GA Milestones Review Packet for 7Th Grade Social Studies
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CLASS SET # _____
GA Milestones Review Packet for 7th Grade Social Studies
(A.K.A. “Everything you need to know to get a perfect score.”)
Review Site: http://teacherpages.hallco.org/webpages/dpeake/coolgames.cfm
Set your Goals! This year on the 7th grade Milestone, I will get ______out of 60 correct. Government Review Sheet
How is governmental power distributed (divided)? (CG1/4/6a)
Countries usually have at least two levels of government:
Central Governments Regional Governments Responsible for the entire country. Responsible for their region. Might also be called the national government. Sometimes called states, provinces, or prefectures It is based in the nation’s capital. They are based in the capital of that region. Our central gov’t is based in Washington D.C. Our regions are called states and our region’s capital is Atlanta, Georgia. How is power distributed (divided) between these two levels of government?
Unitary Confederation Federal Central government has all the Central government has little This is a compromise between the power. power. other two. The regional governments carry out The central government carries out BOTH the central government and the wishes of the central the wishes of the regional the regional governments have government. government. power. When you see “unit” think “one” as All the power lies with the regional The regional governments are self- in “one gov’t has all the power. governments. governing but they must also Many democracies are unitary. This form of government is very follow the laws of the central ALL autocracies are unitary. rare among countries today. government. Examples: The United States, Unitary ≠ Autocracy The best examples are voluntary associations of countries, like the Mexico, and Canada. Example: Great Britain United Nations and O.P.E.C From our curriculum: From our curriculum: India NONE
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 2 What role do citizens have in government? (CG1/4/6b) (Do they govern themselves? Do they have freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, etc.?) Autocracy Oligarchy Democracy Rule by one person Rule by a small group of people Rule by all the people (citizens) All dictatorships and absolute A handful of people, or a ruling Citizens govern themselves, usually monarchies. (Monarch has class control the government. through elected representatives. complete control.) Often communist governments are (Free and fair elections!) Monarch can be named king, an oligarchy. The citizens have many rights and queen, emperor, empress, etc. The apartheid government in South freedoms. Communist governments can be Africa was an oligarchy. Just because a government claims autocracies, if the leader is very Ordinary citizens do NOT govern to be democratic does NOT mean powerful. themselves. that it is. For example, North Korea. Citizens do NOT govern Citizens have very few rights. In some democracies, the rights of themselves. the citizens are limited. Examples from our curriculum: Citizens have very few rights. China Examples from our curriculum: Examples from our curriculum: Kenya, South Africa Saudi Arabia India, Japan North Korea Israel, Iran Sudan
How is the Head of Government chosen in a democracy? (CG1/4/6a)
When leading a country’s government, there are two roles that must be filled. Head of Government: Actually runs the government and has real political power. Title may be prime minister, president or others. Chief (or Head) of State: This is a ceremonial role that requires NO actual power. Title may be president, king or emperor (if a figurehead)
Parliamentary Presidential People elect a legislature. People elect the leader, often with the title Legislature chooses one of its members to be leader. president. Leader is often called prime minister, but there are In this system, the president is more independent other titles. of the legislature. Examples from our curriculum: Examples from our curriculum: South Africa (But leader is titled president!) Kenya Israel (prime minister, Knesset.) Iran (elected president, but also a Japan (prime minister, emperor, Diet) theocracy) “ India (prime minister) Supreme Leader” is selected by religious leaders as Allah’s representative. India is world’s largest democracy. Laws on based on Qur’an.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 3 Economics Review Sheet
Economics is the study of how societies produce, transfer and consume wealth.
(make) (move) (use)
Economists start with three basic questions. (E1/5/8) 1. What to produce 2. How to produce? 3. For whom to produce? The four basic economies reflect the four possible answers to those questions: Command Market NO legal economy is pure The government decides. Producers and consumers decide. market. Traditional Communist economies are Decisions are based on command. tradition, customs and beliefs. “Because that’s how we’ve always done it!” Very rare in the modern world
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 4 Governments can help or hurt economic growth. (E2b/6b/9b)
Every economy has some degree of government involvement. (No legal pure market economies) Some interest groups want more government involvement. This pulls towards a command economy. Some interest groups want less government involvement. This pulls towards a market economy. This tug of war means countries gradually slide back and forth on the command/market continuum.
