Draft Project Terminal Report

Implementing Agency/Agencies): Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Project Title: Adaptation to the effects of Climate Variability and Change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II Project No(s): 00058205/00072197 (ZMB10)

Fiscal Year: 2015 Reporting Period: 10th January 2010 to 30th June 2015 Project Budget (US$) for the Reporting Period:

Original Budget (US$) Latest Signed Revision (US$) Total Budget (US$): 13,599,000.00

Submission Date: 12th August,, 2015 Contact Details (IP) (Insert the following information) : Name of Contact Staff (Full Names): Evaristo Nyanoka Position of Contact Staff: Principal Agricultural Officer LM & CF Address (Physical and Postal): P.O. Box 50291, Lusaka Contact Telephone Number: 0977455032 Contact Email: [email protected] Contact Details (UNDP Program Analyst) (Insert the following Information) : Name of Contact Staff in UNDP (Full Names): Eric Chipeta Position of Contact Staff: Program Analyst Address (Physical and Postal): Lusaka Contact Telephone Number: 0977798656 Contact Email:[email protected]

Table of Contents

9. List of Tables

10. List of Figures

List of Annexes

1. Executive Summary The majority of Zambia’s farmers lack the capacity, resources and financial assistance to overcome worsening climatic conditions. The vulnerability of Zambian communities to climatic hazards as highlighted in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) include drought, flooding, extreme temperatures and prolonged dry spells. These hazards precipitate widespread crop failure, negatively impacting food and water security, and ultimately affecting the sustainability of rural livelihoods. Within the last 20 years, prolonged dry spells and shorter rain seasons have reduced maize yields to only 40% of the long term average. Furthermore, based on the CO2 doubling scenario in these regions, estimates predict a yield reduction of approximately 66% under rain fed conditions. The ability of the agriculture sector in Zambia to cope with increases in temperature and potential reductions in rainfall is negligible. The climate change adaptation project was developed with the view of increasing the resilience of small-scale farmers to the adverse effects of climate change.

At the end of the project, 250 government planners and extension staff were trained in the interpretation of climate information and its application in planning to reduce risks in agriculture activities and make small scale farming more resilient to climate shocks. In terms of Automatic weather Stations (AWSs) as of June 2015 (baseline of zero [0]), eight (8) automatic weather stations were installed and functional with mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall weather indicators measured. Weather data for the 8 sites can be obtained on http://41.72.104.142:8080/livedata/map.jsf. Early warning system needs were assessed and documented for the 8 sites where both modern and indigenous Early Warning (EW) needs were documented.

Maize production has increased from less than 1 ton per hectare to an average of 3 tons per hectare as a result of training and adoption of conservation measures. In terms of the number of small scale farmers practicing soil and water conservation measures to improve productivity, a total of 1083 (581M; 502F) are practicing. The target for this activity was 900. By the end of June 2015, 1500 farmers were trained in crop diversification practices, that is, early maturing, drought tolerant, alternative crop species and seed multiplication. So far, 1306 (645M; 661F) farmers are practicing and have adopted at least 2 or more alternative crops in rotation, for earliness, flood and drought tolerance.

By the end of June 2015, 240 (152M; 88F) farmers were trained in beekeeping practices, beehive making and farming as a business. The training also included baiting beehives using both indigenous and improved methods, usage of beekeeping tools, action to be taken to those not showing interest in beekeeping and in leadership skills. Another 68 farmers (45M; 23F) were trained in fish farming and 20 fish ponds constructed measuring 6000 square meters. Regarding rice growing by December 2014, 473 (297 M; 176F) farmers were trained in rice farming practices in flood-prone areas, that is, paddy rice and upland rice agronomic practices, postharvest technologies and marketing. So far, 150 farmers are practicing rice farming in flood prone and dambo areas with 75 Ha under cultivation

It is evident that the Climate Change Adaptation Project has contributed to the overall adaptive and resilient capacity of the communities in the 8 pilot sites which are prone to high temperatures, frost, flooding and drought. The communities have acquired capacity to apply modern early warning system methods combined with indigenous knowledge to ensure food security is maintained and sustained. The communities have been sensitised and trained on how to combine multiple livelihoods options, which are adaptive to the hazards of climate/ weather. The more than 1,000 households across project sites have shown capacity and willingness to form management committees to ensure project sustainability in and outside the project sites. The likelihood of replicating adaptation measures in other parts of the pilot sites is high considering that the project has built capacity in the district implementation teams through staff trainings, provision of computers, automatic weather stations and vehicles to carry out activities.

During the implementation phase of the project, the following challenges were observed:

a) Community water access still the biggest challenge for the Kasaya, Chongwe, Sioma and Mambwe sites. Construction was not carried out largely due to high activity market cost that was significantly different from the cost estimates that were included in the budget and also technical constraints for suitable sites meant for storm dams, weirs and earth dams;

b) Delayed funding of project activities on time coupled with delayed technical report submission to the project management unit by the districts.

c) Bee keeping at one of the three (3) sub-sites (Kasaya sub-site) was constrained by failure to bait bees and open woodlands with flood plain exposing bees to severe weather conditions.

d) Lack of provision of rice threshing equipment, which is used after cutting rice tillers before milling or polishing rice with rice dehuller.

e) Partial implementation of output 2.3e on additional alternative livelihoods for NTFPs; difficulties with market linkage arrangements for Mongongo nut oil.

f) Few instances of late release of seasonal rainfall forecasts and inadequate information on rain season distribution pattern for timely planning of farming operations.

g) Inadequate animal draft power (ADP) to increase the area under soil and water conservation tillage still remains another main obstacle.

11. Conclusion and Recommendations.

In conclusion the following recommendations could be considered for future programming of similar/follow-up projects:

a) In order to improve weather information dissemination discussions with mobile service providers to provide an SMS service to farmers on either weekly or daily dissemination of weather indicators could be tabled or considered in phase II (if any).

b) Phase II (if any) should address the position of the project M and E officer to ensure consistent M and E reporting formats and data collection tools. c) Any project on disaster risk reduction and climate change should not be less than three (3) implementation year period and could include mitigation measures during the first to second year.

d) On-farm trials would be critical to providing localized climatic conditions to enable easy adaptation of considered interventions.

e) In order to ensure that project activities are sustained beyond the project period all the assets that are in the districts should be retained in those districts and to be used for climate change related activities.

2. Background and Purpose of Climate Change for Adaptation Project.

The project terminal report provides a summary account on project background and purpose of the project, key results achieved to the extent possible and the project’s contribution to national development results and impact. It also outlines key responsible factors for over and under- achievement, challenges, lessons learnt, best agricultural practices and conclusions during implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Project (Adaptation to the effects of Climate Variability and Change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II) at the 8 sites of Kasaya, Lusitu, Kataba, Malombe, Kabeleka, Zalapango, Chikowa and Mundalanga.

The Climate Change Adaptation Project was designed for the purpose of ensuring improved food security through enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of climate change (including variability) in Agro-ecological Regions I and II of Zambia. The keyword in the project is “Adaptation”. The adaptation interventions employed during the period under review, ensure that affected households in the project site receive maximum benefits and resilient to impacts of climate change and climate variability.

The communities in the pilot sites easily understood the concept of climate change and ware able to characterize the observed changes and associated impacts of the phenomenon. The main observed changes to climate were the shortening of the rainy season, rise in temperatures and frequency of extreme weather events such as floods and drought/dry spells. The communities reported several severe impacts associated with climate change in the pilot sites. Key observed impacts were the increase in water stress due to the shortening of the rainy season coupled with rise in temperatures. This has led to competition for limited surface water among people, domestic animals and wildlife in some areas. Attendant impacts of this have been the increase in livestock diseases and introduction of previously unknown animal diseases, increased crop diseases such as cob rot and weevil and rodent infestations. Crop pests such as army worms were also observed in Chongwe, Siavonga and Kazungula in the 2012/13 season. Other observed impacts included increased crop raiding and predation by elephants and birds, invasion of grasshopper swarms in 2008/9 season in Kazungula, siltation and course changes of streams and rivers.

Therefore, Climate Change Adaptation Project was developed with the understanding that climate change and variability will have detrimental effects on Zambia’s agricultural sector beyond the current baseline pressures. In light of the heavy reliance of small-scale farming on rain-fed agriculture, the agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to increasing temperatures and variable precipitation in the coming years. Overall, climate change (the impacts of drought, flooding and increased evapo-transpiration) is likely to have numerous adverse consequences within Zambia including among other things: (i) reduced agricultural productivity (crop and livestock production); (ii) reduced fisheries production (iii) reduced water availability for human consumption (iv) human welfare impacts in urban areas due to increased migration from rural to urban areas; (v) reduced hydro-electric power generation; (vi) human health impacts; and (vii) biodiversity impacts. There are various factors driving Zambia’s overall agricultural performance. These factors include: (i) low levels of investment (ii) land degradation; (iii) limited access to agricultural inputs; and (iv) reduced labour force due to HIV/AIDS.

Overall, the project designed to improve food security in the most vulnerable regions of Zambia, which would in turn contribute towards attaining poverty reduction (SNDP theme “sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction”) and contributing to the Agriculture Sector goal, “to increase and diversify agriculture production and productivity so as to raise the share of its contribution to 20 percent of GDP”. The project also contributed towards attaining MDG 1 (“Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”). The resultant improved nutritional status of Zambians led to better health outcomes, thereby positively affecting MDG 6 (“Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases”). In addition, the project promoted environmental sustainability of all interventions, thus contributing towards MDG 7 (“Ensure environmental sustainability”).

The overarching goal of this project was “to improve food security through enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of climate change (including variability) in Agro-Ecological Region I and II of Zambia”. The objective of the project was “to develop adaptive capacity of subsistence farmers and rural communities to withstand climate change in Zambia”. As a result, the projects’ expected outcomes were:

a. Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels. b. Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change. c. National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector. d. Lessons learned and knowledge management component established.

The project deliberately targeted women who attended trainings, supported with starter packs and hold decision making positions in management committees. The project attained 48% women participation and gender roles were emphasized during the project period.

The project partners included District councils, Zambia Meteorological Department, Programme for Sustainable Rural Development implementing the Citizen Participation in Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC), the Community Based Natural Resources Management Forum (CBNRMF) implementing the Zambia Climate Change Justice Initiative Project, Zambia National Farmers’ Union (ZNFU), Forestry Department and through the Agriculture and Natural Resources subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee. Others were Department of Fisheries, Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI), Zambia Climate Change Network, World Vision and Common Markets for Conservation (COMACO). 12. 13. 1.1 Results Achievement Summary

The project activities that were undertaken during the period 2010 to June 2015 in order to achieve the objectives were:

Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels.

