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Report of rapid assessment on the feasibility of introduction of Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Indonesia (6th -15th September, 2004) (Final Draft)

Dr. Kamal Kar

Social and Participatory Development Consultant GC-157, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

1 Introduction

Background Community Led Total Sanitation has been spreading in Bangladesh, India, Cambodia, Nepal, Uganda and Zambia. CLTS emerged in Bangladesh, during the course of a participatory impact assessment that I was leading to assess and evaluate a subsidized rural sanitation programme supported by Water Aid in 2000. CLTS has now spread in more than 2000 villages in Bangladesh, India and in neighboring countries. Empowered communities and at least five international NGOs and other agencies are actively involved in taking CLTS all over the country.

While trying to find out a suitable solution and a differential subsidy strategy for different districts of Bangladesh with varying degree of poverty, this unique approach of Community Led Total Sanitation without subsidy was evolved. Poor people of the third poorest countries of the world proved that “collective community-will” was the most important factor towards stopping open defecation and changing community’s hygiene behaviour to end unhygienic practice leading to filthy conditions of living. The deep desire of the community to free their villages totally from open defecation sorted out the problems of the poor and landless families through social solidarity, cooperation, innovation of simple and cheaper toilet models and designs and use of locally available low-cost materials. “Mental poverty” backed by outsider-induced sense of poverty, (“we all are poor, hence we defecate everywhere”) and doling out of individual household subsidy was the single most important constraint in the way of achieving total sanitation (no open defecation). The normal professional’s concept “they are poor hence they defecate in the open” was proved wrong. Self-spreading mechanism of CLTS through informal means, like village to village, married women visiting father’s home, religious leaders, markets, visiting relatives were phenomenal.

What is CLTS? Community Led Total Sanitation or CLTS is an approach of facilitating a process of inspiring and empowering the local communities to analyze their own sanitation profile including the extent of open defecation, spread of fecal-oral contaminations that detrimentally affects all in the community and initiating collective local action to get rid of that. Using PRA tools, the CLTS approach ignites a sense of disgust and shame amongst the communities who collectively realizes the terrible impact of open defecation and the cruel fact of ingesting one another’s “shit” so long open defecation continues. If facilitated properly, CLTS triggers community led local action towards stopping open defecation totally. No one bothers or waits for external subsidy or prescriptions for toilet models or for any outside “sanitation programme” to come and solve their basic sanitation problem. Once ignited, the CLTS triggers almost immediate local action and communities start digging holes for construction of home made pit latrines. Almost every family in the community start making toilets within their means and capacity or share toilets in order to achieve 100% open defecation free village. Once achieved, the proud community puts up a board in front of the village stating that no one in their village defecates in the open and don’t allow others to do that. WSLIC West Java staff translated CLTS in to Vasha Indonesia as: “Chakupan Sanitasi Manianuru Yan de Prakarria Masarakat” . However this could be wrong or there could be other better forms of translation of Community Led Total Sanitation.

CLTS in India A team of senior officers, led by the Principal Secretary Government of Maharashtra, visited the CLTS villages in Bangladesh in the year 2002. Inspired by this approach the Principal Secretary requested Water and Sanitation Programme-South Asia to support Government of Maharashtra in translating this approach in the state. The GOM and the WSP-SA jointly organised a workshop in Pune in August 2002. The workshop led to the drafting of a new approach to tackling the rural sanitation issues and piloting CLTS in two districts viz. Ahmednagar and Nanded in Maharashtra. Series of training workshops were organised in both the pilot districts (where officials from other districts also participated) to enable the staff at various levels to understand and learn the new approach and implement the same. Zila Parishad (District Council) members, ZP senior officers, Block Development Officers, Gram Sevaks (Village Level Workers) and NGO workers participated in these intensive workshops, which included field visits and triggering of CLTS.

A scooping study was undertaken in the two CLTS pilot districts after six months to assess the prevailing environment, efficacy of the new approach and attitudes of the government staff to learn and gain understanding on how the new approach could be promoted. A team led by me (Dr Kamal Kar), WSP-SA officers, the Dist officers and WAI representative conducted this exercise. At the end of the mission the team discovered a new terminology that is easily understood by the villagers and others. These critical words that indicate the mindset change are: ‘Hagandari’ (open defecation) and Hagnadari Mukt Goan (open defecation free village). These words have since gained popular acceptance amongst all sections (villagers, officers, politicians and press) all over the state and have in itself become a ‘brand name’ for the new approach. Today more than eighty villages in five districts of the sate of Maharashtra are totally free from open defecation and many more are nearing completion. Teams of senior government officials and Ministers from the different states are visiting Maharashtra and are gearing up to initiate CLTS in their respective villages.

The Government of India has recently changed the country’s subsidy policy. The new strategy is a landmark change, which has shifted from household hardware subsidy to collective community reward that comes to them as the community achieves total sanitation. This is a great move towards community empowerment and liberating them from outsider induced mind-set of being poor.

CLTS in Indonesia This assignment of looking in to the possibilities of introducing Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Indonesia was carried out between 6th and 15th September 2004. I

3 was invited by the Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP-EAP), East Asia Pacific regional office of Jakarta to assess the feasibility of adopting the Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach for accelerating sanitation and hygiene improvement in rural Indonesia. This was the first in the planned few visits to Indonesia over a period of one year or so for introduction and scaling up of CLTS in Indonesia. The objectives of this consultancy are mentioned in the TOR in annex-I. This consultancy is being supported by the Water and Sanitation Programme South Asia, New Delhi office.

Precisely this activity is aimed to field the application of the CLTS (community-led total sanitation approach currently under way in Bangladesh, India, Cambodia and Nepal) in selected communities participating in WSLIC 2, and possibly, in GTZ projects, with optimal involvement of local government and NGO stakeholders. It has been planned to initiate with a study visit by a team of GOI and NGO partners (who are expected to be instrumental in carrying out the field trial) to Bangladesh and India later this year.