Reasons for government regulation include: Reasons against government regulation include: Protect consumers Increases competition which: Insure worker safety Rewards and encourages hard Protect smaller businesses from larger ones work Protect the environment. Rewards and encourages innovation This combines to increase productivity Governments sometimes erect trade barriers. Even though this usually slows the economy, governments do this to: Protect a local industry (See tariff below.)
Force other countries to alter their behavior. (See embargo below.) Types of Trade Barriers
Tariff Quota A tax on imported goods A limit on the amount of goods that can be For example, the U.S. places large tariffs on imported from a country. imported peanuts. This makes the imported For example, the U.S. limits the amount of sugar peanuts so expensive, everyone buys American that can be imported into the United States. peanuts. This help American farmers but hurts This helps American sugar producers because it American consumers. lowers the supply of sugar. Embargo Subsidy A ban on (stopping) trade with another A government contribution to a business, either country directly or through tax breaks. U.S embargoed South Africa to force them to For example, Cobb County promised to help end Apartheid. build a new stadium to convince the Atlanta Braves to move there.
Tools of the Trade – Which statistic would you use for these questions? How big is a country’s economy? GDP per capita GDP How wealthy is the country? Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 5 How fast is the economy growing? What percentage of adults can read? GDP Growth Literacy Rate What factors make economies grow? (E2&3/6&7/9&10) Voluntary trade is good for the economy! No country is completely self-sufficient. (No country produces everything it needs.) When businesses trade with each other, both can benefit. Countries concentrate in producing goods & services they are best at. (Specialization) This is good! Countries export goods they produce & import from other countries the goods they do not produce. Depending on a just few products (over-specialization) is dangerous. Developed economies are diverse. (They specialize in a range of products, so they are not dependent on just a few.) Investment (spending money for future profit) is good for the economy! Investment in human capital is good! Investment in capital goods is good! A good example of this is education. Capital goods can include factories and Investment in education leads to higher machinery, even infrastructure literacy rate. Infrastructure is structures like buildings, Countries with higher literacy rates usually roads and the power system that enable have a higher standard of living. society to function.
Entrepreneurs are good for the economy! They start businesses. They risk their own time and money in the hope of making a profit. (money) Because of the risk they take and the reward the might get, they have the incentive to: Work hard and be creative Entrepreneurs bring energy and innovation to an economy.
An efficient currency exchange is good for the economy! Countries have different currencies. (United States = dollar, Japan = Yen, India = Rupee) This could make trade between countries difficult, but… Countries have developed a very efficient way to exchange currencies. Natural Resources are good for the economy! Natural resources are things that occur in nature that can be used to create wealth, such as: Minerals like oil, gold and iron ore Forests Water Fertile land Natural resources are unequally distributed. A region may have plenty of some resources yet none of others. This is another reason that trade is important.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 6 Sometimes, natural resources are efficiently exploited (used) but sometimes they are not. Therefore, the presence of natural resources does not insure wealth. Countries can overcome the lack of resources and still have strong economies. (Japan) Personal Finance (E4)
Everyone should know how to manage their money. (Especially you!)
An important part of money management is creating a budget. A budget is a written plan for how you will use your money. Here are the first two terms you need to know to write a budget: Income Expenses The money “coming in” The money going out This could be money you got from This could be money you spend Your allowance On rent Working at a job Groceries Gift from Grandma Clothes Selling your sister’s bicycle on To go to the movies Ebay
Always plan your budget so that you have some money left over!
