BECH Building, Room B3-404

EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROSTAT Directorate E: Sectoral and regional statistics Unit E2: Environmental statistics and accounts; Sustainable development

21 November 2014

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FORESTRY STATISTICS AND ACCOUNTING TASK FORCE ON IEEAF REVIEW

Collected terms and definitions

11-12 DECEMBER 2014

BECH building, Room B3-404 Kirchberg, Luxembourg

1 Definitions for the IEEAF review

The yellow highlighting shows the parts of the definitions of agro-forestry, short-rotation coppice and short-rotation forestry that Eurostat proposes to use for forest accounts. The FAO’s FRA definitions should be used as much as possible for the other concepts.

Term Definition Specifications Source

Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more Area: > 0.5ha FRA 2015 than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is Tree height: > predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. 5m Explanatory notes Canopy cover: 1. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land > 10% uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters. 2. Includes areas with young trees that have not yet reached but which are expected to reach a canopy cover of at least 10 percent and tree height of 5 meters or more. It also includes areas that are temporarily unstocked due to clear-cutting as part of a forest management practice or natural disasters, and which are expected to be regenerated within 5 years. Local conditions may, in exceptional cases, justify that a longer time frame is used. 3. Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest. 4. Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectares and width of more than 20 meters. 5. Includes abandoned shifting cultivation land with a regeneration of trees that have, or are expected to reach, a canopy cover of at least 10 percent and tree height of at least 5 meters. 6. Includes areas with mangroves in tidal zones, regardless whether this area is classified as land area or not. 7. Includes rubberwood, cork oak and Christmas tree plantations. 8. Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria are met. 9. Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit tree plantations, oil palm plantations, olive orchards and agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover. Note: Some agroforestry systems such as the “Taungya” system where crops are grown only during the 2 Term Definition Specifications Source

first years of the forest rotation should be classified as forest. Other Land not defined as “Forest”, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters Area: > 0.5ha FRA 2015 wooded land and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds; or with a combined Tree height: > cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly 5m under agricultural or urban land use. Canopy cover: Explanatory notes - 1. The definition above has two options: trees: <10% • The canopy cover of trees is between 5 and 10 percent; trees should be higher than 5 meters or - able to reach 5 meters. trees+bushes: or >10% • The canopy cover of trees is less than 5 percent but the combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees is more than 10 percent. Includes areas of shrubs and bushes where no trees are present. 2. Includes areas with trees that will not reach a height of at least 5 meters and with a canopy cover of 10 percent or more, e.g. some alpine tree vegetation types, arid zone mangroves, etc. 3. Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria are met. Forest Continuously forested areas, namely land spanning more than one hectare with trees higher than Area: > 1ha Directive five metres and a canopy cover of more than 30 %, or trees able to reach those thresholds in situ; Tree height: > 2009/28/EC on 5m renewable energy, Canopy cover: p. 37 > 30% Forest An area of land spanning more than 0,5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover Area: > 0.5ha Regulation (EU) of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; and does not include land Tree height: > No 1305/2013 on that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use 5m support for rural Canopy cover: development by > 10% the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), Art 2, 2. (r), p. 499 3 Term Definition Specifications Source

Agroforestry Land use systems in which trees are grown in combination with agriculture on the same land. The ensure Regulation (EU) systems minimum and maximum number of trees per hectare shall be determined by the Member States agricultural No 1305/2013 on taking account of local pedo-climatic and environmental conditions, forestry species and the need to use of the land support for rural ensure sustainable agricultural use of the land. development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), Art 23, 2., p. 510 Agroforestry Land-use systems and practices where woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops Guidance Sub-measure fiche and/or animals on the same parcel or land management unit without the intention to establish a document for (annex II to the remaining forest stand. The trees may be arranged as single stems, in rows or in groups, while Art 21(1) (b) measure fiche grazing may also take place inside parcels (silvoarable agroforestry, silvopastoralism, grazed or and 23 of "forestry") intercropped orchards) or on the limits between parcels (hedges, tree lines). Regulation Establishment of Agroforestry, meaning the integration of trees, crops and/or livestock on the same area of land, has (EU) No agroforestry been identified by the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology 1305/2013 systems for Development (IAASTD) as a ‘win–win’ multifunctional land-use approach that balances the Measure 8 production of commodities (food, feed, fuel, fibre, etc.) with non-commodity outputs such as environmental protection and cultural and landscape amenities1. It should be noted that agroforestry systems are particularly suitable to restore the production potential of degraded areas and to upgrade environments with natural limitations. Agro-forestry A land-use system that involves deliberate retention, introduction, or mixture of trees or other Vol 4, Forest 2006 IPCC woody perennials in crop and animal production systems to take advantage of economic or land Guidelines for ecological interactions among the components (Dictionary of Forestry, Helms, 1998, Society of national GHG American Foresters). inventories

