Spanish I Grammar Concepts

Spanish I – Grammar Concepts Chapter 1 The Present Tense of the Verb ser 1. In Spanish, a verb has different forms to tell you who the Subjects and Verbs in Sentences subject is. Changing a verb form so that it matches its subject 1. In English, sentences have a subject and a verb. The subject is called conjugating. This is the conjugation of the verb ser is the person or thing that is being described or is doing (to be). something. The verb is the action word like run or sing, or a word like am, is, or are that links the subject to a description. yo soy I am nosotros(as) somos we are Subject Verb tú eres you are vosotros(as) sois you are Mrs. Pérez is my teacher. usted es you are ustedes son you are él es he is ellos son they are 2. In Spanish, sentences also have a subject and a verb. ella es she is ellas son they are

Subject Verb With nouns and names of people, use the same form of the La señora Pérez es mi profesora. verb as for él/ella or ellos/ellas.

3. Both English and Spanish use nouns as subjects. Nouns can Mi profesora es de Cuba. Juan y Carlos son de España. be replaced with pronouns. Some examples of Spanish pronouns you have see are él, ella, tú, and usted.

él stands for Juan Juan es un compañero de clase. Él es mi major amigo. Juan is a class mate. He is my best friend. 2. To make a sentence negative, place no in front of the verb.

4. English sentences always have a subject or a subject pronoun. Mi profesora no es de México. Es de España. But in Spanish the subject or the subject pronoun can be left out if everyone knows who you’re talking about. Punctuation Marks and Written Accents 1. In Spanish, upside-down punctuation marks such as (¿) and (¡) María is my friend. María es mi amiga. are placed at the beginning of a phrase to signal a question or an She is from Spain. Es de España. Ella can be left out. exclamation. These are used along with those that come at the end of phrases. Subject Pronouns ¡Hasta luego! 1. These are the subject pronouns in Spanish. ¿Cómo se llama ella? yo I nosotros we nosotras we (all female) 2. In Spanish, some words have written accent marks. An accent tú you vosotros you mark is a tilted line (´ ) place over a vowel. Putting accent marks vosotras you (all female) over vowels is part of spelling words correctly. When learning new usted you ustedes you words, memorize where the accent marks are. él he ellos they Adiós. ella she ellas they (all female) ¿Cuál?

2. The subject pronouns tú and usted both mean you when you’re 3. The wavy line in the letter ñ is called a tilde. The ñ is pronounced talking to one person. However, they are used in different similar to the ny in the word canyon. situations. señor Familiar Formal compañero tú usted (friend, relative, someone your age) (teacher, adult you’ve just met, someone you show respect to) Although subject pronouns are often left out, the pronoun usted is commonly stated when addressing someone to show respect. ¿Cómo está usted? How are you?

3. The subject pronouns ustedes and vostros mean you when talking to more than one person. The are also used in different situations. Familiar (in Spain) Formal and Familiar Vosotros ustedes (friends, relatives, people your age) (any group)

4. The pronouns nosotros, vosotros, and ellos have feminine forms Masculine Feminine nosotros nosotras vosotros (Spain) vosotras (Spain) ellos ellas (group of all males, group of males (group of all females) and females)

1 included, can go before or after the verb.

Chapter 2 ¿Eres extrovertido? Are you outgoing? ¿La profesora es simpática? Is the teacher nice? Ser with Adjectives ¿Es simpática la profesora? Is the teacher nice? 1. Adjectives are words that describe people or things. You can use the verb ser with adjectives to describe what someone is 2. You can answer a question like this with sí or no. You say the like. word no twice in your answer: once to mean no and another time to mean not. Carlos es simpático. Pedro es pelirrojo. ¿Eres atlético? Are you athletic? Ana es simpática. Rosa y Julio son inteligentes. Sí, soy atlético. Yes, I’m athletic. (No, no soy atlético.) ( No, I’m not athletic.) 2. In Spanish, you don’t usually need the subject pronoun if it’s clear who the subject is. 3. You can ask for more information by using question words. Notice that all question words are written with an accent mark. ¿Cómo es el professor? Es bajo y gracioso. ¿Cómo es Paco? What’s Paco like? ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? When is your birthday? ¿Quién es? Who is he (she)? ¿Cómo son Leticia y Diego? Son simpáticos. ¿Quiénes son? Who are they? ¿Qué dia es hoy? What day is today? 3. To say what someone is not like, put no in front of the verb. ¿De dónde eres? Where are you from? ¿Cuál es tu teléfono? What’s your phone number? No soy tonto. Soy intelligente.