What should you do with all that leftover money? You have two choices: Savings (Think “S”) Investing Set aside money for a: Spending money to make more money. Specific purpose (Car, college, house) It’s the opposite of savings. Short amount of time (Usually 1-5 years) You might buy stocks or a land, then, later sell the You might put your money in a Savings stocks or land to make a profit. account where it will be Safe, but it only give Investments usually take a long time to mature. you a Small return. It is usually risky, not safe. The return may be large! What if you need more money? Get a job! But sometimes you need a lot of money. You might want to borrow money to:
Buy a house Buy Pay for college a car Credit is borrowing money for a period of time. This is called getting a loan. It’s called a mortgage if you are buying a house. You must agree to pay interest. This fee is a percentage of the amount of money you owe.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 7 You must pay the money back on a schedule PLUS the interest. The money you own is your debt. Your monthly loan payment should go in your budget as an expense. Having too much debt is bad! Africa Review Sheet Identify countries and physical features (SS7 G1a & b) Be sure you can to associate political and physical feature with each other! Democratic Republic of the Nile River Sahara Desert Congo (Zaire) Niger River Kalahari Desert Egypt Congo River Sahel (NOT a desert!) Kenya Lake Victoria (This is the Savanna Nigeria source of the Nile River.) Tropical Rain Forest South Africa Lake Tanganyika Sub-Saharan Africa South Sudan Atlas Mountains Sudan
Environmental Issues
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 8 Impact of climate, geography and location on the people (SS7G3) General concept: Mountains, deserts, lack of access to rivers and oceans are trade barriers. General concept: River plains are good: Alluvial plain is good farmland, fresh water, trade along river People living in deserts (like the Sahara) or near them (like the Sahel) are usually nomads, moving from place to place in search of water. Survival is a struggle and they produce little to trade. A savanna (grassland) has more water, so the lifestyle is more settled. Many Africans live in savannas. Tropical rain forests are a challenging environment. Although they may have many resources, large populations cannot live in a rain forest. Water Issues (G2a) People need fresh (not salty!) water every day in order to live. People need clean (not polluted!) water in order to stay healthy. Unequal Distribution of Water Fresh water in Africa is unequally distributed. Some Problems with Water Pollution regions have plenty, some have little. Much of Africa’s water is polluted due to Access to water can cause conflict between countries. natural causes, such as water-borne diseases Northern Africa suffers from lack of water. and insects. Lack of water hurts agriculture because: Polluted water is one of Africa’s biggest problems. Little water for irrigation Lack of clean water hurts the economy of Little water for livestock African countries because of the time spent The Sahel is a semi-arid (not quite a desert) region getting water. bordering the Sahara Desert. Water pollution hurts the economy. Since The Sahel is shrinking, making it very difficult for the many people are sick, they cannot work. people living there. Deforestation (G2b) Deforestation is the clearing of forests through logging or burning. Most deforestation in Africa comes from clearing land for subsistence farming. Subsistence farming means the farmer can barely raise enough food to feed the farmer’s family. (suBSist = Barely Survive) Deforestation leads to erosion. Erosion leaves behind rocky, infertile soil. This creates a terrible cycle, since it forces the farmers to clear even more land. Deforestation hurts economic growth in Africa Desertification (G2c) Desertification occurs when healthy, fertile land becomes a desert. 1/3 of Africa is in danger of desertification.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 9 Desertification is caused by a combination of: Drought (lack of rainfall) Overuse of vegetation causes the plants to die which leads to erosion. Erosion creates the lack of topsoil, which means new plants will not grow. Overuse includes Allowing livestock to overgraze Cutting down trees to create farmland (deforestation) The shrinking of the Sahel (as it is taken over by the Sahara) is a prime example of desertification. Desertification hurts economic growth in Africa
Diverse Cultures (G4) General Concept: Ethnic groups and religious groups are NOT the same thing. Religious groups share a system of belief in a god, gods or other supernatural elements. They share a history, rituals and usually a holy book. Ethnic groups share cultural characteristics like language, types of food, history, religion, even general appearance. People in the same ethnic group generally share the same religion and location. People in the same religion often come from different ethnic groups and live in different places. Arabs Most Ashanti have converted to Islam or Originated in the Arabian Peninsula Christianity.Bantu Spread throughout North Africa Originated in West Africa Language is Arabic The “Bantu Migration” spread the Bantu and their Most Arabs religion is Islam. language throughout much of Africa Many African languages are Bantu-based Bantu have several religions. Some converted to Islam or Ashanti Christianity. Some kept their traditional beliefs Found in present-day Ghana Swahili Traditional beliefs include the “Golden Stool” a symbol of Ashanti power and Found along the southeastern coast of Africa beliefs Mix of Arab and Bantu cultures They speak Swahili which is a mix of Bantu and Arab Most Swahili’s religion is Islam, often with traditional beliefs mixed in.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 10 History (SS7 H1)
European partitioning of Africa Because of the Industrial Revolution, Europe had a great need for natural resources. Technological advantages allowed Europeans to dominate Africa. Instead of warring among themselves for Africa’s resources, European countries agreed to peacefully divide up Africa between themselves. Europeans met at the Berlin Conference to draw the borders of their Africa colonies. (No Africans were there!)