Short Comm.Reg. (EC) ART 2 Definitions

1 Agriculture and the Environment IX, Valuing Ecosystems: Policy, Economic and Management Interactions (2012), Developing modern, multifunctional agroforestry systems for sustainable intensification 4 Term Definition Specifications Source rotation (b) ‘permanent crops’ means non-rotational crops other than permanent pasture that occupy the No 1120/2009 on coppice land for five years or longer and yield repeated harvests, including nurseries, and short rotation direct support coppice; schemes for farmers (CAP) – (n) ‘short rotation coppice’ means areas planted with those tree species of CN code 0602 90 41 that consist of woody, perennial crops, the rootstock or stools remaining in the ground after harvesting, Consolidated with new shoots emerging in the following season and that are contained in a list to be drawn up by version Members States from 2010 of the species which are appropriate for use as short rotation coppice and their maximum harvest cycle;

Short Short rotation coppice (SRC) refers to a perennial, fast-growing, high-yielding woody crop that is 2-5 years A review of past rotation harvested every two to five years and managed under a coppice system (Evans et al. 2007). and current coppice research on short rotation coppice in Ireland and abroad, 2010 Short The establishment of SRC plantations has more in common with agricultural or horticultural crops 2-4 years UK Forestry rotation than forestry. Commission coppice Ground preparation is carried out using conventional agricultural machinery and methods. practice note, Generally, the crop is planted by simply pushing cuttings, approximately 20 cm long and 1 cm in 2002 diameter, into the cultivated soil. Shoots and roots quickly develop from these cuttings. Typically two or three shoots sprout from each cutting and grow between two and three metres in the first growing season. Traditionally in the UK, this growth is cut back after one growing season to just above ground level. This encourages the developing coppice stool to produce more shoots in the following year. These shoots are then left to grow on for between 2 and 4 years before being harvested with specialised machinery. The stool is left in the ground and produces more shoots that grow for a further 2 to 4 years until the next harvest. Several 2 to 4-year cutting cycles take place before yield declines and the crop is replaced; the exact length of time the stools remain in the ground depends on their productivity and the wishes of the landowner. There are two basic harvesting systems that can be used with SRC. The crop can be cut and chipped 5 Term Definition Specifications Source

in one operation, or the crop can be cut and the stems left intact to air-dry, with chipping carried out as a separate operation at a later date. Harvesters that do not chip the stems are known as ‘stick harvesters’. Most of the machinery tested takes advantage of the twin row design and is capable of cutting two rows in one pass; where possible output can be maximised by using two way working. Cut and chip machines tend to work more efficiently for the landowner. Short SRC consists of densely planted, high-yielding varieties of either willow or poplar, harvested on a 2-5 2-5 years; DEFRA, Short rotation year cycle, although commonly every 3 years. The osier, a shrub willow, is parental stock to the commonly 3 Rotational coppice majority of willow varieties planted for use as an energy crop. SRC is a woody, perennial crop, the years Coppice - Best rootstock or stools remaining in the ground after harvest with new shoots emerging the following Practice spring. A plantation could be viable for up to 30 years before re-planting becomes necessary, Guidelines although this depends on the productivity of the stools. (PB7135), 2011

Short Willows grown as a SRC plantation constitute densely planted high-yielding varieties harvested on a 2-5 years; TSEC-Biosys: rotation 2-5 year cycle (commonly 3 year) following coppice of the first establishment year's growth. This commonly 3 Bioenergy Crops coppice forms a multi-stem plantation, with each stool producing up to 20 shoots. The productivity of the years; multi- UK, 2006 stool that remains after coppice determines the life-span of the crop, but plantations are considered stem plants viable for at least 30 years. Willows can grow on a wide range of soil types with a pH optimum of 6.5 and a pH range of 5.5 to 7.0. Water consumption of this crop is high and can reach 4.8 mm m-2 in mid-summer (El Bassam, 1998) an annual rainfall of 600 - 1000 mm is considered ideal for willow growth (DEFRA, 2002).