I visited at least four villages in South Sumatra and West Java provinces where WSLIC-2 programme is under way. Apart from meeting the local communities, meetings and interactive discussions were held with the different stakeholders of the WSLIC project at different locations. Finally the major observations from the field, initial reaction of the communities towards CLTS and recommendations were presented in a large meeting in Jakarta. The final presentation meeting was attended by at least thirty people from the concerned Ministries, WSLIC project; field staff and different national and international NGOs directly involved in sanitation projects in Indonesia.

Additionally there was special meeting with a number of NGOs who are actively implementing sanitation programmes with community participation. They were CARE, Indonesia, Plan International, Indonesia, Islamic Relief Society, and ………… All of these agencies had shown special interest towards CLTS approach. Major findings, initial response of the communities towards CLTS and recommendations have been documented in the following pages.

CLTS a great possibility in Indonesia From this first rapid appraisal of rural sanitation scenario and the initial response of the communities towards CLTS in South Sumatra and West Java, in Indonesia, there is every reason to conclude that Community Led Total Sanitation has a great potentiality in Indonesia. As described elsewhere in the report, the density of population in many islands of Indonesia is very high, the high rainfall, flow of surface run-off in to the streams and other water bodies easily spreads fecal contaminations, diseases and brings other related problems. Basically the people of rural Indonesia have a habit of living in clean environment and by nature the people tries to keep their environment clean and tidy. Therefore, there is every reason to assume and believe that once the communities understand the elements of disgust, shame and fecal-oral contamination caused due to open defecation, through their participatory analysis, they would act upon it and would initiate local action towards ending open defecation. Exactly that’s what happened during this rapid appraisal mission to assess the feasibility of CLTS in Indonesia.

4 The concept of Farmer Field School and IPM (Integrated Pest Management) emerged in Indonesia and spread in large areas in early 90’s. The spread of knowledge and technology of IPM from farmer to farmer was phenomenal in Indonesia. The CLTS also has a spread mechanism from village to village. Hopefully there is a great potential of CLTS and its exponential spread in Indonesia and in the neighbouring countries. The right institution/s to spearhead CLTS in Indonesia is the only challenge now. Apparently there seems to exist a good deal of institutional interest. Apart from the high level of interest of the Government of Indonesia, International NGOs like Plan, Indonesia, CARE, Islamic Relief Society, have shown interest to pilot CLTS in their working areas. An inter-institutional collaborative platform may be developed to share learning from each other’s experiences on CLTS in Indonesia. In the future training workshops and discussions including study visits front line staff from the partner organization may be invited to participate. WSP-EAP has been doing the unique job of facilitating learning and sharing on CLTS and developing functional linkages amongst the agencies. With all these positive factors, I am confident that there is a great potential for CLTS in Indonesia.

5 Main Findings

Sanitation scenario in rural Indonesia The main observations and findings on rural sanitation scenario of South Sumatra and West Java provinces and responses from the rural communities as emerged from the participatory exercises are being documented in this section. These observations are based only on the few villages visited during this study.

Common defecation practices 1. Widespread open defecation is practiced in the rural areas. The use of toilets in the villages is strikingly low. Even the rich and better off people are not using toilets in most villages. 2. Defecation in water streams (rivers and channels) is very common in villages of south Sumatra and in West Java wherever water bodies are available. 3. People walk up to the river or stream and defecate in the water, take bath, wash mouth and clothes in the same water. Fecal materials are carried down the river and water streams from all the villages along both sides of the river. People feel that the river water washes the human excreta away and the river water is clean. 4. Defecation in the bush and in field is the second popular most choice in rural areas. Even in villages where largely people defecate in the rivers, defecate in the open backyard or garbage heaps during emergencies and at night. Children often defecate in the backyard. 5. Villages we visited in south Sumatra gets inundated for 2-3 months during monsoon, when people don’t go up to the river the purpose of defecation but defecate anywhere near their homes in the floodwater. Very few toilets those exist in the villages get inundated in floodwater. As the floodwater recedes, human excreta settle down on the ground causing outbreaks of diarrhea and other enteric diseases.

Environmental hazards 6. Skin disease and diarrhea are very common in the villages where people defecate in the streams. It has been noticed that the flowing water of the streams carry fecal materials from the villages located on the top of the hills to villages down the hills. In some places these streams of water is also directed in the water tanks and toilets in the village Mosques, where many people wash their hands, mouth and feet before prayer. 7. In villages where people defecate in water, the water-bodies take care of the smell, flies, and direct contamination of human excreta by chicken, and domestic animals as it happens in case of open defecation on the ground. As a result, awful scene of large defecation areas is not common in the villages where more than 70-80% of the households defecate in the open.

Element of shame in open defecation 8. Often people defecate on the roadsides, open fields, bushes and in open places with or without adequate privacy. Such practices are common in Bangladesh,

6 Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and other Asian and African countries. While men defecate freely on the roadside, ignoring any passers-by, women often stand up and wait until the person move out of sight. She has to stand up again if another person appears on the road. In populated villages it is often extremely difficult and a great anxiety for women to find out suitable and private places for defecating peacefully. Often women eat very little to avoid the fear and tension of going to defecate in the open especially when they are in strange and unknown places or visiting relatives homes in rural areas(common in India).