Gender and Adjective Agreement 1. Nouns and pronouns in Spanish are divided into genders. Nouns and Definite Articles Nouns for men and boys are masculine. Nouns for women 1. In Spanish, all nouns belong to one of two gender categories: and girls are feminine. masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns usually end in –o (carro). Feminine nouns usually end in –a (fruta). Masculine: amigo, él, Juan Feminine: amiga, ella, María 2. Singular nouns name one of something. Plural nouns name 2. Adjectives describe nouns. They have different forms that more than one of something. If a singular noun ends in a match, or agree with, the noun or pronoun in gender. The vowel, add –s to make it plural. If a singular noun ends in a masculine form of most adjectives ends in –o, while the consonant, add –es to make it plural. feminine form ends in –a. estudiante student estudiantes students Raúl es romántico. Mari es romántica. animal animal animales animals

Adjectives the end in –e have the same masculine and 3. The definite articles in Spanish can be used to say the with a feminine forms. specific noun. They have different forms that agree with their noun in gender and number. Rafael es inteligente. Carmen es inteligente. Masculine Feminine Adjectives ending in consonants do not add an –a, unless they SINGULAR el la end in –or or are adjectives of nationality. PLURAL los las

Lorenzo es intellectual y Gloria es intellectual y ¿Cómo es la profesora? La profesora es trabajador. trabajadora. simpática. Sergio es español. Sara es española. What is the teacher like? The teacher is friendly.

3. Adjectives also agree with nouns in number. An adjective that ¿Quiénes son los muchachos Son los compañeros de describes one person or thing is in singular form. When it allí? clase de Rafael. describes more than one person or thing, its form is plural. If the Who are the boys over there? They are Rafael’s classmates. singular form ends in a vowel, add –s to make it plural. If it ends in a consonant, add –es. 4. Use definite articles to talk about a noun as a general category or when saying what you like with gustar. Joaquín es alto. Paco y Luis son altos. ¿Cómo es la pizza? Es deliciosa. Me gusta la Rosa es intelectual. Mis amigos son intelectuales. pizza. What’s pizza (in general) It’s delicious. I like pizza. To describe a missed group of men and women or boys and girls, like? use the masculine plural form of the adjective: The Verb Gustar, ¿por qué?, and Porque Carlos y Ana son románticos. 1. Use the verb gustar to say what people like. If the thing they like is singular, use gusta. If it’s plural, use gustan. Use Question Formation ¿qué?, with gusta to ask what someone likes. 1. To ask a question that may be answered sí or no, just raise the pitch of your voice at the end of the question. The subject, if ¿Te gusta la pizza? Sí, y me gustan las verduras. 2 Do you like pizza? Yes, and I like vegetables.

¿Qué te gusta? Me gustan los carros. What do you like? I like cars.

2. Put one of these pronouns before gustar to say who likes something. me gusta(n) I like nos gusta(n) we like te gusta(n) you (tú) like os gusta(n) you (vosotros) like le gusta(n) you (usted) like, les gusta(n) you (ustedes) like, he, she, it likes they like

3. Notice that le can stand for you (usted), he, she, or it; and les can stand for you (ustedes) or they. To ask who is being talked about, use a quién or a quiénes. To clarify who is being talked about, use a + name(s).

¿A quién le usta la pizza? ¿A quiénes les gusta la pizza? -Who likes pizza? -Who likes pizza?

A Juan le gusta la pizza. A Juan y a Sara les gusta pizza. -Juan likes pizza. -Juan and Sara like pizza.

4. Put the word no before the pronoun to say don’t or doesn’t. ¿Te gusta la fruta? No, no me gusta la fruta.

5. To ask why, use ¿Por qué? Answer with porque (because). ¿Por qué te gusta el Me gusta porque es helado? delicioso.

The Preposition De 1. De is used to show possession or relationship. Es el carro de Ernesto. It’s Ernesto’s car. Son los amigos de la profesora. They’re the teacher’s friends.

2. In addition, de can be used to indicate what type of thing you’re describing. los libros de aventuras adventure books las películas de misterio mystery movies

3. The word de is also used to say where someone is from. Julio es de Costa Rica. Julio is from Costa Rica.

4. The preposition de followed by el makes the contraction del. el correo electrónico del the teacher’s email address profesor

3 2. Just as with gustar, you can use a noun or an infinitive after a form of querer to say what you and others want or want to do.