Short 17. The concept of Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) is distinct from Short Rotation Coppice (SRC). The 8-20 years LTS International, rotation underlying principle is to grow a plantation at such a spacing that it quickly captures the site and A review of the forestry then fell it when the trees reach a size that is easily harvested and handled. This size depends on the potential impacts technology but will usually be between 10 and 20 cm diameter at breast height (1.3 metres). of short rotation 20. For the purpose of this study, SRF is considered as encompassing crops grown for between 8 and forestry, 2006 20 years. Much shorter than traditional forestry practice but much longer than SRC. These periods are quite similar to the coppice cycles used in the past in UK and Western Europe. Short Short rotation forestry (SRF) is the practice of cultivating fast-growing trees that reach their 8-20 years; Forest Research, 6 Term Definition Specifications Source

rotation economically optimum size between eight and 20 years old; each plant produces a single stem that trees Review of growth forestry is harvested at around 15 cm diameter. The crops tend to be grown on lower-grade agricultural land, and previously forested land or reclaimed land and so do not directly compete with food crops for the environmental most productive agricultural land. Experience of SRF in Britain is limited creating a need to establish impacts, 2011, whether it is a viable renewable energy source. McKay (ed.)

Further definitions from the FAO, UNFCCC, IPCC, SEEA 2012 and Spain

Sources: FAOSTAT glossary and FAO/FRA 2015; FAO Temperate and Boreal Forest Resources Assessment 2000; 2006 UNFCCC Decision 16/CMP.1 on LULUCF of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol; Decision 529/2013/EU on accounting rules on greenhouse gas emissions relating to LULUCF; 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 4; UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012, Central Framework; Country report Spain for FRA 2010

Term Definition Stated source Copied from

Forest area Forest area is the land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a Forest Resources FAOSTAT glossary canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not Assessment include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Forest is determined both (FRA) by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 metres (m) in situ. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 m are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural causes, which are expected to regenerate. Includes: areas with bamboo and palms provided that height and canopy cover criteria are met; forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific

7 scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m; plantations primarily used for forestry or protective purposes, such as: rubber-wood plantations and cork, oak stands. Excludes: tree stands in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems. The term also excludes trees in urban parks and gardens. Data are expressed in 1000 hectares. Other land Other land is the land not classified as Agricultural land and Forest area. It includes built up and FAO Statistics FAOSTAT glossary related land, barren land, other wooded land, etc. Division

Other land with Land considered as “Other land”, that is predominantly agricultural or urban lands FRA 2015 Terms and definitions, WP 180 tree cover use and has patches of tree cover that span more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy (Subordinated to cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. It “Other includes both forest and non-forest tree species. land”) Explanatory notes 1. The difference between Forest and Other land with tree cover is the land use criteria. 2. Includes groups of trees and scattered trees (e g trees outside forest) in agricultural landscapes, parks, gardens and around buildings, provided that area, height and canopy cover criteria are met. 3. Includes tree stands in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit tree plantations and agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover. Also includes tree plantations established mainly for other purposes than wood, such as oil palm plantations. 4. Excludes scattered trees with a canopy cover less than 10 percent, small groups of trees covering less than 0.5 hectares and tree lines less than 20 meters wide.

