31421 v. 2

A PRELIMINARY DESK REVIEW of

URBAN POVERTY IN THE EAST ASIA REGION:

with particular focus on INDONESIA, THE PHILIPPINES, AND VIETNAM

East Asia Urban Development Division

VOLUME 2: ANNEX TABLES

Final Draft September, 2002 2 88 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table A1: Selected Economic and Poverty Indicators, by City...... 91 Table A2: Comparative Education Indicators, by City...... 92 Table A3: Comparative Housing Sector Indicators, by City...... 93 Table A4: Infrastructure Service Indicators, by City...... 94 Table A5: Comparative Transport Indicators, by City...... 95 Table IN1: INDONESIA - Share of food expenditure in total household expenditure...... 96 Table IN2: INDONESIA - Household demographics by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles (distribution in a group)...... 97 Table IN3: INDONESIA - Educational level by type of locality and expenditure deciles ...... 98 Table IN4: INDONESIA - School participation for children 6-14 years of age by size of locality and expenditure per capita deciles...... 99 Table IN5: INDONESIA - Literacy rate among respondents age 5 years and older by expenditure deciles and type of settlement...... 100 Table IN6: INDONESIA - Working status by size of locality, gender, and poverty status...... 101 Table IN7: INDONESIA - Employment status by size of locality, gender, and poverty status...... 102 Table IN8: INDONESIA - Housing by type of settlement and poverty status....103 Table IN9: INDONESIA - Housing characteristics by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles...... 104 Table IN9: INDONESIA - Housing characteristics by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles...... 105 Table IN10: INDONESIA - Source of drinking water by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles...... 106 Table IN11: INDONESIA - Drinking water by size of locality and poverty status 107 Table IN12: INDONESIA - Sanitation by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles...... 108 Table IN13: INDONESIA - Sanitation by size of locality and poverty status...109 Table PH1: PHILIPPINES – Household Characteristics By Decile, Rural/Urban 110 Table PH2: PHILIPPINES – Household Characteristics By Decile, Rural/Urban 111 Table PH3: PHILIPPINES – Employment Status, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 112 Table PH4: MANILA – Employment Status, By Decile...... 113 Table PH5: PHILIPPINES – Tenure Status, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 114 Table PH6: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 115 Table PH7: MANILA – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 116 Table PH8: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Roof, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 117 Table PH9: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Walls, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 118 Table PH10: MANILA – Type Of Roof, By Decile...... 119

88 Table PH11: MANILA – Tenure Status, By Decile...... 120 Table PH12: PHILIPPINES – Source Of Water, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 121 Table PH13: PHILIPPINES – Consumer Durables, By Poverty Status Rural/Urban...... 122 Table PH14: MANILA – Source Of Water, By Decile...... 123 Table PH15: PHILIPPINES – Source Of Water, By Poverty Status Rural/Urban 124 Table PH16: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Toilet, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 125 Table PH17: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Toilet, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban 126 Table PH18: MANILA – Type Of Toilet, By Decile...... 127 Table PH19: MANILA – Consumer Durables, By Decile...... 128 Table VN1: VIETNAM – Household Characteristics By Decile, Rural/Urban.129 Table VN2: VIETNAM – Household Characteristics, By Decile, Status, Rural/Urban...... 130 Table VN3: VIETNAM – Ethnicity, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 131 Table VN4: Vietnam – Individual Characteristics, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban...... 132 Table VN5: VIETNAM – Individual Characteristics, By Decile, Rural/Urban.133 Table VN6: VIETNAM – Health Status, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban...... 134 Table VN7: VIETNAM – Smoking Behavior, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban 135 Table VN8: VIETNAM – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 136 Table VN9: VIETNAM – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 137 Table VN10: VIETNAM – Type Of Housing, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban 138 Table VN11: VIETNAM – Type Of Walls, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 139 Table VN12: VIETNAM – Type Of Roof, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 140 Table VN13: VIETNAM – Household Characteristics, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban...... 141 Table VN14: VIETNAM – Type Of Lighting, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 142 Table VN15: VIETNAM – Source Of Drinking Water, By Poverty, Status, Rural/Urban...... 143 Table VN16: VIETNAM – Source Of Drinking Water, By Decile, Rural/Urban 144 Table VN17: VIETNAM – Type Of Toilet, By Decile, Rural/Urban...... 145 Table VN18: VIETNAM – Type Of Toilet, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban...146

89 Volume 2 – Annex Tables

Explanatory Note to Annex Tables IN1 through VN18

The following Annex Tables contain detailed data from the national household surveys for Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam as described in the main text.

All data are percentages.

Per capita expenditure deciles range from 1 (poorest) to 10 (richest).

