII. Song Dynasty A. Followed the Tang Dynasty; first emperor, Song Taizu, started policy of distrust of military leaders – focused on civil service ______(based on Confucian philosophy), industry, education, and the arts B. Financial ______faced by the Song: bureaucracy too big C. Military problems: scholar bureaucrats’ limited military experience led Song to military failuresAlso, considered a ______age along with T’ang D. Many advances in ______and arts XXIV. Technological Developments of Tang and Song Dynasties A. Advances were made possible as a result of abundant ____ supplies B. High-quality porcelainMetallurgical technologies: iron and steel were made stronger by using coke instead of _____ to get a higher furnace temperature C. Military advances: ______was ultimately used effectively in military battlesPrinting technology: texts were produced ______, cheaper, and in greater quantities XXV. Neo-Confucianism A. Developed in response to growing popularity of ______B. Combined Confucian beliefs with the writing of Buddhism but civil ______examination continued to be used to staff government positions C. Buddhism was appealing because it offered a tradition of logical ______D. Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200) wrote Family Ritual à stressing appropriate personal behavior and social ______E. Neo-Confucianism is important because it shows the influence that Buddhism had on Chinese society and throughout East ______XXVI. Early Japan A. An agricultural society inspired by T’ang China, instituted a series of reforms to centralize power à Nara was ______as a replica of Chang’an B. Japan fused traditional ______beliefs with Chinese Buddhism and ConfucianismHeian period à power centralized in Fujiwara family C. Women contributed to Japanese ______(Lady Murasaki’s Tale of Genji) D. Decline resulted from a failure of the equal-field system; ____ became concentrated in the hands of a small group of wealthy elite XXVII. Medieval Japan A. ______Kamakura and Muromachi periods B. Characterized by decentralized political power in which regional _____ (daimyo) controlled land and economy (Chinese-style bureaucracy was abandoned) C. Valued military talent and disciplineSamurai (mounted warriors) played an important role in Japanese society à observed _____ (way of the warrior) à emphasized loyalty to the warrior’s lord D. Medieval period ended by Tokugawa dynasty, which centralized power and ______Japan E. European feudalism valued warriors (knights) and way of warrior (______) XXVIII. Frankish Empire A. Franks built a society based on ______in northern region of Europe and oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas B. Clovis (strong political and military leader) led successful campaigns; one campaign finally ______Roman authority in Gaul and established Franks as most powerful and dynamic of new states in western Europe C. Clovis converted to ______and thereby gained the support of Christians from former Roman Empire D. Frankish unification of western Europeans made possible Muslim defeat at ______in 732 XXIX. Carolingian Empire A. High point for the Franks came under ______, who quelled disputes between local leaders when he reclaimed centralized imperial rule B. Charlemagne extended the empire into northeastern Spain, Bavaria, and Italy and as far south as _____ C. Traveled through his empire during _____ of his reign D. Legitimacy of his empire pronounced by the Roman ______Church E. Established a new group of imperial officials in an effort to increase control of ______government; missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”)

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2003 Change Over Time Essay from the World History AP

Describe and analyze the cultural, economic, and political impact of Islam on ONE of the following regions between 1000 C.E. and 1750 C.E. Be sure to discuss continuities as well as changes.

West Africa

South Asia

Europe