Such an awful scene was not common in the districts visited by us in Sumatra or in West Java. However human excreta were noticed by the side of the village roads and backyards of houses. Although open defecation is being practiced, some kind of protection screen was used to cover the defecation area on the water bodies or on flowing water. It was possible because the flowing water carried the excreta away, which didn’t accumulate to form piles as in the case of open defecation in fields. For that reason, the people who defecate in fields always change places and move in large areas. 9. It has been seen in South Sumatra, and West Java villages that a floating toilet is constructed with wooden planks, plastic sheet or other local materials. Wherever people defecate in the water bodies, it is done in a fixed place and in privacy. As a result there is no compulsion for women and girls to defecate before dawn and wait until dusk or walk a long distance to find out suitable places with some privacy (bush, crop fields etc.) for defecation. As there are fixed and covered places, the elements of “Shame” and “Drudgery” are eliminated from the practice of open defecation. What is practiced in South Sumatra and West Java are purely open defecation but the sufferings of the women, compromising with dignity and urgent and dire need to come out of all these are greatly reduced by these floating toilets. Women are also not under serious pressure of defecating before dawn or after dusk. They can use toilet at any time of the day. 10. Such floating, wooden toilets are being shared by a number of families mutually and generally the number varies between 4 and 7. It could be more in some places. The cost of construction of such floating latrine and bathing-washing places are far more than low-cost pit latrines. 11. Families living little far away from the river or any such water bodies, defecate in the open behind their houses at night or during emergencies. Children defecate in the open near to homes generally. 12. The initial reactions of the communities after “Triggering” of CLTS were great and phenomenal. Both in east Sumatra and in West Java villages the communities reacted very positively and seemed to be highly enthusiastic to act together to totally stop open defecation. Both project staff and I was moved to see the initial reactions of the communities (both men and women) after little bit of triggering of CLTS. Attempts were made to trigger CLTS in different styles in villages where people defecate in the river and in water streams. At the same time reactions of the communities were observed in villages where WSLIC is being implemented

7 and in areas where WSLIC is just going to start working. The reaction was the same. 13. WSLIC –II project staff many times raised the issue of lack of flexibility in the project. They often felt that they didn’t have clear rules and guidelines with them. They mentioned about some of the commonly asked questions by the communities, which they (front line staff) couldn’t answer. These were: a) “Can we build a toilet in our 0homes?” b) “Can we build toilet in the Mosque?” c) “Can a government staff be a head of TKM?” d) Mostly the communities want to keep BPD as the leader of TKM. Project implementation as it is now, seems to be very rigid and rule bound. 14. The field staff receives five weeks formal (class room) training and three months field training. Some of the important components of training include MPA, FHAST, DED (Detailed Engineering Design) and Community participation and project preparation. Trainees after completion of three weeks field training, return to the villages where they did MPA during training to carry out the Detail Engineering Designs (DED). One such group of 12 field staff was in the field for three months in West Java. However the plan of implementation of the project over the next couple of years seemed to highly demanding on the part of the field staff. The following plan was presented to us in West Java:

Time–duration/ Planned target Number of staff in Remarks months number of villages the team March-October 04 3 villages Six persons October-December 4-8 villages Four persons 04 January-December 20 villages Three persons Will there be any 05 loss of quality?

The village implementation team seems to be the same everywhere as prescribed by the project. The TKM or “Team Karja Masarakat” is formed with 12-15 people with Kepala Desa as the Health Advisor or the leader.

8 Pictures above: Floating toilets on the river Musi, in Teluk kijing in Mubs district of South Sumatra

9 Triggering CLTS in villages and response of the communities

There are hundreds of such floating toilets cum bathing platforms on both sides, all along the river Musi where people defecate in the river water. The community alone of the village where the rapid appraisal was carried out calculated a total of 140 quintals of shit is being added to the river every day. This gave everyone an idea about the amount of human excreta that is being added to the river water where everyone takes bath, wash mouth and gurgle with water. The community was shocked by their own calculation. Many said that the river water takes away their shit. But others said it brings shit of people from other villages to them. This created a great confusion. When I wanted a bucket of river water from them and dipped a yellow object in it saying that it was a lump of shit and asked them to wash their mouth or gurgle with the water, they all refused to do that. When asked as to why they refused, they said that they saw me dipping shit in it. When I asked them about the 14000 kg of shit being added to the river that morning and they were using that water to wash themselves, there was a silence. Everyone said that they had no other way but to use the river water and shit in it. Then the option of digging a hole and making simple direct-pit latrine came up. Village chief and others encouraged everyone to stop open defecation and start digging pits to make home made latrines. Great enthusiasm was noticed amongst the community including women. They all said it would be possible. There also people who demanded subsidy from the project and said it was not possible for the community to build their own toilets themselves. Some children were asked to go and see if they could find any shit on the ground out side and come back to report. Children started procession with slogan to stop open defecation. Encouraged community started discussion on plans to stop open defecation. Then the team visited the river bank and other parts of the village and the Kapala Desa described the construction details of simple latrines to others and urged community to start making simple latrines. The empowered community saw natural leaders were emerging from the process. Quickly the community formed a working group for initiating CLTS. The picture on the front page shows the newly formed committee to start CLTS standing with the same bucket of water. However, the project staff saw all the community interaction. Some were encouraged and some thought it was impossible to initiate anything like that without subsidy.

10 Poor people’s access to sanitation facilities offered by WSLIC-II project A quick participatory exercise carried out with the community (mostly women) of Modong village of Tana Abang-Ketchamatan, MoaraEminaq Kabupaten, of South Sumatra, Indonesia, revealed interesting facts on poor people’s perceptions of WSLC project. The following are some of the important observations from the quick participatory appraisal:

Deficiencies identified include: 1. Poor can’t afford to pay Rp. 160,000 for construction of toilet models prescribed by the WSLIC project. 2. Toilets are best constructed in dry seasons when the majority of the poor have no work and very little income. Seasonality of income of the poor and agriculture labours revealed that the income is lowest during that period and it goes up in monsoon when there is a lot of labour demand. 3. It is very difficult for the poor to repay the monthly installment of Rp.66, 000 all through the year. 4. They could pay up to 10,000 per month without much difficulties 5. Only one model of toilet is prescribed by the project for all the well being categories 6. No cheaper option is available for the poor. 7. In most cases the number of users of the revolving fund is the middle class. Poor have little access to the revolving fund although they are interested to have toilets. 8. Money made available from the revolving fund as credit has exhausted in almost all the project villages. In other words the fund didn’t revolve the way it was planned.