Quiero fruta. Quiero comer. Chapter 3 I want some fruit. I want to eat. ¿Qué quieres hacer? Quiero escuchar música. Gustar with Infinitives What do you want to do? I want to listen to music. 1. An infinitive tells the meaning of the verb without naming any aubject or tense. There are three kinds of infinitives in Present Tense of Regular –ar Verbs. Spanish: those ending in –ar, those ending in –er, and those 1. Every verb has a stem followed by an ending. The stem tells ending in –ir. the verb’s meaning. An infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject. -ar infinitives -er infinitives -ir infinitives cantar to sing comer to eat escribir to write Verb Stems Infinitive Endings hab -ar 2. Just like nouns, infinitives can be used after a verb like com -er gustar to say what you and others like to do. escrib -ir Follows gustar 2. To give the verb a subject, you conjugate it. To conjugate a Me gusta la música. Me gusta cantar. regular –ar verb in the present tense, drop the –ar ending of I like music. I like to sing. the infinitive and add these endings. Each ending goes with a particular subject. 3. Always use gusta (not gustan) with infinitives. Me gustan los deportes. Me gusta jugar al tennis. yo canto nosotros(as) cantamos I like sports. I like to play tennis. tú cantas vosotros(as) cantáis Ud., él, ella canta Uds., ellos, ellas cantan Pronouns After Prepositions ¿Cantan ustedes mucho? No, casi nunca cantamos. 1. Pronouns can stand for the same noun yet still have different Do you sing a lot? No, we hardly ever sing. forms depending on how they’re being used in the sentence. Both stand for Javier. 3. Since the ending of the verb usually tells the subject, the Yo soy Javier. Tengo quince años y me gusta dibujar. subject pronoun is normally left out. Use subject pronouns to add emphasis, or when it wouldn’t otherwise be clear who 2. You already know subject pronouns and the pronouns used the subject is. with gustar. Pronouns have a different form when they come after propositions, such as a (to), de (of, from, about), con (with) ¿Patinan ustedes mucho? Ellos patinan. Yo nunca and en (in, on, at). patino. Do you skate a lot? They skate. I never skate. Subject With After gustar prepositions Present Tense of ir and jugar yo me mí 1. The –ar verbs you have learned are called regular verbs tú te tí because their conjugations all follow a predictable pattern. usted le usted Some verbs such as ir (to go) are called irregular, because they él le él do not follow a clear pattern. ella le ella nosotros(as) nos nosotros(as) yo voy nosotros(as) vamos vosotros(as) os vosotros(as) tú vas vosotros(as) vais ustedes les ustedes Ud., él, ella va Uds., ellos, ellas van ellos les ellos ellas les ellas 2. The verb jugar (to play a sport or game) has regular –ar endings, but the vowel u in the stem changes to ue in all but 3. The pronouns mí and tí combine with con to make the special the nosotros and vosotros forms. forms conmigo and contigo. yo juego nosotros(as) jugamos 4. With gustar, the phrase formed by a and a pronoun can be tú juegas vosotros(as) jugáis added to a sentence to clarify or emphasize who likes Ud., él, ella juega Uds., ellos, ellas juegan something. ¿Juegan ustedes en el colegio? ¿No no jugamos mucho. adds emphasis adds emphasis clarifies 3. The preposition a is used after ir to mean to. A is also used ¿A ti te gusta dibujar? A mí no me gusta. A ella le gusta. after jugar with a sport. When a is followed by el, the two words combine to form the contraction al. Use ¿adónde? to Present Tense of Querer with Infinitives ask where to. 1. To say what you or others want, use a form of the verb querer. ¿Adónde van los domingos? Vamos al gimnasio. The form you use depends on the subject. Jugamos al básquetbol. yo quiero nosotros(as) queremos tú quieres vosotros(as) queréis Weather Expressions Ud., él, ella quiere Uds., ellos, ellas quieren 1. Many expressions for the weather begin with the word hace, a 4 form of the verb hacer.

¿Qué tiempo hace? What’s the weather like? Hace buen/mal tiempo. The weather is nice/bad. Hace fresco. It’s cool. Hace calor. It’s hot. Hace frio. It’s cold. Hace sol. It’s sunny. Hace viento. It’s windy.

The verb llover means to rain and the verb nevar means to snow. Use llueve to say it rains and nieva to say it snows.