Instead of partitioning (dividing into parts) Africa along lines that naturally divided ethnic groups, they chose to “artificially partition.” Artificial partitions caused conflict between the competing ethnic groups. Artificial partitions made it easier for the Europeans to control the colonies, since the ethnic groups would fight against each other instead of against the European government. Even though African nations are now independent, those original artificial boundaries continue to cause conflict. Many of Africa’s civil wars are a result of Europe’s partitioning of Africa
Nationalism leading to Independence (H1b&c) General concept: Nationalism is awareness among people that they share a link that is different than their ethnic group or religion. They take pride in being a part of that group and want to create a nation. General concept: People must have a sense of nationalism before they will strive for independence. General concept: Extreme nationalism often leads to conflict. (The Nazi’s are an example) Most African nations win their independence after WWII. (1950’s and 1960’s) Nigeria Was a British colony Kenya Peaceful transition to independence Was a British colony Competition between ethnic groups has resulted Violent war for independence in unstable government After independence, became an autocracy More democratic in recent years South Sudan Won independence from Sudan after long civil war As a part of Sudan, it was a British colony South Africa
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 11 Whites (descendants of European settlers) won independence from Great Britain. Whites did not allow rights to the black (native) South Africans. Apartheid government was an oligarchy where whites were the ruling class. Apartheid kept races apart. (Segregation) The great majority of people could not vote. Apartheid was brutal and countries imposed embargoes on South Africa to force them to give freedoms to the black majority. F.W. de Klerk, a white, and president of South Africa freed Nelson Mandela from prison. Mandela and de Klerk worked together for a peaceful transition to a democratic form of government where whites and blacks share power. Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. Pan-African Movement (H1d) Recognized a bond shared by people of African descent throughout the world Promoted nationalism among blacks in Africa and encouraged independence movements Many leaders of the independence movements in Africa were in the Pan-Africa Movement. Pan-African movement led to the African Union, an organization of African countries similar in some ways to the European Union. Economics (SS7 E1, 2 & 3) South Africa’s Economy Diversified economy (many types of goods and services) Among the highest GDP’s in Africa Diamond, gold and platinum mines contribute much wealth to economy Mixed economy, closer to market than command Nigeria’s Economy Plentiful oil reserves & good farmland Still, most Nigerians are very poor Nigeria exports half of its oil to the U.S. Corrupt and inefficient government hurts economy Mixed economy but closer to command than South Africa Governments (SS7 CG1, 2 &3)
Factors, such as gender affecting education in Kenya and Sudan CG3a Gender gap is the difference between male and female.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 12 In poor countries, girls are less likely to get an education and so they have lower literacy rates. Low literacy rate leads to a low standard of living. Investment in education = higher literacy rate = higher standard of living Reasons for gender gap include traditions and religious beliefs. Urban areas are more likely to invest in education for girls Comparing Sudan and Kenya: Kenya has a higher literacy rate – smaller gender gap Sudan has a low literacy rate – much larger gender gap
Effect of government stability on HIV/AIDS and famine CG3b Unstable governments make fighting HIV/AIDS and famine very hard
What is a stable government? Stable governments are not in danger of being overthrown. Conflict is handled through political processes, not civil war.
What is HIV/AIDS? HIV is a disease. HIV/AIDS has devastated Sub-Saharan Africa (Many deaths and many orphans) Prevention of HIV/AIDS and care for its victims requires a stable government to distribute information and medicine.