The following scoring was done by the village women showing what proportion of families from different well being categories practice open defecation. The incidence of diseases and average number of children per family in Modong village has also been shown. (Tana Abang-Ketchamatan, MoaraEminaq Kabupaten, Sumatra, Indonesia)

Well-being Rough Practicing Incidences of Average Category proportion open diarrhea and Number of of families defecation water borne children in (from the now diseases families total Population of the village) Better off (Kaya) 2 4 4 6 Medium families 7 7 8 3 (Sedang) Poor 22 20 20+ 2 (Miskin)/Miskin

11 Skali

It is very clear from the above analysis of the community members that the medium, poor and very poor constitute the major chunk of families in that village who practice open defecation. Yet, the access to WSLIC project and its benefits reaching to this chunk of well being category was limited mainly because of the problems stated above.

Only model prescribed by the project (Rp 660,000) Can the Miskin afford it?

12 Children generally defecate near home and often in the flowing water streams. Picture from West Java village Contents of slide presentation in Jakarta How could CLTS be initiated?

 Selection of suitable pilot locations in different regions of Indonesia  Identification of Community Facilitators from different project sites for CLTS  Training of core team of facilitators in at least three locations and triggering CLTS  Ensuring follow up support to CLTS communities and continued capacity building of CFs and natural leaders from the communities  Arranging visits for villagers from neighboring villages to 100% open defecation free villages

Is CLTS feasible in Indonesia?

Yes, CLTS has a great potential in Indonesia because: Sense of self respect is very high amongst the communities The feeling of disgust and determination to act on it was remarkable Poverty is not that severe as in other countries in South Asia.  Cleanliness is a basic religious requirement  Sharing a common bathing place and floating toilet by 5-10 families are very common in communities along the rivers  Community spends a lot of money in constructing floating toilet/bath as compared to a direct pit latrine

Shall we give it a trial??

 CFT of DPMU of one west Java district and one south Sumatra district felt it is worth trying CLTS on a pilot basis  We have seen natural leaders in villages who felt the community must bring an end to open defecation  Can we facilitate the process of Community Led Total Sanitation and refrain from “Top Down” prescription from outside?

13 Way forward recommendations

1. Selection of sites for piloting CLTS. Owing to the highly diverse agro-ecological and geophysical conditions and cultural variations in Indonesia, it is suggested to select at least six to eight CLTS pilot locations from within the WSLIC-II project areas spread in different islands of Indonesia. CLTS pilot could be introduced in these locations for learning lessons and if found successful could be spread to other areas using these locations as centers of spread and scaling up. Most of these pilot locations could be located in the working areas of WSLIC-II programme but a few could be taken outside the project areas as well. In each location, cluster of 2-4 villages may be identified as pilot villages where CLTS could be triggered initially. North and South Sumatra, East and West Java, Sulawesi, far eastern (Lombok) Islands and a couple of other places may be taken as pilot locations. It would be useful to try different approaches of triggering CLTS according to the varying conditions like, wet and high rainfall areas, flood plains, dry upland areas (Lahan Kering), costal areas etc. Such a trial would generate good deal of new learning on CLTS from different perspectives such as; locally designed low-cost toilet models by the community living in different conditions, efficient Community-Led Institutional mechanisms for implementing CLTS, effective mechanisms and agents of spread and scaling up, impact on high density population areas, impact of local culture of different areas and many others. These new learning would be extremely useful in scaling up and spread of CLTS in Indonesia in the future. From this rapid assessment on the possibility of introduction of CLTS in Indonesia, it is clear that there exist a great potentiality for CLTS in Indonesia. The suggested pilots would contribute greatly in taking CLTS approach further and are likely to generate new learning useful for other countries in the region.

2. Identification and selection of CFTs with right kind of attitude and flair for community facilitation It is suggested to form CLTS facilitation teams with selected CFTs at the beginning. Such carefully selected and trained CFTs would form the core teams of CLTS facilitators for different pilot locations until community facilitators and natural community leaders are evolved and other front line staff learns the skills of CLTS facilitation with the communities. Drawing from these teams of such carefully selected and trained CFTs, core teams of CLTS trainers at the national and provincial level would be formed later on. As suggested earlier, it is essential to include at least a couple of FTs from each of the new CLTS pilot areas for the initial training and exposure visits. While selecting CFTs the following criteria may be considered:

14 1. Newly recruited CFTs from the WSLIC-II project (who don’t have the hangover and rigidity of mind on philanthropic approach of sanitation and subsidized sanitation approach) may be given priority in selection. Of course exceptionally good CFTs with proven record of community facilitation (who worked in subsidized sanitation programmes) may also be considered. 2. People with right attitude and behaviour of working with the communities and experience of living in rural areas should be preferred. 3. At least half of the selected CFTs to be included in the CLTS facilitation team should be women. 4. Preference should be given to those who live close to their working areas. In other words more local than others. 5. As the CLTS approach progress, Natural Leaders are likely to emerge gradually. It would be essential to keep an eye on these spontaneous natural leaders and explore possibilities of using them as community facilitators for scaling up. The example of local natural community leaders for promoting CLTS in villages has been seem/demonstrated while triggering CLTS in West Java village. The WSLIC staff saw how natural leaders were coming forward during CLTS facilitation process. These natural leaders need to be included in the facilitation team along with the CFTs as soon as they emerge. 6. Persons with natural flair of communicating with rural people and are free by nature should be given priority in selection. In other words, persons with natural flair for communication and common sense who could “dance and sing” are preferred over serious persons with heavy academic back up and great knowledge and skills but aren’t free and often lack the quality of gaining confidence of others and easily accessible by others.