The classification of Poor and Non-Poor households is based on poverty lines estimated by the surveys, separately for the rural and urban populations.

The tables show: (i) distribution within per capita expenditure deciles (column data for each set of variables add to 100 percent) or (ii) distribution across per capita expenditure deciles (row data for each variable add to 100 percent) for the rural and for urban household samples.

90 Table A1: Selected Economic and Poverty Indicators, by City

Population Average metropolitan household % Households below % of Total employed area income the locally-defined Unemployment pop. in the informal Victims of Region Country City (‘000) (in $)a poverty line (%) sector homicide /'000

East Asia Cambodia Phnom Penh 999.8 3,584 16.4 5.3 0.17 Indonesia Bandung 1,806.4 2 12 0.16 Jakarta 9,489.4 1,366 6.6 10 30 0 Semarang 1,076.2 756 24.8 10.2 0.02 Surabaya 2,373.3 1,167 0.9 70.5 0.01 Japan Tokyo 25,130 0 4.7 0 Lao PDR Vientiane 562 1,077 19 5.4 15.4 Malaysia Penang 3,193 6.1 3.2 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 627 991 30 1.9 29.7 0.10 Myanmar Yangon 3,691.9 480 4.3 14.4 Philippines Cebu 2,188.9 490 11 0.24 Singapore Singapore 3,163.5 27,047 4 8.8 0.01 South Korea Hanam 124 19,933 1.5 8 Pusan 3,843 19,933 2.1 8.9 0.05 Seoul 10,392 23,500 1.1 7.8 0.04 Thailand Bangkok 5,647 8,521 15.9 4.7 17 0.80 Chiang Mai 499 3,384 9.73 4.4 7.6 0.15 Vietnam Hanoi 2.1 6 Ho Chi Minh 5,063 10.6 8.7 0.03

South Asia Bangladesh Dhaka 10,000 1,920 44.3 4 63 India Bangalore 4,472 b 18.6 50.3 34.2 Nepal Pokhara 20 23 0.11 Sri Lanka Colombo 4,600 18 69 20.4

Latin America Argentina Buenos Aires 2,996 13,026 4.4 10.3 Ecuador Guayaquil 2,317.4 5,391 48 11.3 53 0.23 Peru Lima 7,431 3,179 15.4 Uruguay Montevideo 1,669.5 14,748 15.4 10.2 31.3 0.08

adata are preliminary; b1993 data

Source: UNCHS Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data). World Development Indicators Database, 2000 and 2001, World Bank, Washington, DC.

91 Table A2: Comparative Education Indicators, by City

Gross Enrollment Ratios Literacy Rate

Secondary Secondary Literacy Literacy Region Country City (female) (male) (female) (male)

East Asia Cambodia Phnom Penh 8.26 12.66 57 79.5 Indonesia Jakarta 95.7 97.3 99.2 Semarang 92.9 91.4 97.5 Japan Tokyo 100 100 100 100 Lao PDR Vientiane 54.9 45.2 78.9 92.2 Malaysia Penang 82 91 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 74.2 64.7 97.1 99.1 Myanmar Yangon 57.7 53.3 88.7 90.6 Singapore Singapore 100 100 89.2 96.8 South Korea Hanam 99.9 99.9 Pusan 99.7 99.8 Seoul 99.9 99.9 Thailand Bangkok 95.1 98.4 Chiang Mai 90 93 Vietnam Hanoi 89 95.1 Ho Chi Minh 89.5 95.1

South Asia Bangladesh Dhaka 62.3 65.9 60.3 60.3 Nepal Pokhara 35.4 26.6 42 66.2

Latin America Ecuador Guayaquil 75.3 68.6 97.8 98.2 Uruguay Montevideo 100 93.9 98.3 98.6

Source: UNCHS Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data).

92 Table A3: Comparative Housing Sector Indicators, by City

Tenure Types House price- Formal to-income Rent-to- ownership Tenancy Squatters Other ratio income ratio Region Country City % % % % % %

East Asia Cambodia Phnom Penh 21.8 0 16.4 61.8 8.9 Indonesia Bandung 7.6 Jakarta 61.4 34.1 0 4.5 14.6 Semarang 64 16.2 0 19.8 Surabaya 66.6 31 2 0.4 3.4 19 Japan Tokyo 5.6 2.5 Lao PDR Vientiane 85.6 6.6 7.4 0.4 23.2 10 Malaysia Penang 7.2 4.9 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 18.2 33.4 48.4 0 7.8 Myanmar Yangon 50 37.4 1.5 11.1 8.3 15.4 Philippines Cebu 86 9 5 0 13.3 Singapore Singapore 93.4 6.6 0 0 3.1 2 South Korea Hanam 3.7 13.9 Pusan 44 56 0 0 4.0 Seoul 39.7 58.9 0 1.4 5.7 Thailand Bangkok 35.8 41.4 17.9 8.8 22.2 Chiang Mai 77.0 19.5 3.0 0.5 6.8 25 Vietnam Hanoi 30 5