¿Adónde vas cuando llueve? Cuando llueve, no voy a ninguna parte. ¿Qué haces cuando nieva? Cuando nieva, juego con los amigos.

5 Chapter 4 yo vengo nosotros(as) venimos tú vienes vosotros(as) venís Ud., él, ella viene Uds., ellos, ellas vienen Gramática en acción 1 Indefinite Articles; ¿cuánto?, mucho, and poco 2. To say at what time something happens, put the preposition a before the time. 1. The indefinite articles un and una are used to say a or an before a singular noun, while unos and unas are used to say ¿A qué hora vienes al colegio? some before a plural noun. The indefinite articles can At what time do you come to school? sometimes be left out, especially when the noun is plural. Vengo a las ocho en punto. Necesito un diccionario. I need a dictionary. I come at eight o’clock. ¿Tienes (unos) l’ápices? Do you have (some) pencils? ¿A qué hora es la clase de álgebra? 2. The indefinite articles agree with the noun in gender and At what time is algebra class? number. Es a la una de la tarde. Masculine Feminine It’s at one in the afternoon. Singular un libro una mochila Plural unos libros unas mochilas Ir a with infinitives 1. To talk about what someone is or isn’t going to do, use 3. To talk about amounts of things, use the following adjectives. present tense of ir with a followed by an infinitive. These words also agree with the noun they describe in gender and number. -¿Vas a estudiar? -No, voy a descansar. Are you going to study? -No, I’m going to rest. Singular ¿cuánto(a)? mucho(a) poco(a) how much? a lot of, much little, not much -¿Van a salir? -Si, vamos a comer. Plural ¿cuántos(as)? muchos(as) pocos(as) Are you going to go out? Yes, we’re going to eat. how many? a lot of, many few, not many 2. To say that you are going to do something on a certain day of a -¿Cuánta tarea tienes? How much homework do you have? particular week, us el before the weekday. -Tengo mucha. I have a lot. El sábado voy a ir de compras. Present Tense of Tener and some Tener Idioms On Saturday I’m going to go shopping. 1. Use the verb tener to tell what someone has. To The Present Tense of –er and –ir Verbs and Tag Questions conjugate the yo form, drop the –er ending and add –go. 1. To conjugate a regular –er or –ir verb in the present tense, To conjugate all the other forms except for nosotros(as) drop the –er or –ir of the infinitive and add these endings. and vosotros(as), change the –e to –ie. comer escribir to eat to write yo tengo nosotros(as) tenemos yo como escribo tú tienes vosotros(as) tenéis tú comes escribes Ud., él, ella tiene Uds., ellos, ellas tienen Ud., él, ella come escribe nosotros(as) comemos escribimos -¿Tienes un bolígrafo? Do you have a pen? vosotros(as) coméis escribís -No. Tengo un lápiz. No. I have a pencil. Uds., ellos, ellas comen escriben 2. Some –er and –ir verbs are beber (to drink), asistir (a) (to 2. Tener is also used in these common expressions. attend), abrir (to open), and interrumpir (to interrupt). To say that someone drinks something, use beber algo. tener que + infinitive to have to do something tener ganas de + infinitive to feel like doing something 3. A tag question is attached to the end of a sentence to make it tener prisa to be in a hurry a question. If you expect someone to answer yes, use ¿no? or tener (mucha) hambre to be (very) hungry ¿verdad? When the expected answer is no, use ¿verdad? tener (mucha) sed to be (very) thirsty -¿Vienes a la fiesta, ¿no? (¿verdad?) -Sí, voy a ir. Tengo ganas de descansar, ¿y tú ? You’re coming….aren’t you? Yes, I’m going to go. I feel like resting, and you? -¿No vas al partido, ¿verdad? -No, no voy. Tengo prisa. Tengo que ir a un ensayo. You’re not going….right? No, I’m not going. I’m in a hurry. I have to go to a rehearsal.

¿Tienes hambre? Are you hungry?

The Verb Venir and a + time

1. The verb venir means to come. In the present tense its endings are like those of tener, except for the nosotros and vosotros form. 6 Some –er/-ir verbs with irregular you forms 1. The following –er and -ir verbs have irregular yo forms. hacer poner traer to do, to make to put to bring yo hago pongo traigo tú haces pones traes Ud., él, ella hace pone trae nosotros(as) hacemos ponemos traemos vosotros(as) hacéis ponéis traéis Uds., ellos, ellas hacen ponen traen

saber ver salir to know to see to go out information yo sé veo salgo tú sabes ves sales Ud., él, ella sabe ve sale nosotros(as) sabemos vemos salimos vosotros(as) sobéis véis salís Uds., ellos, ellas saben ven salen

2. The preposition de is used after salir to talk about leaving a place. It is used after saber to say how much someone knows about something.