3. Community consultation for understanding differential poverty and poor people’s ability to access in externally prescribed uniform sanitation project

During this feasibility study on CLTS, some efforts were made to understand the poor people’s access and ability to take benefits from the WESLIC programme. Some of the findings of the short PRA carried out in a village in south Sumatra has been documented in this report. It is recommended that the members of the core team of CLTS facilitators from the WSLIC-II project be trained on participatory poverty analysis and understanding its link with sanitation. A broader understanding of poverty, situation and how poor sanitation practices contribute to enhancing poverty needs to be understood both by the communities and the CLTS facilitators. This is particularly important for those coming from engineering and other non social science backgrounds. Without sufficient understanding on the social issues like seasonality of income, availability of cash, credit demand, borrowing habits and credit sources, expenditure on treatment, loss of labour days due to diarrhea and enteric diseases, migration etc, it would be difficult to realize the need for community empowerment. It is essential to understand as to why in CLTS the community is empowered to take their own decision in sanitation including

15 designing their own models of low cost toilets, sharing of toilets and even the need for social solidarity. In all the CLTS pilot areas/villages, such poverty and sanitation assessments may be carried out for developing benchmark. Such participatory assessment of poverty and sanitation link would not only build capacity of the CFTs but also enhance and initiate local community preparation. This activity may begin with foundation training on sanitation focused PPA and action could begin as soon as possible. 4. Training and other training related activities on CLTS and follow up support

As discussed in Jakarta, I would suggest arranging at least three training workshops of at least 3-5 days duration in different locations where CLTS pilot would begin, preferably in East Java, Sumatra and in Sulawesi. These three training workshops should cover all the selected members of the facilitator team (mostly the CFTs) drawn from all the CLTS pilot locations. The workshops should be able to train more people on CLTS. These could be the Kapala Desas, community leaders, and members from the TKM, line department staff of the district and province level and others. I would suggest that these training workshops should have both class room and field exercises. In the class room, the participants learn about the principles, sequences of applications of methods, tips and approach of CLTS. They learn the skills of triggering CLTS in villages with the communities while do practice themselves. All the workshop participants in small groups would trigger CLTS in at least 2-3 villages near the workshop venue which falls under the WSLIC-II project area. This way, each training workshop would create at least 2-3 villages where CLTS would be triggered already. These would be the direct contribution of the workshops participants to the project while they would be learning the knowledge and skills of CLTS. Late on the WSLIC-II project staff would provide support to these pilot villages where CLTS were triggered. It is recommended to bring all the selected participants from the nearby districts and provinces to the three training workshops nearest to their respective working areas. Each workshop should be able to accommodate at least 20 and at the most 25 participants. If the demand for training goes too high the number of participants could be increased by one or two more. After receiving training in these special training workshops, all the participants would get back to their own respective areas of work and would start implementing CLTS as planned. It is also essential that the participants (mostly FTs) get the opportunity of working in groups of three or four people at least when they would trigger CLTS first time in the villages. These teams could as well be formed by involving trained Kapala Desas, members of the TKM and staff on line departments as well. I would also suggest that natural trainers and facilitators would be selected from amongst the workshop participants from all the three training workshops. Three to four of such talented persons from amongst the participants would be taken as resource persons in the next training workshop. Similarly, a couple of new persons emerging out of the second training workshop would be selected to be included in the next workshop. This was the three workshops are likely to develop a group of at least 4-5 advanced facilitators for CLTS. I would suggest beginning the training workshops right after the study visit to Bangladesh and India. I would also suggest including at least 2-3 CFTs from all the pilot areas for the study visit.

16 Triggering CLTS in the selected Desas/Dusuns

As mentioned earlier, it is essential to trigger CLTS in different locations of the WSLIC- II project in Indonesia. It has been seen in India and in Bangladesh that CLTS spreads to the immediate neighbouring villages from a totally sanitized (CLTS) village in a self spreading mechanism fairly rapidly. After traveling some distance it tends to slow down for some reason which needs to be researched. At the same time it has also been noticed that CLTS spread in one direction from a 100% sanitized village but did not moving an inch to the other direction from the same totally sanitized village. There are many factors responsible for that. Most important of all are the hope for subsidy or free offer of toilets from some agency or the other. Therefore it is suggested to trigger CLTS in different locations in different islands of Indonesia which might generate enough knowledge and experience to track the self spreading mechanism of CLTS. It has also been learnt that CLTS moves faster to nearby villages whenever the Community Consultants are in action. It is therefore extremely important to identify and engage the community catalysts and natural leaders as consultants from the successful CLTS villages. Agencies/INGOs like Plan, CARE and a few others have very good experience from such an approach of engaging community consultants in their own programmes. Facilitation skills on how to trigger CLTS in villages will be trained to the CFTs and others in due course of time. Those who attended this review mission have got some idea on CLTS triggering. This was done in at least three villages in South Sumatra and in West Java. It is suggested to ensure serious follow-up in these villages and keep track of the changes if any taking place in these villages. I am developing a simple and basic practical guide for triggering/ igniting CLTS in villages. Very soon this guideline will be ready which could be given to the front line staff triggering CLTS in villages. This would be given to them only after field training. The guidelines could be translated in to Bhasa Indonesia.