Output 1.1: Number of government planners and private sector trained on climate risk management for improved agricultural productivity.

1) The target was to train 250 government and extension staff to routinely include climate risk information in their decision making processes. At the end of the project, 250 government planners and extension staff were trained in the interpretation of climate information and its application in planning to reduce risks in agriculture activities and make small scale farming more resilient to climate shocks. The training included application of climate information in the agriculture systems and interpreting the seasonal weather forecast and seasonal agriculture calendar in terms of time of planting, choosing the variety of seed to be planted, flood probability and probability of animal disease outbreaks. The trainers then trained 1218 farmers in the application of climate information such as planning of the appropriate techniques for adaptation, use of the right crop varieties to suit extreme weather conditions (floods or drought) or adopt other alternative livelihoods. The trained farmers have since used the acquired skills appropriately in choosing seed varieties, the time and where to plant. For example in flood prone areas, farmers planted rice as opposed to the traditional maize crop. Other crops that could withstand dry conditions were also introduced such as cassava, sorghum, cowpeas and obatampa maize. In addition farmers have been sensitized not to start bush fires when the area is experiencing strong prevailing winds and the relative humidity is low. This has contributed to a reduction in bush fires which in turn has contributed to better forest management practices which is essential for promoting beekeeping. Farmers have also been sensitized on how to protect their crops against frost when this is predicted.

2) By the end of June 2015 (baseline of zero [0]) eight (8) automatic weather stations were installed and functional with mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall weather indicators measured. 3) Weather data for the 8 sites can be obtained on http://41.72.104.142:8080/livedata/map.jsf.

Output 1.2: Effective EWS(s) developed to enhance preparedness and reduce climate- related risks.

At the end of June 2015, early warning system needs were assessed and documented for the 8 sites where both modern and indigenous EW needs were documented. It was indicated that each community has an array of early warning indicators and well-developed structures through which the wisdom shared by elderly community members is applied to deal quickly and efficiently with risks and extremes of weather vagaries. The structures include traditional, community based organizations and the Government.

Climate is closely linked to sustainability of community livelihoods and lives. Extreme climate variability such as high temperatures, frost, floods and droughts often have far reaching environmental, health and socio-economic impacts in many of these communities. To counter this trend, there is need to have in place efficient and realistic climate risk reduction strategies, including availability of effective indigenous and modern early warning systems to enhance the planning efforts to:

a) Reduce the negative impacts; b) Take full advantage of positive impacts; c) Help in adaptation to climate change.

Local communities through accumulated indigenous knowledge gained from generation to generation, knew:

a) Patterns of weather; b) How and when local natural disasters occurred; c) When they were likely to recur; d) How to plan to cope with their impacts on the natural environment, livelihoods, and lives; e) These communities have used indigenous knowledge for critical knowledge base and survival tool for adapting to extreme climate events and other natural hazards; f) They have developed techniques and strategies for forecasting, and managing climate variability including coping mechanisms to respond to both normal and harsh conditions of their local environments.

This forecasting depends on observation of the natural environment including:

a) Flora; b) Fauna; c) Stars and moon.

The modern early warning system on the other hand, uses the knowledge of the physics of the atmosphere to predict the most probable future weather/ climate scenario. The two knowledge bases, indigenous and modern climate science are very different but both try to solve the same problems.

There is therefore need to integrate indigenous and modern early warning system strategies for better climate information, in order to provide the local communities with new tools for coping with the current climate extremes, be able to adapt to future climate changes, and for greater impacts.

1. Indigenous indicators for Early Warning System

Indigenous knowledge and traditional methods of predicting weather/ climate were discussed with farmers in the 8 pilot sites and the following were the gathered indicators from the community:

a) Changes in wind direction especially north westerly indicate likelihood of good rains; b) Persistence easterlies are associated with dry conditions; c) Extreme high temperatures indicate more rains but associated with severe thunderstorms; d) More ants after harvest indicate hunger for the next season; e) Mopani tree having more flowers was an indication of less rainfall; f) Appearance of some birds like swallows signifies commencement of the rain season. Delayed appearance signifies late start of the season; g) More baby boys born means more rains and vice versa; h) Singing of some birds associated with rains in the afternoon; i) Quantity of wild fruits (More- more rains) though these differed from one locality to the other; j) Heavy bearing of flowers for the following trees (Kigelia africaan: Sausage tree) and Mubula tree (Parinari curatellifolia: Coke tree, Hissing tree, Fever tree) is an indication of less rainfall.

These methods have been found to be useful for early warning at local level. Documentation of these methods and indicators has to be enhanced though the communities are using them for early warning.

2. Modern Early Warning Indicators: Weather information interpretation

Seasonal rainfall forecasts were given to farmers and translated in the local languages to give an indication of the likely start of the effective rains and how this could affect crop production after taking into account soil type and land preparation method. For example in Kazungula, Senanga and Sioma farmers were informed that frost occurrence was characterized by evening haze-smoke in valleys with winds coming from west/south side. Measures to address frost included fencing of small gardens, watering in the early morning hours before dawn, covering with grass and putting fire in coldest places around 04 to 06 hours (early morning).

Early warning and disaster risk terminologies were discussed and other topics such as: -

a) Start of the season b) End of the season c) Duration of the season d) Drought/flood information e) Rainfall prediction f) Planting time g) Weather /climate forecasting h) Weather/climate recording i) Climate change information

The various coping and adaptation methods in place in the communities included: -

a) Gardening b) Bee keg c) Goat keeping d) Wild fruit cropping e) Charcoal burning f) Timber cutting g) Early planting h) Crop diversification i) Conservation agriculture (minimum tillage, crop rotation and crop residue retention) j) Applying animal manure k) Grass cutting for fodder

3. Summary of indicators

Comparison Indigenous EWS Modern EWS How communicated Oral, secretive Written How taught Observation, experience Lectures, theories How explained Spiritual and social Theory, “value free”

No. Indicator Forecast 1 Birds – Swallows by December Signifying start of the season and a lot of rains during the season 2 Ants in the field during the growing Hunger season 3 North-westerly winds from October and Signs of rains during rainy season 4 Dew point on the ground No rains 5 Fog lifting up Rains later in the afternoon 6 Presence of spider webs Heavy flooding 7 Presence of a lot of wild fruits Expected drought and hunger 8 Below normal rainfall Frost expected in winter 9 Red skies when the sun is setting Cold weather at night 10 A lot of mosquitoes during summer Rains expected October to December 11 When Mopani tree flowers A lot of rains expected 12 Red ants experienced A lot of rains expected 13 Millipedes Rains expected 14 Small red frogs crocking Rains expected 15 Persistent cold air from October – Erratic rains and delayed start of the November season 16 Persistent southern winds Little rainfall 17 A lot wild rats Little rains

Output 1.3: Economic impact assessment on the adaptation value of climate risk information to protect agricultural incomes from climate change effects.

A socio-economic survey was conducted on the impacts of adaptation measures being undertaken to protect agricultural incomes from climate change effects (Economic impact assessment on the adaptation value of climate risk information to protect agricultural incomes from climate change effects 2015). It was observed that the Project has had a positive impact in diversifying livelihoods away from rainfall based crop patterns. The promotion of bee keeping has had a positive impact on household revenue for the participating households. The value of crop production was ranked and compared to mean revenue from bee-keeping 1. This household value of production was compared to the average revenue from bee-keeping for bee keeping households. Bee keeping was ranked 5th out of the 13 crops included in the analysis. The income potential from bee keeping was even higher than the income from crops. The highest earning bee keeping household had annual revenue of K3,700 (US$475) compared to revenue of K2,529 (US$ 325) from maize production. Bee keeping is a low input activity and the gross margins are even higher when the cost of production is taken into account.

Regarding small livestock (goat rearing) the mean number of goats kept per household during the project period had increased to 7. With sustainable management this was able to give households an average offtake rate of 10 animals per year. This will generate average household revenue in excess of K1,500 (US$ 200) per year. The production of goat milk was an additional benefit that can potentially increase household nutrition. The inclusion of additional household livelihood activities such as bee keeping and goat rearing had resulted in increased resilience by households as demonstrated by the increased incomes ranking among bee keeping and goat rearing households. The cycle of household resilience has also been increased due to the adoption of improved practices such as rotation with legumes. The report concluded that In general livelihood adaptation projects tend to have long term benefits that are not easily measured in the short run. Adaptation often required sustained extension efforts over a medium to long term period. As a proxy, indicators such as the adoption of bee keeping and goat rearing under the CCAP had been used to measure the trend in household adaptation to new livelihood patterns. The most significant impact of the project had been in the promotion of the cultivation of legumes, specifically groundnuts and cowpeas. The rotation of crops with legumes was one of the key pillars of Conservation Agriculture. As a result, the cultivation of legume crops such as groundnuts and cowpeas could be taken as a proxy indicator of households adopting improved practices. This had resulted in an improvement in the diversification index scores for most of the project districts. The improved diversification score meant that households had widened their livelihood base away from a single source. During periods of stress such as drought or flooding, households with a wider livelihood base were more likely to better mitigate the impact of the shock.

1 Bee keeping activities were introduced in the project areas primarily by the CCAP The report further indicated that adoption of new technologies takes time, especially among smallholder rural agricultural households, it was important that mitigation and adaptation measures continued to focus on improving agricultural practices among smallholder farmers.

Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change.

Output 2.1: Techniques for soil and water conservation as well as soil improvement implemented to reduce erosion and improve the productivity of small-scale farmers.

1) The target of an increase in agricultural incomes of 10% was achieved by most small scale farmers and in some cases exceeded. According to crop surveys done by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Policy and Planning department, there has been increase in the production of all crops that have been promoted by the project using conservation agriculture. For example maize production has increased from less than 1 ton per hectare to an average of 3 tons per hectare. The average number of family members per household is 6 and in terms of food security only 1 ton is needed per household per year. The remaining 2 tons is sold for cash at equivalent of US$ 360. For the small scale farmers in the project sites, the income from maize production was zero (0); with the practicing of conservation farming the income has been over US$ 350 in 2014 translating to an income of over 100%. The increase in income has contributed to communities paying for their children’s education, apart from meeting other social amenities such as making improvements to their houses and buying agricultural inputs. The social status for women in particular has increased as a result of the increase in oncome. For example, before the project, women were discriminated against signing up for agricultural input grants as they had limited confidence to put up their cases as women who would be capable of signing for the grants and be able to effectively use it to improve their productivity. The affirmative action by the project promoted women participation that has contributed to women building their confidence and able to apply themselves better in the development activities in their communities.