Permanent crops Crops are divided into temporary and permanent crops. Permanent crops are sown or planted FAO 2001. Food FAOSTAT glossary once, and then occupy the land for some years and need not be replanted after each annual balance sheets. A harvest, such as cocoa, coffee and rubber. This category includes flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut handbook. Rome trees and vines, but excludes trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent crops Permanent crops is the land cultivated with long term crops which do not have to be replanted FAO Statistics FAOSTAT glossary (land use database) for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing flowers, such Division

8 as roses and jasmine; and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under "forest"). Permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from land under permanent crops. Data are expressed in 1000 hectares. Forest not available Forest where legal, economic or specific environmental restrictions prevent any significant supply TBFRA 2000 Terms and definitions, for wood supply of wood. Includes: UN-ECE/FAO (a) Forest with legal restrictions or restrictions resulting from other political decisions, which totally exclude or severely limit wood supply, inter alia for reasons of environmental or Temperate and Boreal Forest biodiversity conservation, e.g. protection forest, national parks, nature reserves and other Resources Assessment 2000 protected areas, such as those of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; (b) Forest where physical productivity or wood quality is too low or harvesting and transport costs are too high to warrant wood harvesting, apart from occasional cuttings for auto-consumption. Forest “Forest” is a minimum area of land of 0.05–1.0 hectare with tree crown cover (or equivalent Decision UNFCCC, stocking level) of more than 10–30 per cent with trees with the potential to reach a minimum 16/CMP.1 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3 height of 2–5 metres at maturity in situ. A forest may consist either of closed forest formations 30 March 2006, Original: where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground or open ENGLISH; forest. Young natural stands and all plantations which have yet to reach a crown density of 10–30 Marrakesh Accords, Advance per cent or tree height of 2–5 metres are included under forest, as are areas normally forming unedited version, COP7, Annex, part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention such as Version: 10-11-01; 5:29 (2001) harvesting or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. ‘forest’ means an area of land defined by the minimum values for area size, tree crown cover or Decision 529/2013/EU on an equivalent stocking level, and potential tree height at maturity at the place of growth of the accounting rules for LULUCF trees, as specified for each Member State in Annex V. It includes areas with trees, including groups of growing young natural trees, or plantations that have yet to reach the minimum values for tree crown cover or equivalent stocking level or minimum tree height as specified in Annex V, including any area that normally forms part of the forest area but on which there are temporarily no trees as a result of human intervention, such as harvesting, or as a result of natural causes, but which area can be expected to revert to forest; 9 Afforestation “Afforestation” is the direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forested for a Decision UNFCCC, period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced 16/CMP.1 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3 promotion of natural seed sources. 30 March 2006

‘afforestation’ means the direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forest for a Decision 529/2013/EU on period of at least 50 years to forest through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced accounting rules for LULUCF promotion of natural seed sources, where the conversion has taken place after 31 December 1989; Reforestation “Reforestation” is the direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land Decision UNFCCC, through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land 16/CMP.1 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3 that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. For the first commitment period, reforestation activities will be limited to reforestation occurring on those lands that did 30 March 2006 not contain forest on 31 December 1989. ‘reforestation’ means any direct human-induced conversion of land that is not forest to forest Decision 529/2013/EU on through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, which is accounting rules for LULUCF confined to land that was forest but ceased to be forest before 1 January 1990, and which has been reconverted to forest in the period after 31 December 1989; Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as FRA 2015 Terms and definitions, WP 180 forest. Explanatory notes: 1. Implies no change of land use. 2. Includes planting/seeding of temporarily unstocked forest areas as well as planting/seeding of areas with forest cover. 3. Includes coppice from trees that were originally planted or seeded. 4. Excludes natural regeneration of forest. Regeneration Re-establishment of a forest stand by natural or artificial means following the removal of the TBFRA 2000 Terms and definitions, previous stand by felling or as a result of natural causes, e.g. fire or storm. UN-ECE/FAO Temperate and Boreal Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Deforestation “Deforestation” is the direct human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land. Decision UNFCCC, 10 16/CMP.1 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3

30 March 2006

‘deforestation’ means the direct human-induced conversion of forest to land that is not forest, Decision 529/2013/EU on where the conversion has taken place after 31 December 1989; accounting rules for LULUCF