What is famine? Famine is an extreme lack of food. Prevention of famine and care for its government requires a stable government. Kenya’s Government South Unitary (Strong Central Africa’s government) Government Sudan’s Government Democracy (Citizens have the Unitary (Strong Central right to govern themselves) government) Unitary Presidential System (People Democracy (Citizens have rights Autocracy elect the president) and freedoms) Dictatorship Parliamentary System (Legislature selects leader but the title is President!) Southwest Asia Review Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 13 Identify countries and physical features (SS7 G1a & b) Be sure you can to associate political and physical feature with each other! FYI, Southwest Asia and the Middle East are the SAME THING! Afghanistan Euphrates River Persian Gulf Iran Jordan River Strait of Hormuz Iraq Tigris River Arabian Sea Israel Suez Canal Red Sea Saudi Arabia Gaza Strip Turkey
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 14 The Western Religions (G8) Judaism, Christianity and Islam are closely related. All three trace their roots back to Abraham. All three are monotheistic (believe in one god). Judaism is the oldest and Islam is the youngest. Disputes between these religions continue to cause conflict in the region and throughout the world.
Judaism Christianity Islam Followers: Jews Followers: Christians Followers: Muslims Holy book: Torah Holy book: Bible Holy book: Qur’an Place of worship: Synagogue Place of worship: Place of worship: Mosque Central Figure: Moses, Church Muhammad: Last and he led Hebrews out of Egypt Central Figure: Jesus greatest prophet View on Jesus: Rabbi (teacher) Christ, the Son of God View on Jesus: Prophet Holy Place: Western View on Jesus: He is Holy Places: Mecca, the Wall in Jerusalem is the last God. Only Christians believe birthplace of Muhammad and remnant of the Second Temple. this! Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, Holy Place: Jerusalem, near the Western Wall the site of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection
Division between Sunni and Shia Muslims (G8d) Differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims cause much conflict in the Middle East Shia (or Shi’ite) believe that the leader of Islam should be a descendant of Muhammad Sunni believe the leader of Islam should be whoever can best lead the community Sunni are a large majority worldwide. Shia (or Shi’ite) are in the majority in Iran (Persia). Compare the Religion of the Arabs, Persians and Kurds (G8b) Remember, ethnic groups and religious groups are NOT the same thing!
Arabs Speak Arabic Persians On Arabian Peninsula and Sunni Muslim In Iran in North Africa Speak Persian
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 15 Shia Muslim Kurds Speak Kurdish In mountains of Want independent Kurdistan Iran, Iraq, Syria & Sunni Muslim Turkey Environmental Issues Impact of climate, geography and location on the people (SS7G3) General concept: Mountains, deserts, lack of access to rivers and oceans are trade barriers. General concept: River plains are good: Alluvial plain is good farmland, fresh water, trade along river People living in deserts or near them are usually nomads. They move from place to place in search of water. Survival is a struggle and they produce little to trade. Few people live in deserts and some deserts are so harsh that no one lives in them.