In terms of the number of small scale farmers practicing soil and water conservation measures to improve productivity, a total of 1083 (581M; 502F) are practicing. The target for this activity was 900. The conservation agriculture principles and practices being practiced are minimum tillage, crop rotation and crop residue retention. Management committees comprising 80 members were formed and trained for each site (1 committee per site) to foresee conservation agriculture and crop diversification activities during and after the end of the project.

Output 2.2: Crop diversification practices promoted to improve the resilience of farmers to drought.

1) By the end of June 2015, 1500 farmers were trained in crop diversification practices, that is, early maturing, drought tolerant, alternative crop species and seed multiplication. So far, 1306 (645M; 661F) farmers are practicing and have adopted at least 2 or more alternative crops in rotation, for earliness, flood and drought tolerance. 2) Also, at the end of June 2015, a total of 423 (208M; 215F) seed growers were trained in the production and marketing of drought resistant seed locally. So far 150 farmers were practicing seed production. In Kazungula the farmers went ahead to form and register a local seed growers cooperative (namely, Kazungula Seed Growers Cooperative Society Limited) comprising 25 seed growers (10 female and 15 males). The seed growers are practicing seed multiplication of 2 or more alternative crops and thereby making improved and certified seed locally available and accessible at competitive prices. 3) At the end of December 2014, income levels from crop diversification coupled with improved soil and water conservation through conservation agriculture have been increasing significantly for crops such as rice. The income levels from rice increased from zero in 2012 to K9,000 (US$1,630.43 @ K5.52 per US$1) in 2013, then further increased from K9,000 in 2013 to K23,850 (US$3,758.28 @ K6.346 per US$1 and @K9/kg polished rice grain) per hectare in 2014 compared to maize grain valued at K4,480 (US$705.96 @ K6.346 per US$1) in 2014 (@ K1.4/kg maize grain) and valued at K3,900 (US$706.52 @ K5.52 per US$1) in 2013 (@ K1.3/kg maize grain). 4) Additionally farm households that have also engaged themselves in local seed multiplication, have gained extra income from various seed crops 5) Eight (8) management committees of 80 farmers were formed and trained to foresee crop diversification and conservation agriculture activities during and after end of project.

Output 2.3: Alternative livelihoods tested for their ability to diversify livelihoods away from maize production.

Output 2.3a: Bee keeping tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.

1) By end of June 2015, 240 (152M; 88F) farmers were trained in beekeeping practices, beehive making and farming as a business. The training also included baiting beehives using both indigenous and improved methods, usage of beekeeping tools, action to be taken to those not showing interest in beekeeping and leadership. 2) All the 240 farmers have been equipped with 5 top-bar beehives each bringing the number of beehives to 1200. Four (4) bee keeping farmer management groups have been formed and equipped with beehive making tools. 3) At the end of June 2015, the Kasaya site in Kazungula formed and registered the NASIKA Beekeeping Cooperative Society Limited with a board of directors in place. 4) The average yield per beehive is at least 20 litres and 100 litres per 5 beehives. In Chongwe, the price of liquid honey is K45 per litre This has increased household income by K4,500.00 (US$576) per harvest per 5 beehives. The beekeepers are also engaged in other agricultural income activities such as rearing goats and growing of different crops.

2.3b. Fish farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.

By the end of June 2015, 68 farmers (45M; 23F) were trained in fish farming and 20 fish ponds constructed measuring 6000 square meters. These were stocked with red breasted, three spotted and green headed breams. Yields from the ponds was an average of 18 Kg per harvest bringing the total harvest to 36 Kgs per pond per year. This has improved household income and nutrition for the practicing farmers.

Output 2.3c: Rice farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.

1. By end of December 2014, 473 (297 M; 176F) farmers were trained in rice farming practices in flood-prone areas, that is, paddy rice and upland rice agronomic practices, postharvest technologies and marketing. So far, 150 farmers are practicing rice farming in flood prone and dambo areas with 75 Ha under cultivation by end of December 2014 2. At the end of June 2015, the Kazungula rice farmers formed and registered the Sikaunzwe Rice Growers Association with ten (10) executive management committee members. Output 2.3d: Goat farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.

1) By end of June 2015, 621 (325M; 296F) farmers were trained in goat rearing practices and improved goat structures and provided with 2 female goats each. Male goats were provided and used on a rotational basis. 2) At end of June 2015, there are now 981 goats from an initial stock of 346 goats. 3) The average price per mature goat is K250 for male and K150 for a female. The total value of goats as at end of June 2015 taking an average price of K200 per goat is K196,200 (US$25,154) 4) The goat farmers by the end of 2014 had formed five (5) management committees with by- laws to govern the committees. Each site doing goat rearing formed a committee (ie. Kazungula, Chongwe, Luangwa, Mambwe and Chama).

Output 2.4. Community-based water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed to test their ability to raise agricultural productivity.

At Mid term review it was indicated that the funds available could not be sufficient to construct water infrastructure (dams and weirs) as planned. Resulting from this, only one dam was built in Siavonga benefitting a total of 308 households. The dam is being used for gardening and livestock production. An irrigation scheme was also developed using water from shallow wells with solar pumps. A total of 40 (28M; 12F) farmers have benefitted from this undertaking with 4 hectares under irrigation. The dam management committee and the irrigation management committee are in place.

Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector.

Output 3.1: Awareness of climate change risks and to the economic value of adaptation responses raised among policy- and decision-makers.

1) With the support of the project climate resilient agriculture has been integrated in the revised agriculture policy, climate change policy, revised forest policy and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Strategy. The reviewed policies include: promoting awareness on climate change adaptation and mitigation; promoting and strengthening agricultural production methods that are resilient to climate change ; promoting environmentally friendly and climate smart farming systems; promoting weather based insurance schemes especially among small holder farmers; strengthening the capacity at local, sub-national and national levels on early warning system through trainings; establishment of the national call centre and development of a country wide information management system. The policy also proposes to build capacity at all levels to carry out climate change risk assessments through trainings of stakeholders in climate change risk assessments. Regarding the climate change and forest policies and the REDD strategy, sustainable agriculture is being promoted as a strategy for reducing climate change shocks on farming systems and also for reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable forest management. 2) iFarming information contained on Zedupad educational tablets from iSchool have been provided to all pilot sites to enhance adaptation options knowledge sharing among community members in all seven (7) main local languages and English language. The information has formed the extension package for dissemination to farmers resulting in more awareness on climate change issues and adaptation measures.

Output 3.2: National policy dialogues conducted to discuss project findings in relation to cost-effectiveness of piloted adapted options. 1) By end of June 2015, 4 provincial and 8 district policy dialogues were conducted after which a policy brief was developed. The policy brief has since been submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock for consideration. This information from the dialogues has built the capacity of the Provincial and District Development Coordinating Committees ( PDCC and DDCC) to facilitate coordinated and climate-resilient development planning at provincial and district levels.

Output 3.3: Policies that require adjustments to promote adaptation identified and reviewed.

Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established.

Output 4.1: Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated.

1) By end of June 2015, the project had hosted three (3) Regional Missions on climate change and project lessons learnt information was shared. One international workshop on community based adaptation was also attended where lessons were shared. 2) By end of 2014, the project identified, documented and disseminated sixteen (16) lessons learnt and ten (10) good practices on adaptation measures employed. 3) In order to disseminate project information on how the community is applying adaptive measures that would ensure their resilience to the effects of climate change and variability, the National Agricultural Information Services disseminated project information through ten (10) field days (rice farming/seed multiplication/crop diversification), five (5) feature stories, five (5) success stories, three (3) news articles to ZNBC, community video show on the project documentary and local community radio stations. 4) During the period under review the project disseminated project information in conjunction with other partners on the 14 series radio programme on community radio stations. 5) The project also facilitated a two-day workshop on “climate change and adaptation issues” on behalf of PSRD’s Citizens’ Participation in Adaptation Climate Change (CPACC Project – funded by Oxfam) among various stakeholders mostly community leaders from Kasaya site. The major topical issues were gender and climate; deforestation; climate change variability; and climate change adaptation. The number of participants was 30 (10 females and 20 males).

The strategies/project interventions so far undertaken will contribute to national food security and the government’s policy of diversification such as beekeeping, goat rearing and cultivation of rice and industrial crops such as sorghum and sunflower meant for the processing industry, which can contribute to job creation and uplift standard of living among rural people. The interventions will also contribute to the country’s 2030 vision of a prosperous middle-income nation. During the period under review, the project achieved 48% women participation in trainings, project input provision and management committees. Gender and HIV/AIDS were mainstreamed and farmers were sensitised on the need to talk about gender issues and HIV/AIDS at household level.