Revegetation “Revegetation” is a direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the Decision UNFCCC, establishment of vegetation that covers a minimum area of 0.05 hectares and does not meet the 16/CMP.1 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3 definitions of afforestation and reforestation contained here. 30 March 2006 ‘revegetation’ means any direct human-induced activity intended to increase the carbon stock of Decision 529/2013/EU on any site that covers a minimum area of 0,05 hectares, through the proliferation of vegetation, accounting rules for LULUCF where that activity does not constitute afforestation or reforestation; Forest “Forest management” is a system of practices for stewardship and use of forest land aimed at Decision UNFCCC, management fulfilling relevant ecological (including biological diversity), economic and social functions of the 16/CMP.1 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3 forest in a sustainable manner. 30 March 2006 ‘forest management’ means any activity resulting from a system of practices applicable to a forest Decision 529/2013/EU on that influences the ecological, economic or social functions of the forest. accounting rules for LULUCF Dead wood Includes all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps, national GHG inventories larger than or equal to 10cm in diameter (or the diameter specified by the country). Disturbance A disturbance is defined as an environmental fluctuation and destructive event that disturb forest Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for health, structure, and/or change resources or physical environment at any given spatial or national GHG inventories temporal scale. Disturbances that affect health and vitality which include biotic agents such as insects and diseases, and abiotic agents such as fire, pollution, and extreme weather conditions (see also below, mortality and other disturbance). Natural ‘natural disturbances’ means any non-anthropogenic events or circumstances that cause Decision 529/2013/EU on disturbances significant emissions in forests and the occurrence of which are beyond the control of the accounting rules for LULUCF relevant Member State provided the Member State is objectively unable to significantly limit the

11 effect of the events or circumstances, even after their occurrence, on emissions Fellings Volume (over bark) of all trees, living or dead, above a 10cm diameter at breast height, felled Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for annually in forests or other wooded land. It includes volume of all felled trees whether or not they national GHG inventories are removed. It includes silvicultural and pre-commercial thinning and cleanings of trees of more than 10cm diameter, left in the forest, and natural losses that are recovered. Note: In these guidelines, only the terms “wood-removal” and “fuelwood-removals” are used, consistent with GFRA 2005. Removals are generally a subset of fellings. Felling residues To fully account for the change in the volume of timber resources over an accounting period, it is p. 195 SEEA 2012 Central Framework necessary to deduct felling residues. These residues are associated with the fact that, at the time of felling, a certain volume of timber resources is rotten, damaged or in excess in terms of the size requirements. Felling residues exclude small branches and other parts of the tree that are also excluded from the scope of timber resources. Estimates of felling residues may also provide mportant information on the nature of forestry practice. Forest plantation Forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation or Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for reforestation. They are either of introduced species (all planted stands), or intensively managed national GHG inventories stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at planting, even age class, and regular spacing. Growing stock Volume over bark of all living trees more than X cm in diameter at breast height. It includes the Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include national GHG inventories branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. Countries indicate the three thresholds (X, Y, W in cm) and the parts of the tree that are not included in the volume. Countries also indicate whether the reported figures refer to volume above ground or above stump. The diameter is measured at 30cm above the end of the buttresses if these are higher than 1 meter. It includes windfallen living trees and excludes smaller branches, twigs, foliage, flowers, seeds, and roots. Volume over bark of all living trees with a minimum diameter of 10 cm at breast height FRA 2015 (or above buttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level up to a top diameter of 0 cm, excluding branches. Explanatory notes 1. Diameter breast height refers to diameter over bark measured at a height of 1.3 m above

12 ground level, or above buttresses, if these are higher. 2. Includes living trees that are lying on the ground. 3. Excludes smaller branches, twigs, foliage, flowers, seeds, and roots. The living tree component of the standing volume. TBFRA 2000 Terms and definitions, UN-ECE/FAO Temperate and Boreal Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Standing volume Volume of standing trees, living or dead, above-stump measured overbark to top (0 cm). Includes all trees TBFRA 2000 Terms and definitions, with diameter over 0 cm (d.b.h.) UN-ECE/FAO Temperate and Boreal Forest Includes: Tops of stems, large branches; dead trees lying on the ground which can still be used for Resources Assessment 2000 fibre or fuel.

Excludes: Small branches, twigs and foliage Stocking level ‘stocking level’ means the density of standing and growing trees on land covered by forest Decision 529/2013/EU on measured in accordance with a methodology established by the Member State accounting rules for LULUCF

Harvest loss Difference between the assessed merchantable volume of growing stock and the actual volume of Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the harvested timber. Due to different measurement rules for standing and felled timber, losses national GHG inventories are from bucking, breakage, defect.