Water Issues (G6a) People need fresh (not salty!) water every day in order to live. People need clean (not polluted!) water in order to stay healthy. People live near rivers or they must have other means for getting water, like wells or desalinization plants. Desalinization is the process of removing salt from ocean water in order to make in drinkable. It is very expensive. Water in Southwest Asia is unequally distributed. Water shortages can cause conflict between countries and ethnic groups. Building dams helps provide water for irrigation but it creates can create conflict, since it keeps water from people living downstream. Since water is so scarce, water pollution is an even bigger problem. Chemical runoff from farmers using chemical fertilizers causes water pollution. Impact of Oil in the Middle East (G7)
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 16 Oil is unequally distributed in Southwest Asia. The biggest reserves in the world are found in the Middle East, but some countries have none. The presence of oil in the region has: Created a lot of wealth for some people Raised the standard of living for many people Caused population growth as workers are attracted to the region Wealth from oil has led to the development of other industries. Governments (SS7 CG4 &5) Israel’s Government Saudi Arabia’s Government Iran’s Government Unitary (Strong Unitary (Strong Unitary (Strong Central government) Central government) Central government) Democracy (Citizens Autocracy (Citizens Democracy (Unclear have the right to govern have FEW rights and freedoms) how many rights the citizens themselves) Hereditary Monarchy have) Parliamentary System (King comes from the al-Saud Islamic Theocracy (People elect prime minister) family) (Allah is thought to be the Parliament is called ultimate leader of Iran. His the Knesset representative on earth is the Supreme Leader.) Presidential System (People elect the president)
Economics (SS7 E5, 6 & 7) Israel’s Economy Iran’s Economy No oil reserves Large oil reserves Member of OPEC Diverse economy (many different products) Not diversified (economy depends on oil) High tech and agriculture Economy is highly regulated by government Mixed economy, to the market side Not open to entrepreneurs Mixed economy, but on the command side Saudi Arabia’s Economy Vast oil reserves, much wealth Turkey’s Economy Dependent on oil Diversified economy Leader of OPEC Mixed economy, towards the command side Mixed economy towards the command side
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 17 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (E6c) Group of countries that wish to control the supply and price of oil Control price by adjusting their production levels If they produce more, the price of oil goes down. If they produce less, the price of oil goes up. OPEC has tried to use its control of oil prices to force other countries do what they want. For example, the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo against the U.S. as punishment for our support of Israel History (SS7 H2)
European partitioning of the Middle East (H2a) The Ottoman Empire was a Muslim empire that controlled much of the Middle East and North Africa for hundreds of years. World War I ended the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the Ottoman Empire left no central authority in charge of the Middle East. Great Britain and France stepped in to take charge. Great Britain and France partitioned the Middle East (divided it into countries). These partitions did not reflect the natural division of the ethnic groups. These “artificial borders” still create conflict as different ethnic groups compete for power. The establishment of the State of Israel (H2b&c) Almost 2,000 years ago Jews lived in the part of the world known as Palestine. Romans destroyed the Second Temple and the Jews fled. This led to the Diaspora (Scattering of the Jews)
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 18 There are four reasons Israel was established: (CHAZ) “Connection to the land” Jews believe that this land was promised to them, (The Promised Land) The Holocaust (murder of six million Jews by the Nazis during WWII) created sympathy Anti-Semitism (means “hatred of the Jews”) Zionism grew popular (the belief that Jews should return to the Promised Land) After World War II, the United Nations established the State of Israel. The Palestinians (Muslims native to the region) feel connection to the land also. Surrounding Muslims nations have waged four wars against Israel. Israel won each war. This clash over Palestine continues to be a major conflict that impacts the whole world.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 19 United States’ involvement in the Middle East (H2d) The United States is interested in the Middle East because: We want friendly relations with oil-producing countries. We are allies with Israel and want to protect it. We want stable governments in the region to insure a steady flow of oil exports to us and our allies. We want to discourage terrorists in the region. During the Cold War, we wanted to limit Soviet influence there. We have conducted three wars in the region in recent history:
The Taliban and Al Qaeda are still Persian Gulf War War in Afghanistan active. Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, Al Qaeda is a terrorist group invaded Kuwait. War in Iraq formed to force the US and other After invading Afghanistan, the western nations out of Muslim US was worried about other countries. terrorist attacks. Al Qaeda was led by Osama bin President George W. Bush Laden. believed Saddam Hussein was The Taliban (extremist Muslims developing WMD’s. governing Afghanistan) allowed Al Weapons of Mass Destruction Qaeda to set up training bases in (WMD’s) Afghanistan. We invaded Iraq and removed The US president, George H.W. On /2001, Al Qaeda 9/11 Saddam Hussein from power. Bush, built a coalition of nations, attacked the United States with We did not find WMD’s. imposed economic sanctions and four hijacked airplanes. We worked to establish a threatened military action. US responded by invading stable, friendly government in When Saddam failed to leave Afghanistan. Iraq. Kuwait, we launched an air war, We removed the Taliban from Combat bombing Iraq and its army. power. troops When Saddam again refused to We scattered Al Qaeda, capturing leave Kuwait, we launched many. Operation Desert Storm, a ground We did not find Osama bin Laden war. until nine years later. The Iraqi Army fled Kuwait. We worked to rebuild We chose to not invade Iraq Afghanistan and install a stable and left Saddam in power. government. We imposed economic sanctions and left troops stationed in the region to provide stability. have left Iraq, although we are The Iraq War was very short. It still training the Iraqi security cost a lot of money but few forces. American lives.