Salgo de mi casa a las siete. I leave my house at seven. No sé mucho de arte. I don’t know much about art.

Repaso de Gramática 1

Masculine Feminine Singular un mucho una mucha cuánto poco cuánta poca Plural unos muchos unas muchas cuántos pocos cuántas pocas tengo tenemos vengo venimos tienes tenéis vienes venís tiene tienen viene vienen

The preposition a followed by the time tells at what time something happens. -¿Vienes a mi casa a las 8:15? -Sí. Tenemos clase a las 9 en punto. Repaso de Gramática 2 The verb ir followed by a and an infinitive tells what is going to happen in the near future. Tag questions such as ¿no? and ¿verdad? ask the person listening to agree with the person speaking.

Vas a bailar en la fiesta, ¿no? Sí, también voy a cantar.

comer escribir como comemos escribo escribimos comes coméis escribes escribís come comen escribe escriben Some irregular yo forms are traigo, hago, sé, veo, salgo, and pongo.

7 Chapter 5 Gramática en acción 2 Gramática en acción 1 Estar with Prepositions Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives show ownership or relationships between 1. You’ve already used some forms of the verb estar to talk about people. They are placed before the noun. how someone is feeling. Estar is irregular in the present tense. Owner Owner yo mi libro nosotros(as) nuestro libro/nuestra casa yo estoy nosotros(as) estamos mis libros nuestros libros/nuestras casas tú estás vosotros(as) estáis tú tu libro vosotros(as) vuestro libro/vuestra casa Ud., él, ella está Uds., ellos, ellas están tu libros vuestros libros/vuestras casas Usted Ustedes 2. The verb estar is also used with some prepositions to say él su libro ellos su libro where someone or something is in relation to someone or ella sus libros ellas sus libros something else. Some prepositions are made up of more than one word. 2. While possessive adjectives refer to the owner, their form agrees in gender and number with the noun that comes after them. detrás de behind delante de in front of refers to agrees grammatically cerca de close to, near lejos de far from debajo de underneath encima de on top of, above Martín vive con sus abuelos. al lado de next to

-¿Dónde está tu apartamento? Carlos y yo vivimos con nuestra abuela. - Está detrás de un edificio grande.

3. Su and sus can take the place of a phrase with de + person. Negation with Nunca, Tampoco, Nadie, and Nada 1. Nunca (never) and tampoco (neither, not either) can take the ¿De dónde es la madre de Juan? Su madre es de Puebla. place of no, or they can be added toward the end of a sentence that already has no. Stem-Changing Verbs: o  ue 1. Verbs with vowel variations in their stems are called stem- No voy a la playa. I don’t go to the beach. changing verbs. You have already learned jugar where the u Nunca voy a la playa. I never go to the beach. changes to ue. In the verb dormir (to sleep), the o of the stem No voy a la playa nunca. I never go to the beach. changes to ue in all forms except nosotros(as) and vosotros(as). Tampoco voy a la piscine. I don’t go to the pool either. No voy a la piscine tampoco. I don’t go to the pool either. yo duermo nosotros(as) dormimos tú duermes vosotros(as) dormís 2. The word nada means nothing when it is the subject of a Ud., él, ella duerme Uds., ellos, ellas duermen sentence and not anything or nothing when it goes after the verb. When nada is after the verb, no must be placed before the verb. El perro duerme mucho. The dog sleeps a lot. Nada es fácil. Nothing is easy. 2. Other verbs that follow this pattern are almorzar (to have No quiero nada hoy. I don’t want anything today. lunch), volver (to go back or come back), and llover (to rain). 3. Use nadie to say nobody or not anybody. When nadie is after Cuando llueve, vuelvo a casa en el autobús. the verb, no must be placed before the verb. When it rains, I come home on the bus. Nadie quiere lavar los platos. Todos quieren ir al cine. 3. Use dormer hasta to say you sleep until a certain time. Nobody wants to wash the dishes. Everybody wants to go to the movies. Los domingos dormimos hasta las once. No hay nadie aquí. There isn’t anybody here. Stem-Changing Verbs: e  ie 1. Some verbs show a vowel stem change from e to ie, such as Tocar and Parecer empezar (to begin, to start), merendar (to have a snack), 1. To say what you have to do, what your duties are, or whose entender (to understand) and querer (to want). The e turn it is to do something, use the verb tocar followed by an changes to ie in all but the nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) infinitive. Tocar may be used like gustar. forms. me toca(n) nos toca(n) -¿A qué hora empieza la pelicula? -Empieza a las siete. te toca(n) os toca(n) What time does the movie start? It starts at seven o’clock. le toca(n) les toca(n)

Tengo que estudiar más. No entiendo nada en la clase de -A ti te toca sacar la basura hoy. fancés. It’s your turn to take out the trash today.