Visit of Indonesian team to Bangladesh and India to experience CLTS I would strongly recommend that at least two to three study visits to districts where CLTS is being implemented in India, Bangladesh and Cambodia by the local communities may be organized over the next six months to one year period. The selected members of the CLTS facilitation team should be included with others in the team visiting India Bangladesh and Cambodia. The visits could be planned in a phased manner. In the first trip senior officials, policy makers, selected district officials, couple of Kapala Desas and CFTs may be included. Care has to be taken while selecting people from the field for the study visit so as to ensure their availability and interest in working with CLTS approach. Later visits could be arranged more for the Kechamatan/district, Desas and TKM members including natural community leaders. The visit should of seven to ten days duration which should include, field vist, community interactions, discussion with the village Panchayet, Chairpersons of the Upo Zilas, and senior government officials and NGO leaders. The visit should have space for

17 distilling lessons learned and appropriately modifying them suited to Indonesian conditions. At the end of the visit a half day workshop may be arranged where the visitors get an opportunity to interact directly with the senior government and NGO officials, political leaders and the representatives from the private sector handling hard ware on demand.

On the site training and support to these trained facilitators

It is very important to ensure on the site support and skill development opportunity for the front line staff working on CLTS. For this purpose, I would suggest to hire some one who have worked on CLTS and have adequate knowledge and experience of triggering CLTS and successfully institutionalizing the same approach. While I will ensure the major inputs of training, staff capacity building and developing strategies for spread and scaling up of CLTS, it would be very effective if WSP-EAP could engage one consultant who could assist me in the follow-up and post training follow up. Since it is not easy to get such a consultant on CLTS, I could suggest a few names. One of the best choice would be Adil Ahmed who is one of the best persons who understands CLTS and has been involved in it since its’ beginning. Mr. Adil Ahmed has done commendable work in spreading CLTS in Bangladesh, while working with Water Aid and later as a Consultant for the WSP-SA in Dhaka. There are other people as well but we have to find out their availability. However it would be good to engage some one who is already in to CLTS. Details of the on the site training etc. on CLTS have been mentioned in the earlier pages of the report.

Documentation and spread of innovations by the communities implementing CLTS

Identification and training of community catalysts and natural leaders from the 100% sanitized villages and using them as resource persons elsewhere

As we have learned from India and from Bangladesh, the Natural Leaders emerge out of CLTS played a great role in scaling up and spread. The communality’s natural leaders spring up from their own action of uniting the community forces together and achieve total sanitation and declare their village as open defecation free. These natural leaders gain the support and confidence of all in the community. It is important to identify these natural leaders and using them as community consultant. As has been done by Plan International Bangladesh, CARE Bangladesh and Zila Parishad of Nanded district of Maharashtra in India, these natural leaders were used as Community Consultants in triggering CLTS in neighbouring villages. They were paid small honorarium for their work. This was also done by the IFSP of CARE Bangladesh where village WATSAN committee was paid lump-sum reward for totally sanitizing other

18 villages. These Community Consultants and village WATSAN committees do a totally different kind of ignition in other villages which are more powerful and trigger much faster local action. They don’t preach something which they have not practiced. They are more convincing that outside facilitators from the NGOs or from the Government. This approach is much more cost effective and scaling up process becomes faster when used in large scale.

19 Annexure-I

List of People participated in different meetings, discussions and field visits in South Sumatra and West Java

I. Meeting held at Provincial Health Service office in Pelambang (Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi) on 9th September, 2004 1. Dr. Syahrul Muhammad MARS {Deputy Head of Province Health Service (Wakil Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi)} 2. M. Adjad SKM. M Epid {Head of Section PP & PL Province Health Service (Kepala Sub Dinas PP & PL Dinas Kesehatan Province)} 3. Bustami Idris (Chief of WSLIC – 2 Province Secretariat) 4. Syaefudin, SE (Province Project Manager of WSLIC – 2) 5. Ir. Wahanuddin M Epid (Staff of Directorate General PPM & PL Ministry of Health Government of Indonesia) 6. Ir. Devi (Word Bank) 7. Ir. Sofiarman Pito (Provincial Liaison Officer WSLIC – 2) 8. Dr. Kamal Kar

II. Meeting and discussion held at Musi Banyuasin District Health Service (Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten ) and field visit 1. Bustami Idris (Chief of WSLIC – 2 Province Secretariat) 2. Syaefudin, SE (Province Project Manager of WSLIC – 2) 3. Ir. Wahanuddin M Epid (Staff Directorate General PPM & PL Ministry of Health Government of Indonesia) 4. Ir. Devi (Word Bank) 5. Ir. Sofiarman Pito (Provincial Liaison Officer WSLIC – 2) 6. dr. Hibsah Riduan (Head of District Health Service) 7. Sudirman (District Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District)

20 8. Muchtarudin (District Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 9. Hj. Zaleha (Chief of District Project Management Unit WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 10. Aris Wijayanto (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 11. Achmadi (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 12. Madali, SKM (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 13. dr. Tulus P. Siregar, MPH (Health & Community Development Consultant of WSLIC – 2 Musi Banyuasin District of Musi Banyuasin District) 14. Iman Sulaiman (Water & Sanitation Engineer of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 15. Sulastri (Health Community Facilitator) 16. Rita Novriana (Health Community Facilitator) 17. Arita Ariani (Health Community Facilitator) 18. Umi Kalsum (Health Community Facilitator) 19. Amir Faisal (Technical Community Facilitator) 20. Yeni Oktavia (Technical Community Facilitator) 21. M. Yamin Usman (Technical Community Facilitator) 22. Sabriansyah (Community Development Facilitator) 23. Chairul Zaman, ST (Chief of District Project Management Unit WSLIC – 2 of Banyuasin District) 24. Ir. Muhammad Nur (Process Monitoring Consultant of Musi Banyuasin District) 25. Ir. Misdar Putra, MT (Process Monitoring Consultant of Banyuasin District) 26. Kamal Kar M.Sc., Ph. D.