In conclusion, the Climate Change Adaptation Project as attested by beneficiaries has brought about changes in the way beneficiaries perceive agricultural practices for their maximum benefits. The early warning system is still the main planning and adaptation strategy for climate change and hence the main focal area of capacity building for Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock staff members and farmers. l) Summary of Achievements and Non-achievements of Planned Results/Implementation

Table 1: Achievements and Non-achievements against planned results/implementation Project Specific Outputs and Results Output Output Indicator(s) Bas Target Results attained Reasons for elin achievement/ non- e achievement/ below target Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels Output 1.1: Institutional capacity to support climate risk management in the agric sector at the national, district, village level developed ZMD staff trained to No. of ZMD staff trained 0 2 staff All ZMD two (2) staff in Livingstone able to provide Staff commitment and good provide short-term & staff downscaled forecasts cooperation by the ZMD seasonal forecasts Extension staff & No. of staff trained 0 250 staff All 250 staff trained Staff commitment and good Agriculture and natural staff cooperation by the ZMD resources subcommittee members trained on access, application & interpretation of forecasts for planning Farmers trained on No. of farmers trained NO 250 farmers 1218 farmers (656 females & 562 males) trained Staff commitment and good access, application & farm cooperation by the MAL interpretation of forecasts ers for planning Local weather station No. of automatic weather NO 8 AWS 8 AWS installed and functional UNDP provision of financial installed stations (AWS) weat assistance to ZMD her Output 1.2: Effective EWS(s) developed to enhance preparedness and reduce climate-related risks EWS needs assessed and Number assessed & NO 1 needs assessment Needs assessed & documented Staff commitment and good documented documented asse and documentation cooperation by the MAL ssm and ZMD ent & doc ume ntati on Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change Output 2.1: Techniques for soil and water conservation as well as soil improvement implemented to reduce erosion and improve the productivity of small-scale farmers Farmers trained on soil No. farmers trained 0 900 farmers 1083 farmers (502 females and 581 males) trained Good farmer cooperation and water conservation farm and increasing extension techniques ers staff knowledge on soil and water conservation Agricultural extension No. of extension workers 8 8 extension workers All 8 extension workers trained Cooperation with FISRI workers trained on soil trained exte and CASU project on and water conservation nsio conservation & UNDP n provision of funds for staff work training ers Farmers adopted soil and No. of farmers 0 900 farmers 1083 farmers adopted soil and water conservation Good farmer cooperation water conservation farm techniques and increasing extension techniques ers staff knowledge on soil and water conservation

Soil and water No. of management NO 8 management 8 management committees of 80 farmers formed and Good farmer cooperation management committees committees man committees trained and increasing extension formed and trained age staff knowledge on soil and men water conservation t com mitt ees Percentage increase in Percent increase in K1,3 10% 100% increase in maize income Good farmer cooperation agricultural incomes agricultural incomes (maize) 00/h and increasing extension (maize) ecta staff knowledge on soil and re water conservation maiz e (in 201 2) Output 2.2: Crop diversification practices promoted to improve the resilience of farmers to drought Farmers trained on crop No. of farmers trained 0 1000 farmers 1306 farmers (661 females and 645 males) trained Good farmer cooperation diversification farm and increasing extension ers staff knowledge on crop diversification Farm trials undertaken No. of farm trials NO 16 farm trials NO farm trials undertaken Lack of involvement of farm ZARI due to time factor; trials delayed project implementation Farmers trained on seed No. of farmers trained NO 300 farmers 423 farmers (215 females & 208 males) trained Failure by small-scale production farm farmers to adhere to QDS ers seed regulations and train mistrust by fellow farmers ed on locally produced seed Crop diversification No. of management NO 8 management 8 management committees of 80 farmers. Good farmer cooperation management committees committees man committees and increasing extension formed and trained age staff knowledge on crop men diversification t com mitt ees Seed production No. of management NO 1 management 1 seed growers cooperative registered Good farmer cooperation management committee committees man committee and increasing extension age staff knowledge on crop men diversification t com mitt ees Percentage increase in Percent increase in 0% 10% >100% increase in rice income Good farmer cooperation agricultural incomes (rice) agricultural incomes (rice) and increasing extension staff knowledge on crop diversification Output 2.3: Alternative livelihoods tested for their ability to diversify livelihoods away from maize production Output 2.3a: Bee keeping tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production Farmers trained on bee No. of beekeepers trained NO 220 beekeepers 240 farmers (88 females & 152 males) trained Good farmer cooperation keeping farm and increasing extension ers staff knowledge on bee train keeping ed Beehives made from No. of beehives NO 880 beehives 1200 beehives made and given to 240 beekeepers (88 Pass-on of hives being sustainable sources sust females & 152 males) done to increase the aina number of beneficiaries. ble Farmers have been linked bee to Zambia Honey Council hive for improved quality and s market linkages. Bee keeping management No. of management NO 3 management 4 management committees formed and trained. Good farmer cooperation groups established committees man committee 1 beekeeping cooperative registered and increasing extension age staff knowledge on bee men keeping t com mitt ees Percentage increase in Percent increase in 0% 10% 100% increase in honey income Improved management in agricultural incomes agricultural incomes (honey) bee keeping practices (honey) Output 2.3c: Rice farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production Farmers trained on rice No of farmers trained 0 300 farmers 473 farmers (176 females & 297 males) trained Good farmer cooperation production, processing & farm and increasing extension marketing ers staff knowledge on rice production, processing and marketing Equip rice farmers with No. of rice mills NO 2 rice mill 4 rice mills procured and installed in 4 project sites. Mills Community contribution to processing equipment rice functional with rice mill structure rice mill structure and mill provision of funds for materials and rice mill Rice management groups No. of management groups NO 2 management 4 rice management groups formed. Rice growers good established man committee 1 rice growers association registered with two (2) sub- cooperation and age committees commitment men t com mitt ees Percentage increase in Percent increase in 0% 10% 100% increase in rice income Increasing knowledge on agricultural incomes (rice) agricultural incomes (rice) rice production skills Output 2.3e: Additional Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production Identified suitable NTFPs No. of NTFPs 1 3 NTFPs Mushroom production done in Chongwe and Luangwa. NTF P Feasibility assessments No. of assessments zero 3 feasibility NO assessments done on extraction methods assessments undertaken Community members No. of community members zero 100 community 50 community members trained in mushroom growing trained on NTFP for use trained members NTFPs management No. of management groups NO 5 NTFPs NO committees formed groups established man management age committees Delayed project men commencement and re- t prioritised outputs com mitt ees Market linkages No. of market linkages zero 2 market sources No market linkages established Potential to access carbon No. of carbon finance zero One assessment NO report finance assessed assessed report to access carbon finance Percentage increase in Percent increase in 0% 10% 0% agricultural incomes agricultural incomes (NTFPs) (NTFPs) Output 2.3f: Goat farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production Farmers trained on goat No. of farmers trained 0 120 farmers 621 farmers trained Farmer-to-farmer extension farming and farm approach through pass-on- entrepreneurship skills ers the gift system to provide capacity to remaining farmers Goats distributed to No. of goats 0 240 goats 346 goats distributed by 2013 & increased to 981 goats Pass-on system approach farmers goat by June 2015 to provide goats to other s farmers. Goat management groups No. of management groups NO 4 management 4 management committees established with written by- Good farmer cooperation established man committees laws and commitment to ensure age project sustainability of men activities t com mitt ees Goats passed-on-system Pass-on-system report NO 1 pass-on-system 1 pass-on-system guide developed & each initial Community commitment established pass guide recipient passed on one pregnant female goat and project sustainability -on- syst em Percentage increase in Percent increase in 0% 10% 60% increase in agricultural incomes (goats) Increasing knowledge on agricultural incomes agricultural incomes (goats) goat production and health (goats) management Output 2.4: Community-based water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed to test their ability to raise agricultural productivity Output 2.4a Community-level, multipurpose dams in Kasaya, Sioma, Zalapango and Kabeleka constructed and irrigation systems tested for their ability to improve agricultural productivity Dam management No. of management NO 4 dam management 1 management committee established for siankapu Delayed project committees established committees man committees dam in Siavonga implementation, high cost age of irrigation construction men and poor site suitability. As t a result the MTE com recommended to develop mitt only 1 dam that could be ees financed with the available Dam management No. of dam committees NO 4 dam management 1 dam management trained funds. committees trained trained man committee of 10 age members men t com mitt ees train ed Farmers trained on water No. of farmers trained 50 250 farmers NO farmers trained management, irrigation farm techniques, water ers extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production & use communal water resources Dams constructed No. of dams constructed NO 4 dams 1 dam constructed dam Extent of area under Area under irrigation 0 81 hectares 4 hectares irrigation hect ares Percentage increase in Percent increase in 2% 10% 0% agricultural incomes agricultural incomes Output 2.4c: A community-level storm water dam in Kasaya constructed and irrigation system tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity Storm water dam No. of management NO 1 dam management NO committee established Delayed project management committees committees man committee implementation, high cost established age of irrigation construction men and poor site suitability t com (Farmers at Kasaya mitt Primary School utilising ees water from pond dug by Storm water dam No. of committees trained NO 1 dam management NO committee trained road contractor) management committees man committee of 10 trained age members men t com mitt ees train ed Farmers trained on water No. of farmers trained 0 150 farmers NO farmers trained management, irrigation farm techniques, water ers extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production & use communal water resources Storm water dams No. of storm water dams NO 6 storm water dams NO storm water dams constructed constructed constructed stor m wate r dam s Extent of area under Area under irrigation 5 28 hectares 0 hectares irrigation hect ares Percentage increase in Percent increase in 2% 10% 0% agricultural incomes agricultural incomes Output 2.4e: A community-level weir in Kasaya constructed and irrigation system tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity Weir management No. of management NO 1 dam management NO committee established Delayed project committees established committees man committee implementation, high cost age of irrigation construction men and poor site suitability t com mitt ees Weir management No. of committees trained NO 1 dam management NO committee trained committees trained man committee of 10 age members men t com mitt ees train ed Farmers trained on water No. of farmers trained 40 200 farmers NO farmers trained management, irrigation farm techniques, water ers extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production & use communal water resources Storm water dams No. of storm water dams NO 3 weirs NO weirs constructed constructed constructed stor m wate r dam s Extent of area under Area under irrigation 8 39 hectares 0 hectares irrigation hect ares Percentage increase in Percent increase in 2% 10% 0% agricultural incomes agricultural incomes Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector Output 3.1: Awareness of climate change risks and to the economic value of adaptation responses raised among policy- and decision-makers Functional climate No. of centres NO 8 centres of 8 centres established Good community resource and support reso excellence cooperation and centre urce commitment to provision of and bricks, building sand and sup river sand port cent re

