Rebuilding our Country  Help for Freedpeople  Reconstruction –  13th Amendment –  Congress created the Freemen’s Bureau –  Black Codes – o Aimed at freedom of movement & work o Created in defiance of the Freedman’s Bureau  Civil Rights –  Civil Rights Act of 1866 –  Presidential Reaction  Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866  Radical Republicans_ o Nickname for party members _leading Congress_ o “Government should play greater role in Reconstruction”  Many wanted to punish the South  __Johnson_ believed Reconstruction was the _job of the president o Not the job of Congress  Presidential Reconstruction  President Johnson’s plan was based on Lincoln’s goals o Ratify the 13th Amendment o Take oath of allegiance to the U.S.A. o People of high stature had to personally apply for a pardon o Each state had to write a new constitution under a provisional government: declare secession illegal & abolish slavery o Promised to return property  States rushed to session with a “supposed” ally in D.C.  ___Congressional Reconstruction  Congress proposed the 14th Amendment – Guaranteed citizenship & equal rights to black Americans  Reconstruction Acts: ____must follow to rejoin ___ U.S.A. o Southern state governments declared provisional o _South broken into 5 military districts_ o Re-write constitutions guaranteeing civil rights, including suffrage o Ratify the 14th Amendment  ___Presidential ______Impeachment  Johnson tried to block Congressional Reconstruction  Congress passed Tenure of Office Act o President cannot fire govt. employees w/o permission o Johnson suspended Sec. of War & tried to hire a new one  House committee impeached the President for wrongdoing against public office o Avoided removal in the Senate by one vote  The New South  People from northern states came to help reconstruct the south  Called Carpetbaggers o White Northerners who came to the south carrying what they had in a bag made of carpet  Most people in the south hated these northerners o Carpetbagger was a term of contempt o Accused them of seeking to get rich or gain power  Change of Agriculture  Most Americans (mostly freedpeople) could not afford land o Turned to new methods of farming  Tenant Farming –  Sharecropping o Farmer who lacked land & necessary supplies o _Constantly in debt due to borrowing ______money & supplies  Resisting Reconstruction  Most northerners operated with supporters o Called “scalawags”, or “mean fellows”  ______& “scalawags” o White League o ______ Republicans lost power over time  The New-Old South  Former Gen. Ulysses S. Grant won the 1868 Presidential election o About 500,000 freedmen voted in the South o Most freedmen supported Grant  Congress passed (1869)15th Amendment – o Did not apply to WOMEN!  Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan bill to stop the terrorizing of African- Americans o Bill led to a more fair election in 1872  Bad Presidential Decisions  Scandals within Grant’s administration hurt the Rep. party  Grant put unqualified army friends and his wife’s relatives in government positions  Panic of 1873 o Many powerful Eastern banks made bad loans, ran out of $, and shut down o Stock market temporarily closed & RR industry suffered  Impact of the Panic of 1873  More than 18,000 companies shut down and thousands lost jobs  Republicans lost power due to public blame  Democrats won victories in 1874 and tried to restore the old south  Rutherford B. Hayes wins election of 1876 o Republicans & Democrats claimed victory in 3 southern states o Compromise of 1877 solved the election and gave concessions to both sides in the South  Growth and Expansion  Transcontinental railroad developed the West and connected it with Eastern markets  Homestead Act (1862) o Government encouraged western settlement o Offered 160 acres of free land to anyone who agreed to live on the land for 5 years and improve it  Morrill Act (1862) o Gave federal land to states to sell to fund public colleges that taught agriculture and mechanical arts  Dawes Act (1887) o Encourage Native Americans to give up their traditional cultures and become farmers