Chapter 8
1. Darwin is often considered the father of evolutionary thought. Which of the following terms is/are not part of Darwin’s analysis? a) gene frequencies b) natural selection c) adaptation d) fitness e) none of the above
Answer: A
2. Phenotypic changes are always reflections of genotypic changes.
Answer: F
3. Evolution results from a) mutations. b) natural selection. c) genetic drift. d) gene flow. e) all of the above
Answer: E
4. Tracy’s research on the chuckwalla lizard (Sauromalus obesus) indicated that there was a negative correlation with body size and elevation.
Answer: F
5. The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that a) genotypic changes will result in phenotypic changes. b) phenotypic changes will result in genotypic changes. c) allelic frequencies within a population will not change unless certain conditions are met. d) allelic frequencies within a population will change unless certain conditions are met. e) none of the above
Answer: C
6. Ecotypes are local populations within a species that are genetically and phenotypically distinct due in part to local environmental adaptation. Answer: T
7. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium equation: a) q2 –qp + p2 = 1.0 b) 2pq - q2 – 2p = 1.0 2 c) q –qp2 + p = 1.0 d) p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 e) p2 + pq + q2 = 1.0
Answer: D
8. The transplant experiment conducted on Potentilla glandulosa determined that morphological changes occurred, but no genetic changes occurred within the various experimental populations.
Answer: F
9. All of the following conditions are included in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium principle except: a) no mutation. b) non-random mating. c) large population size. d) no immigration. e) genotypes of equal fitness.
Answer: B
10. DNA sequencing is a molecular process used to study the exact nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
Answer: T
11. In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of a) directional selection. b) disruptive selection. c) stabilizing selection. d) natural selection. e) balanced polymorphism.
Answer: B 12. The combination of genetics and environmental pressures can cause variations in phenotypes. Answer: T
13. Within a population, if the average is selected for and the two opposing extremes are selected against, this is an example of a) directional selection. b) disruptive selection. c) stabilizing selection. d) natural selection. e) balanced polymorphism.
Answer: C
14. The alternate form of gene is called a(n) ______.
Answer: allele
15. In a population of lizards, the average and long length tails are selected against and the short tails are selected for. This is an example of a) directional selection. b) disruptive selection. c) stabilizing selection. d) natural selection. e) balanced polymorphism.
Answer: A
16. Losos, Warheit and Schoener’s research on the brown anole (Anolis sagrei) determined that a) hind limb length positively correlated with perch diameter. b) difference in vegetation between the island of capture and island of release, positively correlated the anoles’ morphological differences. c) the brown anole evolved as evidenced by morphological and genetic changes. d) both hind limb length positively correlated with perch diameter and difference in vegetation between the island of capture and island of release, positively correlated the anoles’ morphological differences. e) hind limb length positively correlated with perch diameter, difference in vegetation between the island of capture and island of release, positively correlated the anoles’ morphological differences, and the brown anole evolved as evidenced by morphological and genetic changes.
Answer: D 17. Research on soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) supports all of the following results except: a) the soapberry bugs underwent developmental changes without genetic changes. b) beak length positively correlated with fruit diameter. c) genetic differences were observed between the populations in study. d) natural selection occurred. e) both the soapberry bugs underwent developmental changes without genetic changes and beak length positively correlated with fruit diameter.
Answer: A
18. Case’s research on the chuckwalla lizard (Sauromalus obesus) indicated that body size is positively correlated with ______.
Answer: rainfall
19. The populations of Chihuahua spruce (Picea chihuahuana) have been fragmented due to changing climatic conditions. This has resulted in a) stabilizing selection. b) large population sizes. c) an increase in genetic diversity within populations. d) genetic drift. e) all of the above
Answer: D
20. Research conducted on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) can be summarized in all of the following statements except: a) inbreeding can contribute to local extinctions. b) smaller meadows can contribute to local extinction. c) a decrease in heterozygosity can contribute to local extinctions. d) increase in predation can contribute to local extinctions. e) none of the above
Answer: D
21. Molecular biology has helped scientists examine the genetics and evolution of different species. Which of the following sequences is correctly ordered? a) restriction fragments, restriction enzymes, PCR, electrophoresis b) PCR, restriction enzymes, restriction fragments, electrophoresis c) restriction enzymes, PCR, electrophoresis, restriction fragments d) PCR, electrophoresis, restriction enzymes, restriction fragments e) electrophoresis, restriction enzymes, PCR, restriction fragments
Answer: B
22. ______are groups of enzymes with the same biochemical function.
Answer: Isozymes
23. Why would a scientist choose to use DNA analysis rather than isozyme analysis when investigating genetic variations? a) smaller sample size can be used for DNA analysis b) repeat sampling over a period of time is possible c) non-injurious to the organism d) non-lethal e) all of the above
Answer: E