Output 3.2: National policy dialogues conducted to discuss project findings in relation to cost-effectiveness of piloted adapted options Meetings conducted for No. of meetings conducted NO 8 district and 4 Conducted 8 district dialogues and 4 provincial Good cooperation from DDCC members to enable ade provincial dialogues stakeholders and other coordinated and climate- quat stakeholders are tapping resilient development e into knowledge acquired planning in the vulnerable coor from CCAP implementation communities dina tion Output 3.3: Policies that require adjustments to promote adaptation identified and reviewed Sectoral plans that No. of plans NO 2 provincial plans Revised the Agriculture policy, developed the climate Revision done in promote or impede the plan and district plans and change policy, revised the forest policy and the REDD consultation withother key resilience of communities s 5 key national strategy. stakeholders in the sector within AER I & II to excl policies 1 district plan revised to include CC climate change analysed usiv At district level revision was ely done through regular and addr special DDCC meetings essi called upon by the ng Chairpersons. clim ate cha nge Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established Output 4.1: Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated Regional and national No. of regional workshops NO 1 regional workshop Hosted 3 regional missions on adaptation in 2013 and Success stories from the workshops conducted for hosted regi 2015 sites interventions such as dissemination of project onal rice farming, seed lessons miss production and goat pass- ions on system Radio and television No. of radio and television NO 10 field days 10 field days, 5 feature stories, 5 success stories, 3 Committed NAIS officers to programmes developed to programmes syst 5 feature stories radio & TV news articles and document and disseminate convey project lessons ema 5 success stories 2 documentaries done project lessons learnt and tic 3 radio & TV news kno articles wled 2 documentaries ge tran sfer on clim ate cha nge ada ptati on Lessons learnt captured No. of lessons learnt NO 20 key project 16 lessons learnt captured. good agricultural practices and disseminated captured syst lessons learnt (GAPs) ema tic kno wled ge tran sfer on clim ate cha nge ada ptati on

Table 2. Project outcomes and progress made Goal: To improve food security through enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of climate change (including variability) in AER I and II of Zambia Performance 2010 baseline 2015 End of Project target 2015 End of project status Terminal Evaluation Rating Indicator comments Outcome 1 Number of At present, climate risk By the end of the project, 250 250 government planners and This outcome has been Satisfactory Climate change risks integrated into government information is not included in government planners and extension staff using rainfall achieved as all the targeted critical decision-making processes for planners and decision-making processes extension staff trained to forecasting information in their government planners have agricultural management at the local, sub- extension staff routinely include climate risk decision-making processes and in been trained in interpretation national and national levels that include information in their decision- turn training farmers in the use of of climate information climate risk making processes the same thereby contributing to information in stregthening of the EWS at their decision community level and making processes effective application of the information Number of Farmers not using climate 250 farmers 1218 (656 female and 562 male) This outcome has been Satisfactory farmers using forecasting information for farmers using climate forecast achieved as 1218 farmers are climate agricultural production information to choose seed now using climate forecast forecasting purposes varieties, time to plant, frost information to plan for their information for prevention, where to plant and farming activities resulting agricultural production of 2 crops in one in improved yields and food production season as was the case in security at household level purposes Kazungula in the 2013/14 season. Farmers are also using the information to select the type of crops to plant such as the early maturing varieties and planting two crops concurrently on the same price of land. Depending on the forecasts, farmers are now able to avoid growing certain crops in places where floods occur when more rain is predicted such as in mambwe district Number of 0 AWSs 8 AWS installed and 8 AWSs installed and functional. The targeted AWSs have Satisfactory Automatic functioning ZMD in Livingstone using local been installed and Weather stations weather information to advise transmitting data to the to provide local farmers on agricultural production central server at ZMD. At level climatic e.g. frost damage prevention the local level weather and weather forecasts are being used to information for advise farmers on agricultural agricultural production e.g production frost damage prevention Number of EWS Zambia’s national disaster 1 assessment with 1000 1 Needs assessment done 1000 farmers using a Satisfactory needs assessed Management Policy identifies farmers using the information (including addressing the combination of modern and and documented gaps affecting its functionality identified gaps) and documented. indigenous EWS to plan and number of and measures that need to be 1000 farmers are using indigenous their agricultural season and farmers using the undertaken to improve disaster and modern EWS for agricultural protect their incomes against Indigenous and risk reduction production purposes to protect extreme weather events modern EWS for their incomes against effects of agricultural extreme weather events. production Outcome 2. Number of At present, although there are a 900 farmers 1083 (502 F; 581M) farmers using In the pilot sites farmers Satisfactory Agricultural Productivity in the pilot sites interventions number of measures that the soil and water conservation have been using the soil and made resilient to the anticipated impacts of implemented government and other donors techniques increased maize crop water conservation climate change with appropriate are implementing, these do not productivity from 1 ton/ha to technique to improve their management take into account climate 3tons/ha. productivity. Maize yileds (including cost change, neither are they have increased to an average recovery) plans mentioned for their adaptation 100% increase in income for of 3tons/ha from an average in place agreed value farmers using soil and water of 1ton/ha. Lean months of by all conservation techniques. food scarcity have been stakeholders for reduced from 6 months to 1 sustainability 48% of women involved in climate month and in some cases to beyond the resilient agricultural production zero. Women participation in project period. practices. project activities has risen to 48% and this has contributed Percent increase Lean months (months without to food security as most in agricultural food) have been reduced from 6 in women are concerned with incomes resulting some instances to 1 and in some the issue of food security. from climate cases to zero. resilient agricultural practices implemented.