21 III. At Teluk Kijing Village, Musi Banyuasin District 1. Bustami Idris (Chief of WSLIC – 2 Province Secretariat) 2. Syaefudin, SE (Province Project Manager of WSLIC – 2) 3. Ir. Wahanuddin M Epid (Staff Directorate General PPM & PL Ministry of Health Government of Indonesia) 4. Ir. Devi (Word Bank) 5. Ir. Sofiarman Pito (Provincial Liaison Officer WSLIC – 2) 6. Sudirman (Dictric Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 7. Muchtarudin (Distric Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 8. Hj. Zaleha (Chief of District Project Mangement Unit WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 9. Aris Wijayanto (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 10. Achmadi (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 11. Madali, SKM (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 12. dr. Tulus P. Siregar, MPH (Health & Community Development Consultant of WSLIC – 2 Musi Banyuasin District of Musi Banyuasin District) 13. Iman Sulaiman (Water & Sanitation Engineer of WSLIC – 2 of Musi Banyuasin District) 14. Sulastri (Health Community Facilitator) 15. Rita Novriana (Health Community Facilitator) 16. Arita Ariani (Health Community Facilitator) 17. Umi Kalsum (Health Community Facilitator) 18. Amir Faisal (Technical Community Facilitator) 19. Yeni Oktavia (Technical Community Facilitator) 20. M. Yamin Usman (Technical Community Facilitator) 21. Sabriansyah (Community Development Facilitator) 22. Chairul Zaman, ST (Chief of District Project Management Unit WSLIC – 2 of Banyuasin Distric)

22 23. Ir. Muhammad Nur (Proces Monitoring Consultant of Musi Banyuasin District) 24. Ir. Misdar Putra, MT (Proces Monitoring Consultant of Banyuasin District) 25. Kepala Desa Teluk Kijing (Head of Teluk Kijing Village, Musi Banyuasin District) 26. Ketua TKM (Head of Village Implementation Team WSLIC – 2 Project, Teluk Kijing Village, Musi Banyuasin District) 27. Community Member, 30 Person 28. Children Community Member, 25 Person 29. Kamal Kar Consultant.

IV. At Modong Village, Muara Enim District 1. Nina Sativan 2. Bustami Idris (Chief of WSLIC – 2 Province Secretariat) 3. Syaefudin, SE (Province Project Manager of WSLIC – 2) 4. Ir. Wahanuddin M Epid (Staff Directorate General PPM & PL Ministry of Health Government of Indonesia) 5. Ir. Devi (Word Bank) 6. Ir. Sofiarman Pito (Provincial Liaison Officer WSLIC – 2) 7. Drs. Lukita (District Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim District) 8. Djauhari Solihin. BA (District Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim Distric) 9. Suparto, ST (District Coordination Team WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim District) 10. Alius SKM (Chief of District Project Management Unit WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim District) 11. Sunarji, SE (District Project Management Unit Staff of WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim District) 12. Saidi WS (Sub District Coordination Team of Tanah Abang Sub Distric, Muara Enim District) 13. Ir. Fauzi Denhas (Process Monitoring Consultant of WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim Distric)

23 14. Ir. Azhar Siswanto (WSS Engineer of WSLIC – 2 of Muara Enim Distric) 15. M. Natsir Nurwastu SKM (Health & Community Development Consultant of WSLIC – 2 Musi Banyuasin Distric of Musi Banyuasin Distric) 16. Helmanida AMKL (Health Community Fasilitator) 17. Lamnur AMKL (Health Community Fasilitator) 18. Hendrawansyah, ST (Technical Community Fasilitator) 19. Lona, ST (Technical Community Fasilitator) 20. Chairul Zaman, ST (Chief of Distric Project Mangement Unit WSLIC – 2 of Banyuasin Distric) 21. Ir. Misdar Putra, MT (Proces Monitoring Consultant of Banyuasin Distric) 22. Kepala Desa Modong (Head of Modong Village Muara Enim Disrtic) 23. Ketua TKM (Head of Village Implementation Team WSLIC – 2 Project, Modong Village, Muara Distric) 24. Amir Hasan (Community Member) 25. Emi (Community Member) 26. Jamiri (Community Member) 27. Matbroni (Community Member) 28. Zainul (Community Member) 29. A Baidowi (Community Member) 30. Khofa (Community Member) 31. Mustaqim (Community Member) 32. Kamal Kar Consultant

24 Ir. SOFIARMAN PITO WSLIC - 2 Provincial Liaison Officer

1. Tangkil, Bogor district, West Java 2. Characteristics of the four locations are: High and low rainfall, high and low water table, Poverty diversity, Migration, Livelihood, river environment and dry areas. Logistically easy to reach from the point of demonstration value Target villages Desa, Dusun, Kampung. Start with a Dusun with around 100 or less households. Target districts

Shaping community process for Indonesia Indonesian culture, gender dimensions, advance preparation Training /ownership Community Facilitators Local Government Materials /Guidelines Private sector capacity/ Capacity building issues Monitoring process (during implementation and after implementation) Budgets WASPOLA WSLIC One CFT consisting of 3 persons are looking after 2-3 villages in a district located not very far from each other. Management issues: WSLIC facilitated villages, WSPOLA led NGO facilitated activities

25 List of WSLIC/DPMU members of West Java who attended meeting, discussion and village sessions of CLTS on 11th September 2004 SL.NO Name of CFT member Designation 1 Billy Ruswendi Consultant, PMC 2 Fanziah Melang Niati Consultant, Engineering 3 Fadillah Effendi Consultant, Health and Community Development 4 Endang Rahamat Chief of DPMU from the Government of Indonesia

1.WASPOLA- Water and Sanitation Policy Formation and Action Planning, WSP is the implementing agency 2.WSLIC-Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communities, World Bank/WSP is the guiding agency

Mike, Russell Abrams-WASPOLA team Leader, Jim Wood Cock Stink/smell, See, Insect, Chicken, Cattle& goats etc. NTB Nusa Tengara Barat High chances of success and villages of high and low density Non-WSLIC villages and WSLIC villages

Annexure-II Terms of Reference

26 Consultancy to support field trial of Community –led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach in Indonesia

The first phase of WASPOLA (1998-2003) has resulted in the formulation of a national policy framework for community –managed WSES services, which is being operationalized with district level local governments, during the second phase of the project.”Operationalization “requires first conceptualizing in concrete terms what actions will be taken by local governments to translate policy principles into practice, and then executing them in realistic settings. The more innovative types of interpretations usually require selectively conducted trials in large-scale project settings, before they can be adopted institutionally. This activity will fill gaps in the knowledge of sector stakeholders by carrying out field trials in large scale projects, for selected policy issues of importance to MDG targets e.g. scaling up hygiene improvements and access to basic sanitation; institutional approaches to gender issues in sanitation).