2. You can also use empezar a followed by an infinitive to say -¿A mí? No. Hoy le toca a Fernando. what you or others start to do. My turn? No. It’s Fernando’s turn today. -¿A qué hora empiezan a trabajar tus padres? -Empiezan a trabajar a las ocho de la mañana. 8 2. The verb parecer means to seem and may also be used like gustar. It’s very common to use this verb when asking for and giving opinion.

me parece(n) nos parece(n) te parece(n) os parece(n) le parece(n) les parece(n)

Siempre me toca a mí lavar los platos. Me parece injusto. I always have to wash the dishes. It seems unfair to me.

A mi hermano le parece una lata cortar el césped pero a mí me gusta mucho. My brother thinks cutting the grass is a pain, but I like it a lot.

Repaso de Gramática 1 Possessive Adjectives mí/s nuestro/a/os/as tu/s vuestro/a/os/as su/s su/s

Almorzar, dormir, llover and volver have o ue stem-changes. Empezar, entender, querer and merendar have eie stem- changes. almuerzo almorzamos almuerzas almorzáis almuerza almuerzan empiezo empezamos empiezas empezáis empieza empiezan

Repaso de Gramática 2 estar prepositions of location estoy estamos al lado de detrás de encima de estás estáis cerca de delante de lejos de está están debajo de

Negation nada nunca nadie no tampoco

tocar me toca(n) nos toca(n) te toca(n) os toca(n) le toca(n) les toca(n)

parecer me parece(n) nos parece(n) te parece(n) os parece(n) le parece(n) les parece(n)

9 ¿Prefieres jugo o leche? ¿Prefieres salir o ver televisión? Do you prefer juice or milks? Would you rather go out or watch tv. Chapter 6 2. The verbs poder and probar have an oue stem Gramática en acción 1 change. Poder is normally followed by an infinitive to Ser and Estar say what someone may, is able to, or can do. Probar 1. Both ser and estar mean to be, but they have different uses. means to try something, as in to taste. You use estar to say where someone is or where something is yo puedo nosotros(as) podemos located, and to ask and say how people are doing. tú puedes vosotros(as) podéís Ud., él, ella puede Uds., ellos, ellas pueden La servilleta está en la mesa. Estoy bien, gracias. The napkin is on the table. I’m fine, thanks. ¿Nos puede traer otra silla? Can you bring us another chair?

2. You have used ser to identify people and things; to say where yo pruebo nosotros(as) probamos they are from; to describe what someone or something is like; tú pruebas vosotros(as) podáís and to give the day, date, and time. Ud., él, ella prueba Uds., ellos, ellas prueban Ricardo es mi amigo. Es de México. Es alto y simpático. ¿-Qué tal si pruebas la sopa? How about trying the soup? Es lunes. Es el 2 de marzo. Son las cuatro en punto. Gramática en acción 2 3. Both ser and estar can be used to describe foods and drinks. 1. Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the person or Use ser to describe what foods and drinks are normally like. thing receiving the action of the verb.

-¿Cómo es el arroz con pollo? - Es riquísimo. Rafaela pone la mesa. Siempre pido la sopa. What is chicken and rice like? It’s delicious. 2. A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun. Use direct To say how something looks, tastes, or feels at a particular object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have moment, use estar. already been mentioned. The pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for. -¿Cómo está tu sopa? - Está fría. Masculine Feminine How is your soup? It’s cold. SINGULAR lo him, it la her, it PLURAL los them las them

Pedir and Servir 1. In some –ir verbs with an e in the stem, this e changes to i in ¿-Quién va a pedir el flan? -Yo lo voy a pedir. all the present-tense forms except those of nostros(as) and vosostros(as). Two such verbs are pedir (to ask for, to order) 3. Direct object pronouns go before the conjugated verb. If and server (to serve). there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are attached to the end of the infinitive.