Intensive forest A regime of forest management, where silvicultural practices define the structure and Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for management composition of forest stands. A formal or informal forest management plan exists. A forest is not national GHG inventories under intensive management, if mainly natural ecological processes define the structure and composition of stands. Introduced species A species introduced outside of its normal past and current distribution. Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories

Managed forest A managed forest is forest land subjected to conditions defined for managed land. Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories

13 Managed land Managed land is land where human interventions and practices have been applied to perform Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for production, ecological or social functions. national GHG inventories

Merchantable Merchantable volume is the volume overbark of all trees defined using the conditions described Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for volume for growing stocks. Further, this can be applied to growing stocks as well as net annual increment national GHG inventories and wood removals. Mortality Trees dying naturally from competition in the stem-exclusion stage of a stand or forest. As used Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for here, mortality does not include losses due to disturbances (s.a.). national GHG inventories

Natural losses Natural losses are the losses to the growing stock (i.e., living, standing trees) during an accounting p. 195 SEEA 2012 Central Framework period due to mortality from causes other than felling. Examples include losses due to natural mortality, insect attack, fire, wind throw or other physical damages. Natural losses should include only those losses that can be reasonably expected when considering the timber resources as a whole. Natural losses should be recorded only when there is no possibility that the timber resource can be removed. All timber removed should be recorded as removals. Catastrophic losses Catastrophic losses should be recorded when there are exceptional and significant losses of p. 195 SEEA 2012 Central Framework timber resources due to natural causes. Catastrophic losses should be recorded only when there is no possibility that the timber resource can be removed. All timber removed should be recorded as removals. Natural forest A forest composed of indigenous trees and not classified as a forest plantation. Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories

Natural Re-establishment of a forest stand by natural means i.e., by natural seeding or vegetative Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for regeneration regeneration. It may be assisted by human intervention e.g., by scarification of the soil or fencing national GHG inventories to protect against wildlife or domestic animal grazing. Net annual Average annual volume of gross increment over the given reference period minus mortality (s.a.), Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for increment of all trees to a specified minimum diameter at breast height. As used here, it is not net of losses national GHG inventories due to disturbances (s.a.). Other disturbance Disturbance caused by factors other than fire, insects, or diseases. May include areas affected by Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for drought, flooding, windfalls, acid rain, etc. national GHG inventories

14 Reforestation Direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was forested but that national GHG inventories has been converted to nonforested land. For the first commitment period, reforestation activities will be limited to reforestation occurring on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989. Revegetation A direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the establishment of Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for vegetation that covers a minimum area of 0.05 hectares and does not meet the definitions of national GHG inventories afforestation and reforestation contained here. Removals All round wood felled or otherwise harvested and removed; it comprises all wood obtained from Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for removals e.g., quantities removed from forests and from trees outside forests, including wood national GHG inventories recovered from natural felling and logging losses during a period. In the production statistics, it represents the sum of fuelwood, including wood for charcoal, saw-and veneer logs, pulpwood and other industrial roundwood. In the trade statistics, it represents the sum of industrial roundwood, and fuelwood, including wood for charcoal. It is reported in cubic meters excluding bark. Removals are estimated as the volume of timber resources removed from forest land, other p. 195 SEEA 2012 Central Framework wooded land and other land areas during the accounting period. They include removals of trees felled in earlier periods and the removal of trees killed or damaged by natural causes. Removals may be recorded by type of product (e.g., industrial roundwood or fuelwood) or by species of tree (e.g., coniferous or broadleaved). Removals constitute the relevant variable for measuring the extraction of timber resources because the definition of the stock of timber resources includes trees that have been felled and are on the ground but have not yet been removed. Shrub Woody perennial plants, generally more than 0.5 meters and less than 5 meters in height at Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for maturity and without definite crown. Height limits for trees and shrubs should be interpreted national GHG inventories with flexibility, particularly the minimum tree and maximum shrub height, which may vary between 5 and 7 meters. Tree A woody perennial with a single main stem, or in the case of coppice with several stems, having a Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for more or less definitive crown. Includes bamboos, palms, and other woody plants meeting the national GHG inventories above criteria.