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 20 South and East Asia Review Identify countries and physical features (SS7 G9a & b) Be sure you can to associate political and physical feature with each other!
China South China Sea India Yellow Sea Indonesia Japan North Korea South Korea Vietnam
Korean Peninsula Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Sea of Japan Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 21 Ganges River Mekong River Gobi Desert Huang He (Yellow River) Yangtze River Indo-Gangetic Plain Indus River Himalayan Mountains Taklimakan Desert
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 22 Eastern Religions (SS7 G12b) Hinduism Buddhism Islam (More in SW Oldest religion being practiced Grew out of Hinduism Asia review) today (Siddhartha Gautama) Main religion in India, where it Began in India, then began. spread to other parts of Ganges River is sacred (holy) Asia(China, Korea, Japan, SE Asia) to Hindus. No longer in India! Believe in reincarnation, goal is Believe in reincarnation to escape endless cycle of goal is to escape endless cycle reincarnations of reincarnations
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 23 Believe that Believe in heaven and Main religion in Muhammad was the last hell, NOT reincarnation. several Asian countries and greatest Prophet including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia Shinto Confucianism Traditionally, the Based on teachings of Confucius, a national religion of Japan Chinese scholar Animistic, belief in Not a religion (philosophy) spirits in nature (kami) In China, an important system of Ancestor worship ethics (rules for good behavior)
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 24 History (SS7 H3)
India Was Great Britain’s most important colony. Once included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh Hindus and Muslims were the two major religious groups. Many Indian’s desired “Homerule” (independence from Great Britain) This is a great example of nationalism. Mohandas Gandhi was a nationalist leader. Gandhi believed in social change through non-violent protests and civil disobedience. After WWII, Great Britain granted independence, but partitioned India. India is where Hindus were majority, Pakistan is where Muslims were majority Pakistan and India are still very dangerous rivals. Both have nuclear weapons.
China Long tradition of imperial rule endangered because emperor could not stand up to the colonial powers Emperor vs. Nationalists (KMT) KMT wins (China became Republic of China) Then, civil war: Nationalists (KMT) vs. Communists (CCP) KMT was winning – The Long March (Mao Zedong took charge of CCP) Japanese invaded WWII (KMT and CCP teamed up against Japan) Japan lost WWII – KMT and CCP returned to their civil war CCP won. (Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China in Tiananmen Square) BE SURE YOU KNOW THE ORDER OF THE FOLLOWING EVENTS! Great Leap Forward (Mao tried to quickly modernize China and industrialize it in two years. Horrible failure… Millions died) Cultural Revolution (Mao convinced students, the Red Guard, to revolutionize China’s culture. Millions died) Mao dies (China’s moves from command economy towards mixed economy – economy grows quickly) Protests in Tiananmen Square (Student protest was brutally put down.) Today, Chinese have economic freedom but little political freedom. China is on track to one day challenge the US for the world’s largest economy.