yo pido nosotros(as) pedimos ¿-Quién prepara los sándwiches? -Yo los preparo. tú pides vosotros(as) pedís Ud., él, ella pide Uds., ellos, ellas piden ¿-Quién va a preparer la cena? -Mi padre la va a preparar. -Mi padre va a preparar la. ¿-Qué vas a pedir? What are you going to order? AffirmativeIinformal Commands 1. To tell someone you address as tú to do something, use an -Siempre pido una ensalada. affirmative informal command. I always order a salad. 2. To form the affirmative informal command of regular or stem- yo sirvo nosotros(as) servimos changing verbs, just drop the final s off the end of the tú form of tú sirves vosotros(as) servís the verb. Ud., él, ella sirve Uds., ellos, ellas sirven (tú) hablas  habla you speak  speak ¿-Qué sirven en la cafeteria? (tú) comes  come you eat  eat What do they serve in the cafeteria? (tú) pides  pide you ask (for) ask (for)

-Sirven muchas comidas diferentes. Pide un sándwich de pollo. Order a chicken sandwich. They serve many different foods. Lava los platos. Wash the dishes.

Preferir, Poder, and Probar 3. Some verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms. 1. The verb preferir has an e ie stem change. It can be followed by a noun to say what someone prefers or by an tener  ten (have) ir  ve (go) hacerhaz (do, make) infinitive to say what someone would rather do or prefers to venir  ven (come) ser sé (be) salir  sal (go out, leave) do. poner  pon (put) yo prefiero nosotros(as) preferimos tú prefieres vosotros(as) preferís Ud., él, ella prefiere Uds., ellos, ellas prefieren 10 4. Here are some verbs you might use to ask someone to help you in the kitchen. They all have regular command forms. Note that calentar is an eie stem-changing verb. abrir to open calentar (ie) to heat up sacar to take out cortar to cut mezclar to miss añadir to add

Corta las zanahorias, por favor. Cut the carrots, please. Calienta el chocolate. Heat up the chocolate.

Affirmative Informal Commands with Pronouns 1. You know that the direct object pronoun goes immediately before the conjugated verb. It can also be attached to the end of an infinitive. -¿Siempre preparas la cena? -No, no la prepare siempre, pero hoy sí voy a prepararla.

2. When you use a pronoun with an affirmative informal command,attach it to the end of the verb. Add an accent to the stressed vowel of the verb, unless the verb is only one syllable long. -¿Preparo la carne? -Sí, prepárala. -¿Pongo los vasos en la mesa? -Sí, ponlos allí.

Repaso de Gramática 1 Uses of ser - to say where someone is from - to identify people and things - to describe what someone or something is like - to tell the day, date, and time

Uses of estar -to say where someone or something is -to say how people are doing -to say how something looks, feels, or tastes at a given moment. pedir, server ei poder, probar eue pido pedimos yo puedo nosotros podemos pides pedís preferir eie pide piden yo prefiero nosotros preferimos

Repaso de Gramática 2 Direct Object Pronouns Masculine Feminine SINGULAR lo la PLURAL los las

Affirmative informal commands Regular Irregular habla ten sé haz come ven ve sal pide pon

Attach direct object pronouns to the end of the affirmative commands.