15 Volume overbark Growing stock or merchantable wood measured outside, that is including the bark. Bark adds 5- Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for 25% of total volume, depending on tree diameter and bark thickness of species. The weighted national GHG inventories average bark percentage calculated from the data of TBFRA 2000 is 11% of the volume outside bark. Wood fuel Also wood-based fuels, wood-derived biofuels. All types of biofuels originating directly or Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for indirectly from woody biomass. national GHG inventories

Wood removal The wood removed (volume of round wood over bark) for production of goods and services other Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for than energy production (fuelwood). The term removal differs from fellings as it excludes felled national GHG inventories trees left in the forest. It includes removal from fellings of an earlier period and from trees killed or damaged by natural causes. It also includes removal by local people or owners for their own use. As the term “removal” is used in the context of climate change to indicate sequestration of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, removal in the context of forest harvesting should always be used as “wood-removal or fuelwood-removal” to avoid misunderstandings. Fuelwood removal The wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless of whether for industrial, Vol 4, Forest land 2006 IPCC Guidelines for commercial, or domestic use. Fuel wood includes wood collected or removed directly from forest national GHG inventories or other wooded land for energy purposes only. It excludes fuelwood which is produced as a by- product or residual matter from the industrial processing of round wood. It includes removal from fellings in an earlier period and from trees killed or damaged by natural causes. It also includes removal by local people or owners for their own use.

Forestal: monte Terreno poblado con especies forestales arbóreas como manifestación vegetal dominante y con Spain considers Country report, FRA 2010 una fracción de cabida cubierta por ellas igual o superior al 20%. El concepto incluye las dehesas2 dehesas with arbolado de base cultivo o pastizal con labores siempre que la fracción de cabida cubierta arbolada sea crops or grazing igual o superior al 20%. También comprende los terrenos con plantaciones monoespecíficas o to be forests poco diversificadas de especies forestales arbóreas, sean autóctonas o alóctonas, siempre que la when the canopy intervención humana sea débil y discontinua, pero excluye las tratadas como cultivos, o sea con cover is greater una fuerte y continua intervención humana, para la obtención de frutos, elementos decorativos, than or equal to

2 Dehesa is a multifunctional agrosylvopastoral system (a type of agroforestry) and cultural landscape of southern and central Spain and southern Portugal 16 hojas, compuestos químicos, flores, plantas de jardinería o varas (posiblemente en el futuro habrá 20% que añadir aquí biomasa), más próximas a los ecosistemas agrícolas que a los forestales, así como los parques urbanos aunque estén arbolados, los árboles sueltos, los bosquetes de cabida menor de 0,25 ha y las alineaciones de pies de anchura menor de 25 metros

Forestal: monte Terreno poblado con especies arbóreas como manifestación botánica dominante y con una Spain considers Country report, FRA 2010 arbolado ralo fracción de cabida cubierta por ellas comprendida entre el 10 y el 20 por ciento. También terreno dehesas with con especies de matorral o pastizal natural como manifestación vegetal dominante, pero con una crops to be presencia de árboles forestales importante cuantificada por una fracción de cabida cubierta forests when the arbórea igual o superior al 10% e inferior al 20%, incluyéndose aquí las dehesas de base cultivo canopy cover is cuando la fracción de cabida cubierta forestal esté entre el 10 y el 20 por ciento. between 10 and 20%

Forestal: monte Terreno ocupado por especies arbóreas como presencia vegetal dominante y con una fracción de Spain classifies Country report, FRA 2010 arbolado disperso cabida cubierta por dichas especies entre el 5 y el 10 por ciento. Igualmente espacio de tierra this as OWL; conteniendo matas, malezas y herbazales naturales como fenómenos botánicos preponderantes, dehesas with pero con una manifestación de árboles forestales que cubran una fracción de cabida cubierta crops and a sobre el suelo igual o superior al 5% y menor del 10%. Las dehesas con base cultivo no se canopy cover of clasificarán dentro de este grupo aunque la fracción de cabida cubierta de los árboles esté entre 5-10% are el 5 y el 10 por ciento, pues la importancia del uso agrícola anula prácticamente a los demás. excluded because the agricultural use predominates

Forestal: monte Terreno poblado con especies de matorral o/y pastizal natural o con débil intervención humana Spain includes Country report, FRA 2010 desarbolado como manifestación vegetal dominante con presencia o no de árboles forestales, pero en todo this under OWL caso con la fracción de cabida cubierta por éstos inferior al 5%.