This activity aims to field the application of the CLTS (community-led total sanitation approach currently under way in Bangladesh and India) in selected communities participating in WSLIC 2, and possibly, in GTZ projects, with optimal involvement of local government and NGO stakeholders. It will be initiated with a study visit by a team of GOI and NGO partners (who are expected to be instrumental in carrying out the field trial) to Bangladesh and India. Thereafter learning gained from the study visit will be analyzed by stakeholders in Indonesia and field trials will be planned based on the outcomes of the analysis. The trials are then expected to be initiated in a few selected communities, with the help of international consultants experienced in CLTS approaches and local facilitating agencies, and in consultation with local governments interested in trying out such an approach. Results of the field trial will be evaluated with participating communities and other stakeholders. Emerging learning will be used by the WASPOLA Working Group in the process of better defining the sanitation and hygiene components of the community- managed WSES policy.

The work will be undertaken with involvement of the inter-ministerial WASPOLA Working Group and with cross support from WB projects for improving local governance and work on poverty. A process of collaborative analysis will be utilized, in order to build awareness and understanding of decision-makers particularly at sub-national levels, of key issues for sustainable and equitable WSS services and their poverty reduction impact.

Consultancy to support this activity

WSP-EAP would like to contract the services of an international consultant with the relevant experience of developing and disseminating the CLTS approach in poor communities, working with NGO and government partner agencies.

The objectives of the consultancy are: 1. Assessment of the feasibility of adopting the CLTS approach for accelerating sanitation and hygiene improvement in rural Indonesia.

2. Working with WSP-EAP, Government of Indonesia and Indonesian NGO partners to develop a strategy and plans for field trials of CLTS in WSLIC project areas.

27 3. Capacity building for initiating the approach in selected Indonesian communities and facilitation of the launching of the field trials.

4. Documenting the learning experience together with WSP-EAP and partners in Indonesia for sharing of learning generated for sanitation policy reform.

The work is estimated to require 30 days the consultant’s time during the period September 2004 - June 2005. 2- 3 trips to Indonesia and some internal travel within Indonesia are envisaged.

Dr. Kamal Kar is a consultant who is currently contracted by WSP-SA for similar work in South Asia. This TOR is for an extension of his existing contract by 30 days, at the same daily fee rate.

Payments will be made based on actual days utilized out of the 30 days provision, according to a work plan agreed with WSPEAP. The actual days of consultancy and actual travel undertaken will be chargeable to WSPEAP Internal Order 2042142.

Contract supervision for the work carried out for WSP-EAP will be by

Dr. Nilanjana Mukherjee, Senior Community Development Specialist, and Indonesia Country Team leader

28 Schedule of visit and other activities (September 7-14th)

1. Initial discussions/briefing with GOI (WSLIC team, WASPOLA) and WSP-EAP. 2. Visit a few WSLIC sites, which are already in phase 3 (post construction and use) in South Sumatra and pre-constructions in West Java. 3. One-day workshop, on lessons learned regarding sanitation scale-up in Indonesia after field visit, and present idea how CLTS could be trailed in Indonesia.

Day/Date Appointments 6th September Travel from Kolkata to Bangkok 7th September Arrive Jakarta and meeting with WSP-EAP Country Team Leader and other specialists 8th September Morning: Participation in the technical forum “Health in your hands: The critical importance of hygiene improvement in health, water and sanitation programs”, co-hosted by GoI, USAID, World Bank. Technical meeting with participants from government, NGOs, donors, private sector and media. Presentation by Val and Kamal Kar, followed by questions and answers session.

Afternoon: Post Lunch meeting with the members of the coordination team of WSLIC-II Thursday Morning. September 9 Fly to Palembang Two districts visit in South Sumatra with different geographical characteristic. Districts Musi Banyu Asin (Muba) and Muaraenim. - Meetings with the Provincial and district technical teams - Meetings with CFT, community water user groups, health facilitators and villagers - Participatory exercises with the community, CLTS initiation

-Return to Palembang in the evening Friday Palembang-Muaraenim September 10 - Meetings with district technical teams - Meetings with CFT, community water user groups, health facilitators, and villagers - Participatory discussion with the villagers Return to Palembang Saturday Fly to Jakarta from Palembang and travel to Bogor. Community consultation in one September 11 district in West Java. Return to Jakarta in the night Sunday Desk work in Jakarta September 12

29 Monday National’s and Bank’s Holiday, Desk work and meeting with WSP EAP team leader September 13 Tuesday Meeting and discussion with the WSP consultants and specialists. Strategy discussion September 14 on introduction and spread of CLTS in Indonesia

Wednesday Presentation of findings in the workshop 15th September Stakeholders’ workshop to gather consensus on “Learning gained to date on scaling up sustainable sanitation in rural/small town areas Indonesia”

Participants from Waspola WG, WSLIC CPMU and consultant team, NGO (CARE International and Islamic Relief Indonesia, others), Unicef, Other donors participated. Presenter; Waspola WG subject; "lessons learned so far in Indonesia about what works/does not work in sanitation promotion Kamal Kar findings and idea of design Thursday Leave Jakarta in the afternoon 16th September Arrive Kolkata from BKK 17th September

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