11 Chapter 7 acostarse (oue) yo me acuesto nosotros(as) nos acostamos Gramática en acción 1 tú te acuestas vosotros(as) os acostáís Verbs with Reflexive Pronouns Ud., él, ella se acuesta Uds., ellos, ellas se acuestan 1. If the subject and object of a verb are the same, a reflexive pronoun can be used. The reflexive pronoun shows that the Mi hermana y yo nos acostamos a las diez. subject acts upon itself. When you conjugate a verb like lavarse, include the reflexive pronoun that agrees with the vestirse (ei) subject. yo me visto nosotros(as) nos vestimos yo me lavo nosotros(as) nos lavamos tú te vistes vosotros(as) os vestís tú te lavas vosotros(as) os laváís Ud., él, ella se viste Uds., ellos, ellas se visten Ud., él, ella se lava Uds., ellos, ellas se lavan Mi abuela se viste de ropa elegante. 2. Reflexive pronouns can go before a conjugated verb or can be joined to the end of an infinitive. After reflexive verbs, use el, la, los or las with parts of the body or clothing. Gramática en acción 2 Estar, Sentirse, and Tener (Yo) Me voy a lavar la cara. (Yo) Voy a lavar me la cara. 1. You have used ser to tell what people and things are normally I’m going to wash my face. I’m going to wash my face. like. Use estar with adjectives describing mental or physical states or conditions. 3. Verbs can be used with reflexive pronouns that refer to the Mi amigo es joven. Está muy cansado. subject or with direct objects that are different from the subject. My friend is young. He’s very tired. refers to the subject different from the subject 2. Like estar, sentirse (to feel) can be used with adverbs bien/mal or with adjectives to describe mental or physical Juan se acuesta. Juan acuesta a los niños. states. Juan goes to bed. Juan puts the children to bed. sentirse (eie) yo me siento nosotros(as) nos sentimos 4. Here are some common verbs with reflexive pronouns. tú te sientes vosotros(as) os sentís Ud., él, ella se siente Uds., ellos, ellas se sienten afeitarse levantarse prepararse bañarse mantenerse (ie) quitarse Nos sentimos cansados. No se sienten bien. despertarse (ie) maquillarse relajarse We feel tired. They don’t feel well. entrenarse peinarse secarse estirarse ponerse vestirse 3. The following expressions use tener with a noun to describe a mental or physical state. Using Infinitives tener frío to be cold tener miedo to be afraid 1. A reflexive pronoun can go at the end of an infinitive or tener calor to be hot tener sueño to be sleepy before a conjugated verb. The meaning does not change. Negative Informal Commands Yo no quiero afeitar me hoy. = Yo no me quiero afeitar hoy. 1. An affirmative command tells someone what to do. The I don’t want to shave today. affirmative informal command form of most verbs is the tú form without the final s. 2. To say what someone just did, use the present tense of acabar Come bien y duerme lo suficiente. de followed by an infinitive. Eat right and get enough sleep.

Acabo de laver el carro. Los niños acaban de acostarse. 2. A negative command tells someone not to do something. To I just washed my car. The children just went to bed. form the negative informal command of most –ar verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add –es. 3. Use the preposition para before an infinitive to explain your (yo) fumono fumes purpose for doing something. Verbs after prepositions and (yo) trabajono trabajes prepositional phrases such as para, antes de and despusé de No trabajes tanto. Don’t work so much. are in the infinitive. 3. To form the negative informal command of most –er and-ir Tengo que levantarme temprano para levanter pesas verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add –as. con Ana en el gimnasio. (yo) vengo no vengas I have to get up early (in order) to… (yo) como no comas (yo) duermo no duermas Stem-Changing Verbs No duermas hasta tarde. Don’t sleep late. 1. In the present tense, some verbs have a stem change in all but No pongas las frutas en la sopa. Don’t put…. the nosotros and vosotros forms. 4. These verbs have irregular negative informal commands. 2. The verbs despertarse (to wake up) and mantenerse en dar  no des forma (to stay in shape) have an eie stem change. ir  no vayas Acostarse (to go to bed) and encontrar (to find) have an oue ser  no seas change, while vestirse (to get dressed) has an ei stem change.

12 Object and Reflexive Pronouns with Commands 1. Direct object pronouns and reflexive pronouns are attached to the end of affirmative commands. A written accent mark goes over the stressed vowel of the verb, unless the verb is only one syllable long. Levántate y ponte los zapatos. Get up and put your shoes on. ¿El jabón? Búscalo en el baño.

2. Direct object pronouns and reflexive pronouns go in between no and the verb in negative commands. Este libro es pésimo. No lo leas. This book is awful. Don’t read it.

No te levantes muy tarde. Don’t get up too late.

Repaso de Gramática 1 Some verbs are used with reflexive pronouns if the subject and object of the verb are the same. For a list of such verbs, see page 238 in your text book. lavarse me lavo nos lavamos te lavas os laváís se lava se lavan

Use the infinitive of a verb after acabar de, para, antes de, después de. Acabo de bañarme. Necesito una toalla para secarme.

For the forms of acostarse (o ue) and vestirse (e  i), see page 242 in your text book.

Repaso de Gramática 2 Use these expressions to describe mental of physical states. estar bien/mal/adjective sentirse bien/mal/adjective tener frío/calor/miedo/sueño

To review negative commands, see page 252 in your text book. An object or reflexive pronoun goes just before the verb in negative commands and is attached to the end of an affirmative command. fumar  no fumes dar  no des dormir  no duermas ir  no vayas levantarse  no te lavantes (levántate) ser  no seas