Japan After WWII the United States provided assistance:
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 25 Needed ally against Soviet Union in the Cold War U.S. helped restore economy and rebuilt infrastructure U.S. required Japan to write a constitution with Parliamentary Democracy Small, defensive army Emperor is a figurehead
As a result, Japan today: Has one of the strongest economies in the world Has a stable, democratic government Has been one of America’s strongest allies Korea After WWII, the U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Korea along the 38th parallel. North Korea became communist. South Korea was our ally. North Korea invaded South Korea. Under the United Nations, the United States and allies joined South Korea in fight against North Korea The United States fought in order to contain communism. Domino Theory: belief that if one country became communist, surrounding countries would as well. China entered the war on the side of North Korea Fought to a stalemate. (It was a tie.) They agreed to a truce with a de-militarized zone (DMZ) between the armies. Technically, the war never ended and the DMZ is the border between North and South Korea. This conflict continues to be dangerous because North Korea maintains a strong military and has nukes. Vietnam Vietnam was part of a French colony called Indochina. Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist who led Vietnam in its successful fight for independence against the French. Vietnam was divided along 17th parallel. North Vietnam - communist, South Vietnam - not. Civil war resulted. We supported South Vietnam because of the Domino Theory. We wanted to contain communism. We gradually became more involved until we were at war (unofficially). Vietnam War was costly in lives and treasure. It became very unpopular at home and divided America. The United States withdrew its troops. Soon, North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam. Vietnam continues to be communist to this day Environmental Issues
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 26 Impact of climate, geography and location on the people (SS7G11a & b) General concept: Mountains, deserts, lack of access to rivers and oceans are trade barriers. General concept: River plains are good: Alluvial plain is good farmland, fresh water, trade along river
India Japan India separated from China by Himalayan Chain (archipelago) of volcanic mountains Mountains Part of the Ring of Fire many earthquakes Indo-Gangetic Plain is densely populated. 80% mountains, but still densely populated (River plain) Little arable land creative farming, fishing Monsoons are seasonal winds. Summer Few natural resources dependent on imports monsoons bring rain. Winter monsoons bring dry weather. North Korea 2nd most populated country in the Mountainous with little arable land and short summers world must import food Does have resources like coal, iron and copper China Second largest country in world in area South Korea Most populated country in the world. Milder climate and good farmland Most people live in eastern part of China, More populous than North Korea densely populated on coast and along Vietnam rivers Warm, tropical climate with good farmland Surrounded by physical trade barriers Monsoon seasons like India Effects of Pollution and Flooding (SS7G10a & b)
Water Pollution Ganges River in India Sacred to Hindus, many Hindus bathe in the Ganges and drink its water for religious purposes Very polluted, raw sewage, other human and animal waste, chemical runoff from factories and farms Most fish have died and water-borne diseases are a big problem for the people Yangtze River in China also polluted
Air Pollution Rapid increase in manufacturing has led to big problems with air pollution (Asian Brown Cloud) Car and truck exhaust, coal-powered factories and electric plants Indoor air pollution is also problem, poor ventilation, inefficient stoves and biomass fuels (like wood) Many deaths in the region are related to respiratory diseases Acid rain (picks up chemicals on the way down) is harmful to plants, animals, and manmade structures
Flooding Major rivers in the region like the Huang He are well-known for their devastating floods. River plains are densely populated and periodic floods have killed millions of people
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 27 Construction of dams controls floods and produces hydropower Governments (SS7 CG6 & 7) India’s Government North Korea’s Government Federal Republic Communist (Unitary) Parliamentary: Prime Minister has power, Dictatorship (Autocracy) – people have no rights – President is Head of State Unitary Devotes limited resources to building a strong Japan’s Government military, including nuclear weapons. Unitary Constitutional Monarchy - Parliamentary Democracy Emperor is Head of State but has NO power. Japan’s Diet elects Prime Minister. People have rights China’s Government Communist (Unitary) Oligarchy: Citizens have few rights, Legislature & leaders from Chinese Communist Party
Economics (SS7 E8, 9 & 10) China’s Economy India’s Economy Communist – a command economy until after Mixed Economy Mao died. Now it has a mixed economy. Second largest population in the world, much of Largest population in the world and rich in natural India is very densely populated resources Mix of traditional and modern lifestyles Investment in human capital and capital goods Parts of the economy are technologically advanced (factories) has caused explosive growth Severe problems with pollution Growing pains include severe problems with Many services jobs in the US are outsourced to pollution. India. Japan’s Economy Mixed Economy North Korea’s Economy One the strongest economies in the world Command economy – government controls all Few natural resources, must import raw materials aspects of economy like steel, oil and coal Poor, relies on foreign aid, especially China Enormous investment in human capital has led to Known as “Hermit Kingdom,” resists contact the a highly trained workforce. outside world - suspicious of foreigners
Mr. Graham’s 7th Grade Social Studies Class Page 28