Number pf women involved in climate resilient agricultural production practices. Number of soil 0 committees 8 committees with 1 ton/ha 8 management committees of 80 The committee has provided Satisfactory and water maize yield farmers using soil and water the necessary platform as management conservation techniques have lead farmers in encouraging committees improved maize yield from 1t/ha other farmers. This has formed using soil to 3t/ha resulted in improved yields. and water conservation techniques knowledge to improve agricultural productivity of their fields and those of other farmers Percent increase 0 farmers 1000 farmers 1306 (661 F; 645M) farmers with The introduction of Satisfactory in output and more than 100% yield increases in diversified crops has productivity of diversified crops and alternative improved food security and all crops livelihoods. resilience of the local introduced by the communities to the adverse project and effects of climate change livelihood activities as registered by crop yield forecasts Number of farm 0 farm trials 16 farm trials 0 trials Despite trials not being Moderately satisfactory trials undertaken However, lead farmer models have undertaken, lead farmers to pilot crop been used to address this issue for were used as models to diversification crops such as rice, legumes and showcase technology vegetables transfer. This was enhanced with field days where lessons were shared and technology uptake by other farmers took place. Farmer to farmer trainings also improved technology uptake Number of 0 farmers 300 farmers 423 farmers (215F; 208M) This outcome has been Satisfactory farmers trained producing quality and certified achieved. Quality seed is in seed seed. Farmers in the areas targeted availed at local level thereby multiplication are accessing quality seed which contributing to improved and producing has contributed to increased yields and income for seed quality seed productivity. Seed growers have growers. also increased their income due to the profitability of seed growing. Number of crop 0 committees 8 management committees 8 management committees of 80 Manageemnt committee Satisfactory diversification members improved food security members are model farmers management through crop diversification and through which technologies committees that of other farmers they are being transferred. They formed and represent. are also providing extension trained to services to fellow farmers promote crop resulting in better uptake of diversification technologies. for improved agricultural productivity and food security Number of seed 0 management committee 1 management committee 1 seed growers cooperative formed Access to local level Satisfactory growers and registered promoting local certified quality seed has management level production of quality been enhanced resulting into committees certified seed. Access to certified better yields and income at promoting seed seeds have been achieved through household level multiplication for this. improved agricultural productivity Percent increase 0 income 10% 100 % increase in income from Flood waters were used to Satisfactory in agricultural rice introduce a new crop of rice incomes (rice) as resulting in 100% income as determined by this was non existent in district seasonal Kazungula (Kasaya), and crop forecasts Senanga (Kataba) Percent increase 0 beekeepers 220 beekeepers 240 beekeepers (88F; 152M) have Beekeeping was introduced Satisfactory in honey an average yield of 19,200 tons in 4 pilot sites with honey production (average of 80kg/farmer/yr) of production increasing from honey annually from a baseline of zero to 19,200 tons per year. zero leading to increased income This has contributed to and household food security increased household income and improved nutrition. Number of 0 sustainable beehives 880 beehives 1200 sustainable beehives Bee hives are made from Satisfactory beehives made produced and used by honey carefully selected materials from sustainable farmers. Forests stress has been to ensure that as honey sources reduced as this activity rejuvenated production is increasing the and promoted sustainable forest health and vitality of the bee management population is maintained by maintaining a healthy local biodiversity. Number of 0 management committees 3 management committees 4 management committees formed Management committees Satisfactory beekeeping and 1 beekeeping cooperative working closely with management formed and registered and utilizing beekeepers to increase honey committees the beekeeping knowledge to production and ensuring a established and produce honey. Processing of healthy biodiversity by using the honey is being done and packaged avoiding cutting trees and beekeeping in competitive packaging for the bush fires. knowledge to markets in urban areas leading to produce honey increased income and subsequent resilience of homes as a result of diversified livelihood options Percent increase 0% 10% 100% in income (baseline of 0) Areas where honey is being Satisfactory in agricultural utilizing the knowledge acquired produced had a baseline of incomes (honey) from the training in beekeeping zero. Income levels are above 100% currently Percent increase No farmers and no production 300 farmers. 10% increase 473 farmers (176 F; 297M) Incomes for farmers growing Satisfactory in rice increased production of rice by rice have improved. production utilizing the knowledge provided Nutrition has also improved resulting from through training. as children can now carry training of rice to school resulting into farmers in improved school attendance. production, processing and marketing. High quality rice 0 mills 2 rice mills. 4 rice mills. Farmers fetching high Rice mills helping farmers to Satisfactory as a result of rice prices as a result of value add value and reduce post- polishing using addition through processing and harvest losses. This has the rice mill reduced post harvest losses. improved income levels and provided by-products being used as feed for livestock production Number of rice O groups 2 management committees 4 rice management committees Management committee Satisfactory management formed; 1 rice growers association members are model farmers groups registered with 2 sub-committees. and their fields are being established and Group members utilizing used as demo plots for rice using the knowledge on rice production and growing through field days. knowledge on now training other farmers. This has improved the rice production uptake of rice growing by other farmers. Percent increase 0 10% 100% increase in rice production Food security, improved Satisfactory. in income (rice) resulting from trainings. This has incomes and resilience to led to food security, resilience to flooding have been achieved floods and income generation through rice growing. Number of Non 0 3 NTFP Mushroom growing in Luangwa Mungongo oil was targeted Moderately satisfactory Timber Forest and Chongwe but market information did Products not provide enough data to introduced engage in the activity. In Luangwa district farmers undertook mushroom growing with the help of the Chinese Technology Centre who provided the training and spores. Chongwe were supported by the University of Zambia in terms of training and sourcing of spores. Production of mushroom was contributing to household food security Number of 0 3 feasibility assessments None These were not developed as Unsatisfactory assessments for the mungongo oil which was extraction targeted for this was not methods of developed. NTFP Number of 0 100 30 farmers in Luangwa and 20 in The mushroom produced in Moderately satisfactory community Chongwe trained in mushroom the 2 districts was members trained growing contributing to household in NTFP food security and income Number of NTFP 0 5 NTFP 2 One committee in Luangwa Moderately satisfactory management and another in Chongwe. groups formed These were model farmers and constantly in touch with fellow farmers to ensure that technical knowledge was used to enhance production Number of NTFP 0 2 1 Most of the production was Moderately satisfactory market linkages consumed at household formed level. Arrangements were made between the farmers in Luangwa with the Chinese Technology centre to be buying all their produce if production increased. Number of 0 1 0 No assessments were done Unsatisfactory carbon finances assessed Percent increase 0% 10% 0% The contribution to Moderately satisfactory in agricultural household nutrition was well incomes (NTFP) noted though actual income increase was not determined Percent increase 0 120 621 farmers utilizing the technical Introduction of goats has Satsifactory in small livestock training and entrepreneurship contributed to improved introduced by the skills training for goat production nutrition through meat and project through milk, income levels and use technical and of manure for vegetable entrepreneurship production. skills trainings Number of goat 0 4 4 management committees of 40 Committees are ensuring that Satisfactory management farmers utilizing the technical the activity is sustained committees training on goat rearing and through the passing-on the established and training other farmers on the same. gift to cover more farmers. utilizing the Maintaining a healthy head technical training is also ensured by following on goat rearing appropriate livestock production management practices. Number of goat 0 1 1goat pass-on system established The pass-on has contributed Satisfactory pass-on systems and 621 farmers utilizing the to sustainability of the established and system in passing on the goats to activity being applied by other beneficiaries in 7 districts. farmers Percent increase 0 10% 60% in income from goats and Farmers having household Satisfactory in agricultural increased nutrition from goat milk incomes from the sale pf incomes (goats) and meat goats. Number of dam 0 4 1 dam management committee The Mid Term review Satisfactory management established in Lusitu and utilizing recommended the committees the water from the dam for construction of 1 dam out of established and livestock production 4 due to limited funds. The utilizing the constructed dam is water resources contributing to improved from the livestock production constructed dams Number of dam 0 4 committees 1 trained The committee is working Satisfactory management towards safeguarding the committees dam by creating awareness trained to fellow farmers on the need to avoid activities that can increase siltation of the dam Percent increase 50 farmers 250 farmers 250 farmers improved livestock 20 hectare s have been Satisfactory in agricultural production from Siankapu dam earmarked for irrigation of productivity resulting from the acquired horticultural crops. This will resulting from knowledge through the trainings contribute to improved knowledge provided in water management. nutrition and household acquired through income in addition to training in water livestock production management, irrigation techniques and water extraction Number of dams 0 4 1 The number of dams was Satisfactory constructed reduced to accommodate the available funds and with the recommendation of the MTR Area under 0 ha 81 20 20 out of the planned 81 Satisfactory irrigation hectares have been earmarked for irrigation purposes. Percent increase 2% 10% 20% The increase in income from Moderately satisfactory in agricultural the dam so far has been due incomes to improved livestock production where an estimate of 20% per year is made Number of storm 0 1 0 The storm water dams were Unsatisfactory water dam not constructed due non management availability of funds. The committees MTR and the PSC recommended that construction could not be done due to limited funds and that only one dam be constructed instead. Number of storm 0 1 0 No committees since no Unsatisfactory water dam storm water dams were management constructed. Plans changed committees based on evaluation by the trained MTR and the PSC regarding the limited budget Number of 0 150 200 150 farmers trained in Lusitu Satisfactory farmers trained for the siankapu dam and 50 on water in Chongwe for the irrigation management, scheme. Farmers have irrigation started applying the techniques and knowledge for the water extraction production of a variety of horticultural crops Number of storm 0 6 0 Budgetary limitations could Unsatisfactory water dams not enable the construction constructed of the storm water dams. This was confirmed by the MTR and the PSC who in turn advised that only one dam should be constructed in line with the available funds. Area under 5 hectares 28 ha 0 Funds were not adequate for Unsatisfactory irrigation using the construction hence no water from storm irrigation done. This was water dams confirmed by the MTR and the PSC who then advised that only one dam be constructed in line with the available funds. Percent increase 2% 10% 0 This was expected from the Unsatisfactory from agricultural storm water dams which incomes were not constructed due to limited funds Number of weir 0 1 0 Limited funds hence weirs Unsatisfactory management could not be constructed. committees This was confirmed by the established MTR and the PSC Number of weir 0 1 0 Management committees not Unsatisfactory management formed as there was no weir committees trained Number of 40 200 200 Farmers were trained in Satisfactory farmers trained Mambwe, Siavonga and in water Chongwe and have since management, used the knowledge for irrigation production of horticultural techniques and crops water extraction and using the information for agricultural production Number of storm 0 3 weirs 0 Limited funds could not Unsatisfactory water dams enable construction of weirs. constructed This was confirmed by the MTR and the PSC Area under 8ha 39ha 0 Non construction of weirs Unsatisfactory irrigation could not enable irrigation Percent increase 2% 10% 0 Increased income expected Unsatisfactory in agricultural from weirs could not be incomes realized as they were not constructed. Outcome 3. National fiscal, regulatory and Number of 0 8 8 climate resource centres being Farmers are using the Satisfactory development policy revised to promote functional used for capacity building and resource centres to improve adaptation responses in the agricultural climate resource sharing of climate resilient their knowledge on climate sector support centres information. IPads have also been resilient agriculture through used in the resource centres to meetings, trainings and use bolster the information resources of ipads Awareness levels At present, rural populations’ Rural populations within the A total of 5,926 rural populations Awareness levels of the rural Satisfactory of rural understanding of climate eight pilot sites will have been in the eight pilot sites exposed to populations in the pilot sites population in change and its impacts is exposed to climate change climate change information and regarding climate resilient pilot sites and minimal information and adaptation adaptation training with catalytic agriculture and adaptation local/national training with catalytic intentions has improved and this is government of intentions being applied in the planning climate change of agricultural seasons and its impacts improved Number of National policies as well as the 2 provincial plans and district Revised the agriculture policy, The revised policies will Satisfactory sectoral plans provincial and district plans and 5 key national contributed to the development of provide an input in the that promote or development plans that are policies are revised to promote the climate change policy, revised national development plans impede the available do not address sustainable climate resilient the forest policy and the REDD for the country resilience of climate change and adaptation development strategy. Revised 1 district plan to communities issues in an integrated manner. include CC. The policies are within AER I and adapted to take into account II to climate climate change risks to promote change sustainable climate resilient development.

Conducted 4 provincial, 8 district policy review awareness meetings after which a policy brief was developed. Lessons learned and knowledge Number of Development projects do not At least four proposed or on- Hosted 3 regional missions on The lessons will be used in Satisfactory management component established proposals, papers systematically benefit from going projects draw on lessons adaptation in 2013 and 2015. future programming of and other learning practices and project and knowledge generated by Attended 1 international workshop similar projects and applied documents that lessons on community-based the LCDF on community based adaptation in projects that are currently incorporate adaptation where lessons were shared. running. learning from the At least 20 key project lessons project. are captured and disseminated Conducted 10 field days, produced in the ALM 5 feature stories, 5 success stories, Number of 3 radio/TV news articles. lessons included At least 1 national and 1 16 key project lessons captured in the ALM international workshop on and disseminated. adaptation to effects of drought Number of and climate change is 2 documentaries produced and regional and conducted broadcast national workshops At least 2 campaigns have been conducted for conducted. dissemination of project lessons.

The number of awareness campaigns conducted on the need to incorporate adaptation needs in policy m) Participating farmers

Table 3: Direct and Indirect Participating Farmers

Direct Beneficiaries Indirect Beneficiaries Output/Activities Male Female Total Male Female Total 1.1 Climate change adaptation techniques - EWS 121 254 216 No. of beneficiaries 562 665 8 0 8 4708 2.1 Soil conservation techniques 108 235 238 No. of beneficiaries 581 502 3 0 5 4735 2.2a Crop diversification 64 130 212 233 No. of beneficiaries 5 661 6 7 7 4464 2.2b Seed multiplication 20 21 42 No. of beneficiaries 8 5 3 963 427 1390 2.3 Alternative livelihoods 2.3a Bee keeping 15 111 190 No. of beneficiaries 2 88 240 9 782 1 2.3c Rice farming in flood prone areas 29 17 No. of beneficiaries 7 6 473 556 403 959 2.3f Small livestock production - Goat rearing 32 29 62 156 153 309 No. of beneficiaries 5 6 1 0 2 2 Total no. of 1,13 11,2 9,98 21,2 beneficiaries 572 564 6 69 0 49 Note: Indirect Beneficiaries

1. Crop diversification/beekeeping/rice production/goat production/soil and water conservation. 1.a) Indirect beneficiaries under 1 above include members of the direct household beneficiaries estimated by a factor of six (6) members per beneficiary to give us a the total number of estimated indirect beneficiaries 1.b) Also project indirect beneficiaries include project site population who would benefit from the production outputs and sales. 2. Seed multiplication/Early Warning System 2.a) Indirect beneficiaries under 2 above include the prospective buyers of commercial seed produced by seed growers and this includes number of households in the area where seed is being produced 2.b) Indirect beneficiaries of EWS information include all farm households who might be vulnerable to the hazards of weather and climate 4.0 Key Lessons learnt and Best Practices

4.1 Early warning and weather information i. The community and the project learnt that timely dissemination of weather information and farming practices resulted into planting twice for crops like cowpeas and limiting frost damage on crops thus strengthening resilience of small-scale farmers to climate change and improving their food security and household income. Therefore, Early Warning Systems (EWS) are important for any interventions that beneficiaries wish to undertake at the Sites because it affects their ability to become resilient to effects of climate change and variability. It also resulted into good choice of crop types and varieties to plant. ii. Early Warning Systems (EWS) are important tools for any interventions that beneficiaries wish to undertake because it affects their ability to become resilient to effects of climate change and variability. This was quite clear with how some farmers tackled the issue of frost in June 2014, after early warning preparedness meetings were held on frost mitigation. iii. A combination of seasonal weather forecast, early warning and local indigenous early warning is contributing to timely planting, early planting and planting twice of field crops in the project area during the rainy season. The aspect of modern and indigenous early warning indicators and system should be explored in depth by researchers in order to devise appropriate mechanisms and strategies of disseminating such important information for farming.

4.2 Soil conservation i. The community learnt that minimum tillage practices and early land preparation practices improve crop production and productivity when compared to conventional farming system practices thus strengthening community resilience to climate change and sustaining soil productivity and farm ecosystem conservation. ii. Conservation agriculture provides good practices for drought prone areas; because it ensures moisture conservation and rational use of rare and expensive agricultural inputs. iii. Conservation agriculture practices application is increasing and non-project farmers are applying the use of planting basins. These good agricultural practices (GAPs) are forming one of the good practices that would be used by farmers in Agro-ecological region I and II of Zambia. Conservation agriculture (CA) results in better yields than conventional farming systems. CA contributes to the much talked about carbon credits which are held up by the soil through organic matter being placed as crop residue retention, later decompose for soil fertility improvement and stable soil ecosystem.

4.3 Crop diversification i. The project team learnt that lack of and/or inadequate marketing strategies in the project document resulted in delayed sale of seed produced by small-scale seed growers thus making them vulnerable to competition from seed products sold by seed companies who have aggressive promotion strategies. ii. The seed growers learnt that through look and learning approach, they adopted Obatampa maize variety into their seed multiplication activities because of its higher protein content than the normal maize varieties, which would enhance their household nutrition security. iii. The community and project team learnt that seed multiplication provides immediate access and availability of locally adapted seed varieties and additional household income, and thus strengthening community’s income levels even in times of climate change effects. iv. Seed multiplication intervention ensures availability and access of appropriate and suitable seed among farmers. The farmer field day held at Mr. Billy Muleya’s farm in Kazungula had a variety of seed crops (maize, cowpeas, groundnuts and sunflower). Farmers acknowledged the importance of seed multiplication of drought tolerant crop varieties, which makes locally produced seed available and accessible to farmers at competitive prices. Local seed production offers one of the good agricultural practices (GAP), by ensuring adaptive crop varieties that climatologically, ecologically, socially, economically and nutritionally adapt to climate change affected communities. v. The community learnt that growing two or more alternative crops protected them from risks of general crop failure and instead enhanced their resilience to climate change and increased food security and household income. vi. The project learnt that use of red sorghum variety (ZSV-36R) among targeted farmers reduced loss of production due to birds and saved on time for other farming activities and thus children that are normally sent for bird scaring had ample time for their social plays and assisting parents with house chores and reading their school books. vii. The farmers learnt that growing of industrial crops like sorghum and sunflower leads to processing activities, which creates employment and enabling production of feed supplement for pigs, goats and chickens that are commonly being fed on the same. viii. Crop diversification is forming a key strategy to reducing dependency on maize and in 2014, A Senior Headman, in Kasaya Mr. Samankondo, reported during the rice farming field day that in his area there was no need for relief food because of adequate food availability among his people. Rice farming has higher gross margin than maize, and therefore it will remain a main centre of focus for farmers in flood prone areas. ix. The use of quality protein maize variety (such as Obatampa), early maturing crop varieties, and legume crops provides the farmers with an opportunity to use crop varieties with high nutrition content (variety in farmers’ diets and improved nutrition), with drought tolerant traits and opportunity for farmers to harvest early in case of early maturing crop varieties.

4.4 Rice farming i. The project learnt even though rice farming was not targeted for some flood prone sites like Kasaya, the promotion of paddy and upland rice through exchange visits and study tour increased production and productivity so as to take advantage of the flood water and reduce risks of climate change effects. ii. The rice growers learnt that untimely planting of paddy rice (after flood water rises) affects germination for direct sown seed and thus making the targeted farmers vulnerable to climate change effects of food insecurity and reduced household income. iii. Rice farmers are utilising dambo areas and areas prone to flooding. This practice requires sustainable use of dambos to prevent damaging effects to the ecosystem. The practice is that farmers would plant their rice crop before water collects in the dambos and before water floods the flood plains. If planted on time, the rice crop normally matures in readiness for harvest. 4.5 Alternative livelihoods – beekeeping i. The beekeepers learnt that apiculture as an alternative livelihood option plays an important role in combating deforestation through charcoal production and thus engages the community in forest ecosystem protection and conservation making the community resilient to effects of climate change. ii. The project learnt that strong community leadership and strong farmer group associations give way to long-term project results and ownership of outcomes as seen during the construction of the apiculture market/centre of excellence building when community members contributed local building materials. iii. The rearing of bees will provide the much needed alternative sources of income at farm household among communities because the intervention when well managed will bring about rural development and ensure that in the event of crop failure, alternative sources of livelihood are available.

4.6 Alternative livelihoods – goat farming i. The project learnt that the use of the goat pass-on-the-gift approach of payback system and ensuring that each initial beneficiary signs an agreement form resulted into more than 70% payback and thus ensure that more farmers are recipients and provide sustainable alternative household income sources when climate change affects communities. ii. The use of adaptive livestock, goats, provides best options compared to growing maize and provides quick and regular incomes, which is characteristic of small livestock.

4.7 Project management and coordination i. The project team learnt that with increasing women participation in all adaptation measures and farmer group committees, it has resulted in high success rate in most interventions except in beekeeping were women participation was less than 38%. ii. The project team learnt that stakeholder coordination and involvement through meetings resulted in reduced double targeting, and increased knowledge transfer and sharing on areas of strength and thus increasing accumulative net contribution to strengthening community resilience to climate change.

14. 5.0 Exit Strategy The project has defined transitional, long and short term activities. Transitional activities are critical activities that need to be undertaken before closure of the project. Long term activities are activities which will continue after termination of the project while short term activities are activities which will stop by the termination of the project. Long term activities require necessary national budgets to be allocated and effectively/ efficiently used for implementing the activities. Long term activities form part of the exit strategy of the project and are discussed in detail under section 5.1 below.

5.1 Exit Strategy activities

The project is already being implemented within the framework of the MAL, Land Husbandry Section at HQ and the DACO at national and district level respectively. The project is also supporting activities that fit within the framework of the MAL and other relevant line ministry work plans. As the project phases over funding of long term activities to MAL and other relevant line ministries, the onus will be on these line ministries to ensure that adequate resources are allocated to these long term activities to ensure not only sustainability but also replication and expansion.

There will be need to continue to build the capacity at the Land Husbandry section at HQ and the pilot district sites. Specific officers at both levels should continue to be designated to follow-up on climate change activities. Staff morale should continue to be boosted by ensuring that the officers have adequate resources to perform their duties i.e., office furniture and office equipment, operational funds and adequate transport. Staff should continuously be upgraded through training and exposure visits.

Communities are organized in farmer groups, have been trained in appropriate techniques and are implementing activities. The communities have been linked to service providers through the groups. However, farmer groups and service providers still need to be properly coordinated and supported through training, networking and continuous monitoring to consolidate efforts already made.

Communities through the farmer groups have expressed keen interest in the technologies being advocated by the project and this is seen by their interest in using the techniques being disseminated and the crops/ commodities being promoted. Demand for the technologies is high with the project only being limited by availability of resources to expand the activities to include more farmers. Communities through the groups have expressed strong desire to continue with project activities in the long term.

As part of this exit strategy it is being proposed that an input revolving fund/pass-on system be established/continued where it exists to be administered by the sub-committees where farmers that benefit from initial inputs supported by the project payback to the fund to enable other farmers to access inputs. The project is already supporting a payback system for goats (as well as seed growers) where farmers that are supplied with goats under the project payback to the committee for distribution to other farmers once the goat has off spring. There are also proposals to develop community nurseries and seed banks to benefit other farmers and disadvantaged groups in the community. It is also proposed that the cooperatives and or associations to be developed under the project operate as viable and sustainable organizations so that they can continue to purchase commodities from farmer groups, process/ package and sell the commodities at a profit to the organizations2.

2 The cooperatives and or associations should develop long term business plans and solicit for financial assistance to support plans 5.0 Success Stories

The farmers interviewed testified that they have observed changes in weather and the prominent problems noticed due to climate change included: hot temperatures, poor rainfall, droughts, floods and frost. These occurrences affected farming hence leading to crop failure and food insecurity. However with the coming of Climate Change Adaptation Project two farmers gave a testimony of how they are becoming resilient and are adapting to whatever changes in the environment they can experience. The farmers are now using good farming practices like conservation agriculture which does well even when there is little rainfall. Others are practicing crop diversification, rearing goats, beekeeping and seed multiplication. All these interventions have proved to be helpful as can be attested by the following success stories by Mr and Mrs Mumbela and, Mr Billy Muleya.

5.1Mr and Mrs Mumbela’s Success Story – Crop diversification, Rice and Weather Forecast Application

Mr and Mrs Mumbela of 64 years old and 55 years old, respectively have 6 children and 4 grand children. Farming has been their livelihood at Mumbela Village in Sikaunzwe Camp. They say that they have observed a lot of changes in weather which has affected their agricultural activities. Mr. Mumbela says unreliable rainfall pattern, hot temperatures, persistent frosts and flash floods have affected the production leading to food insecurity and less income for the household. Hunger and poverty was the order of the day. Relief food was the only hope for his family like many other families in the area.

However with the coming of the Climate Change Adaptation Project in the area the Mumbelas’ life has changed. They have embraced conservation agriculture and crop diversification as adaptation strategies. They grow drought tolerant crops and early maturing crops that they never used to like sorghum, sunflower and cowpeas. The flash floods which were a threat are now a blessing to their family as they are growing rice in the dambos. “We could just watch these dambos, without doing anything productive out of them,” he said. Mr &and Mrs Mumbela who harvested about 53 by 50kg of rice in the 2013/14 season say that there is more cash in growing rice than commercial dry maize grain since a 50kg bag of polished rice grain can fetch at K450 compared to K75 for grain maize.

The Mumbela family have also seen the benefits of using weather forecast in farming. Because of following closely the seasonal forecast promoted in the project, they were able to make good decisions such as early planting and therefore increased their production. In the 2013/14 farming season, Mr and Mrs Mumbela planted two crops in one field in the same season. The first crop was sold as green maize and made K3,450. They later planted a second crop (sunflower) in the same field which also did well. Figure 1: Paddy & Upland Rice Field for Mr. & Mrs Imata 5.2Mr. Billy Muleya’s Success Story – Conservation Agriculture and Seed Multiplication

Mr. Billy Muleya is 55 years old with two wives and 14 children of Namapande in Sekute Resettlement of Mambova Camp. He lives to testify the negative effects of climate change. He is one of the victims who were displaced by floods from the area called Kasaya in 2008 and were resettled in an area called Namapande.

Mr. Muleya says his household and many others which were relocated to this area suffered loss of household property and animals. Their livelihood was distorted due to the extreme weather conditions. When they were relocated to Namapande people suffered from hunger. “Even if we were resettled here our problems were not over because the poor rainfall could not afford us to have enough food and we only depended on relief food which was also not sustainable,” he said. Mr. Muleya appreciates the good farming system introduced to them by the Climate Change Adaptation Project. He is practicing conservation agriculture using planting basins and has also diversified crops grown. “With these unpredictable rains, I have seen a better yield by using conservation agriculture and growing a variety of crops has made my household food secure” he said. Mr. Muleya testified on behalf of other farmers in Namapande that relief food is no more in the area as many farmers are growing a variety of crops to avoid any climate related risks.

Mr. Muleya is also a seed grower who has successfully produced seed. “I have produced 4 by 50kg of cowpea seed, 7 by 50kg obatampa maize seed, 8 by 50kg sunflower seed and 5 by 50kg groundnut seed, which has already been certified by Seed Control Certification Institute and I am already getting some income out of the sales of the seed,” he said. Having local seed growers has alleviated problems faced by farmers such as long distances and availability. Mr. Muleya promises to continue growing seed so that his fellow farmers can easily access seed to enable them plant early as they adapt to climate change. Figure 2: Crop diversification and seed multiplication farmer field day

5.3Mr. Mayumbo Njamba’s Beekeeping Success Story

The farmers interviewed testified that they have observed changes in weather and the prominent problems noticed due to climate change included: hot temperatures, poor rainfall, droughts, floods and frost. These occurrences affected farming hence leading to crop failure and food insecurity. However with the coming of Climate Change Adaptation Project the farmers gave a testimony of how they have become resilient and are adapting to whatever changes in the environment they can experience. The farmers are now using best farming practices like conservation agriculture which does well even when there is little rainfall. Others are practicing crop diversification rearing goats, beekeeping and seed multiplication. All these interventions have proved to be helpful as can be attested by the following success story of Mr. Mayumbelo Njamba (Beekeeper).

Figure 3: Mr. Njamba giving a bottle of honey to GEF Monitoring Mission

“59 year old Mayumbelo Njamba is a small scale farmer married to one wife with 7 children and 4 grandchildren who lives in Njamba village of Sikaunzwe agricultural camp. Mr Njamba was born in Sikaunzwe and has lived to see the changes and experience the variations in weather. Mr. Njamba has experienced three major disasters that affected his life adversely and he alludes them to climate change. In 1990s, Mr. Njamba was leading a normal and comfortable life, when things started changing by 1995 when they experienced severe drought which led to hunger. According to him, that was not a problem as they had a lot of cattle which cushioned everything as they could earn some income from sale of animals. In 2005/2006 season, the second disaster happened, the rainfall pattern seemed well, little did they know that climate change was real, they were hit by great floods which swept all the crops, the grazing grounds were submerged. At this point, farmers thought of protecting their animals from water and they shifted the entire animal population to upland areas. The third disaster happened when all animals were hit by Contagious Bovine Pleural Pneumonia (CBPP). Mr Njamba lost over 300 animals. And that was the beginning of problems as it was double loss of animals and food crops. He sold off all the household assets in order to find food, his house hold suffered to an extent of him allowing his daughter leading a promiscuous life to bring food home for the entire family, the daughter later contracted HIV/AIDS and later died. Mr Njamba’s hardships were too much. “I almost committed suicide”. He said, other organizations came in to help from time to time with relief food. But Mr. Njamba said that was not very helpful as the households still remained in poverty and hunger. However Mr. Njamba saw light at the end of the tunnel in 2012 when Climate Change Adaptation Project came in his area as he was equipped with knowledge and skills to become resilient and adapt to the effects of climate change. Mr Njamba is one of the farmers that received trainings and materials to use in various activities. Mr. Njamba testifies that because of the project he has knowledge of conservation farming which assures good yields despite drought, crop diversification which assures food security despite crop failure in one crop due to floods or droughts. Mr. Njamba is now a beekeeper who is assured of enough income for the family in whatever weather condition. Mr Njamba who has started harvesting and selling honey boasts of making more than ZMW2,500 (US$320) per harvest. As a family head he cannot allow his child to find food using wrong methods now as he can now provide for his household. “There is no more relief food in the area, thanks to Climate Change Adaptation Project”, Mr Njamba said.”

15. 6. Project Challenges

During the implementation phase of the project, the following challenges were observed:

h) Late commencement of project activities; the project implementation started in August of 2012 (2 years after signing the project agreement).

i) Community water access still the biggest challenge for the Kasaya, Chongwe, Sioma and Mambwe sites, was not carried (output 2.4) for Kasaya Site; largely due to high activity cost caused by delayed project implementation and also technical constraints for suitable sites meant for storm dams, weirs and earth dams;

j) Delayed funding of project activities on time due coupled with delayed technical report submission to the project management unit by the dictricts.

k) Bee keeping at one of the three (3) sub-sites (Kasaya sub-site) was constrained by failure to bait bees and open woodlands with flood plain exposing bees to severe weather conditions.

l) Lack of provision of rice threshing equipment, which is used after cutting rice tillers before milling or polishing rice with rice dehuller.

m) Failure to implement output 2.3e on additional alternative livelihoods for NTFPs; difficulties with market linkage arrangements for Mongongo nut oil.

n) Late release of seasonal weather forecast and inadequate information on rain season distribution pattern for timely planning of farming operations.

o) Inadequate animal draft power (ADP) to increase area under soil and water conservation tillage still remains another main obstacle.

16. 7. Conclusion and Recommendations

In conclusion the following recommendations could be considered for future programming of similar/follow-up projects:

f) In order to improve weather information dissemination discussions with mobile service providers to provide an SMS service to farmers on either weekly or daily dissemination of weather indicators could be tabled or considered in phase II (if any).

g) Phase II (if any) should address the position of the project M and E Officer to ensure consistent M and E reporting formats, data collection tools and implementation of the M & E plan.

h) Any project on disaster risk reduction and climate change should not be less than three (3) implementation year period and could include mitigation measures during the first to second year.

i) On-farm trials would be critical to providing localized climatic conditions to enable easy adaptation of considered interventions. A longer time span is necessary with a minimum of five (5) years given other issues such as attitudes of farmers or beneficiaries that need to be changed.

j) Exposure of assets and equipment. The project procured and distributed various taypes of assets and equipment. These are at National, district and camp level. It is recommended that for the project activities to be sustained the assets and equipment be handed over to the sites where they are located to be used in the promotion of climate change adaptation activities.

ANNEX 1 Project budget and expenditure Co-financing UNDP own Government Partner Agency (GEF) Total (type/source) financing (mill. (mill. US$) (mill. US$) (mill. US$) US$) Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Grants 175 000 710 1,529,000 0 3,795,000 3, 5,499,000 452.31 661, 910.59

Loans/Concessi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  In-kind support 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Other Totals 175,000 710 452.31 1,529,000 3,795,000 5,499,000 3,661,910.56 Annex 2 Project Exit strategy

Components/ outputs Activities Pilot sites

District Management and Coordination:  Provision of office furniture and All sites Strengthened capacity of district to equipment plan, monitor and evaluate project activities  Provision of appropriate transport to support field activities especially in those districts facing challenges with transport

 Support with operating expenses

 Training of district staff

 Monitoring project activities

Soil and water conservation:  Training of agricultural extension All eight sites Techniques for soil and water staff in soil and water conservation conservation as well as soil improvement implemented to reduce erosion and improve the productivity  Continue supporting the farmer of small-scale agriculture. user groups that were formed and training them in soil and water conservation

 Assessment of soil and water conservation techniques

 Continue supporting the Established management committees

Crop diversification: Crop  Continue supporting the All eight sites diversification practices tested for established farmer user groups and their ability to improve resilience of training them on the importance of farmers to drought. crop diversification as well as crop diversification techniques  Farm trials to demonstrate drought resilient and alternative crops

 Facilitate production of drought resilient seeds in communities

 Continue supporting the established management committees

Beekeeping: Bee keeping tested for its  Facilitate the support to Kasaya, Chikowa , Mundalanga- ability to diversify incomes away from beekeeping groups N’ganjo, and Kabeleka maize production

 Facilitate the the linkage of beekeeping groups to Zambia Honey Council

 Provision of tools and training of selected farmers in manufacture of beehives

 Provision of honey press equipment

 Strengthen the study circle groups that were formed.

Goat rearing: Goat rearing tested for  Continue supporting the goat Kasaya, Chikowa, Mundalanga- its ability to diversify incomes away rearing groups that were formed. N’ganjo, Zalapango and Kabeleka from maize production

 Continue supporting the groups so that the pass-on concept is continued and sustained

Fish farming: Fish farming tested for its  Formation and training of a fish Kataba ability to diversify incomes away from farming group in fish farming maize production

 Rehabilitation of drainage canals

 Stocking of newly constructed fish ponds.

 Assessment of fish management? techniques

 Establishment and training of subcommittee

Rice farming: Rice farming tested for its  Continue supporting the rice Mundalanga-N’ganjo, Kasaya, Kataba ability to diversify incomes away from farming groups that were formed and Sioma. maize production

 Ensure proper maintenance of rice mills.

 Facilitate rice harvesting and processing

 Establishment and training of subcommittee

Irrigation: Irrigation systems in Lusitu  Formation and training of user Lusitu rehabilitated and tested for its ability to group in water management improve agricultural productivity irrigation techniques

 Rehabilitate irrigation systems

 Assess suitability of water harvesting and irrigation techniques

 Establishment and training of subcommittee

EWS MAL in conjunction with ZMD to All the districts be sending the seasonal rainfall forecasts to the districts immediately they are received to help the farmers

AWS to be taken over and be All the districts maintained by ZMD

District Assets Land where resource centres were built to be secured by way of title. DACOs to obtain documentation showing the ownership of land on the sites where the centres were built

Management strutures Management committees at each All the districts site to have a formal registration. DACO to facilitate their registration where they are not registered especially if they are managing assets.

MAL to revise the PIF that was To be in all the 8 pilot sites. developed and submit to Ministry of Finance for possible funding of another phase of the project

17.