South Asia Bangladesh Dhaka 16.7 India Bangalore 62.3 17.2 8.0 12.5 13.8 Nepal Pokhara 76 9 14 1 21.6 34 Sri Lanka Colombo 58 29 0 13

Latin America Argentina Buenos Aires 69.6 22.5 5.7 2.2 5.1 Ecuador Guayaquil 28.4 17.4 49. 5.2 3.4 16.1 Peru Lima 57.2 23.4 18.8 0.6 8.7 Uruguay Montevideo 66.2 21.8 1.3 10.7 5.6 31.1

Source: UNCHS Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data).

93 Table A4: Infrastructure Service Indicators, by City

Households with access Connections (%) Solid Waste Disposal (%) to water within 200m sewer- electri- tele- sanitary incin- open burned Region Country City % water age city phone landfill erated dump recycled openly other

East Asia Cambodia Phnom Penh 85.4 44.7 74.9 75.5 40 0 0 74 15 5 6 Indonesia Bandung 90 55 99 78.6 0 0 0 16.3 5.1 Jakarta 91.4 50.3 64.8 99 77.7 0 0 0 0 22.3 Semarang 89.7 34 85.2 74.3 0 0 0 0 25.7 Surabaya 94.3 40.9 55.8 89.2 70.8 70 0 0 30 0 0 Japan Tokyo 100 100 100 100 99.2 8.6 78 0.1 10.3 0 3 Lao PDR Vientiane 95 87 100 86.8 Malaysia Penang 99.9 99.1 100 98 0 10 80 10 0 0 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 90.3 60 60 100 90 5 5 90 0 0 0 Myanmar Yangon 95 77.8 81.2 85 17.3 0 0 86 14 0 0 Philippines Cebu 98.2 41.4 92.3 80 25 100 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore Singapore 100 100 100 100 100 33.7 66.3 0 0 0 0 South Korea Hanam 81.1 81.1 67.9 100 100 67 3 0 30 0 0 Pusan 99.9 97.9 69.4 100 100 41.2 14.5 0 44.3 0 0 Seoul 99.9 99.9 98.6 100 57 5 0 38 0 0 Thailand Bangkok 99 100 99.8 59.7 99 0 0 0 0 1 Chiang Mai 99 95 60 100 75 98 2 0 0 0 0 Vietnam Hanoi 100 70 50 100 60 65 0 0 15 0 20 Ho Chi Minh 90 59 30 99.7 21.2

South Asia Bangladesh Dhaka 99.1 60 22 90 7 0 0 50 35 0 15 India Bangalore 82.9 22.5 20.8 98.3 44.5 0 0 60.8 14.5 0 24.7 Nepal Pokhara 80 41.4 75 11.3 0 0 76.7 15.9 7.4 0 Sri Lanka Colombo 22.9 76 96 26 0 0 100 0 0 0

Latin Argentina Buenos Aires 100 100 98.1 100 70.4 100 0 0 0 0 0 America Ecuador Guayaquil 77 70 42 99 44 94 0 0.3 0.3 1.2 4.2 Peru Lima 81.1 75.2 71.5 99 57 0 34 7 2 0 Uruguay Montevideo 99.3 97.6 79.1 99.7 75.1 0 0.2 99.8 0 0 0

Source: UNCHS Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data).

94 Table A5: Comparative Transport Indicators, by City

Transport Modes bicycle/ Travel time private walking/ per work- motorized train/tram bus/minibus other Region Country City trip (mn) (%) (%) (%) (%)

East Asia Cambodia Phnom Penh 45 87.3 0 0.2 12.5 Indonesia Bandung 30 82 Surabaya 35 80 0 17.8 2.2 Japan Tokyo 45 Lao PDR Vientiane 27 41.8 0 2.1 56.1 Malaysia Penang 40 42 0 55 3 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 30 10 21 59 10 Myanmar Yangon 45 16.7 3.7 65 14.7 Philippines Cebu 35 Singapore Singapore 30 25.1 14.5 38.7 21.7 South Korea Pusan 42 37.1 6.6 32.5 23.8 Seoul 60 20.1 32.3 38.8 8.8 Thailand Bangkok 60 58.7 1 27 13.3 Chiang Mai 30 94.1 0 5 0.9 Vietnam Hanoi 30 64.4 0 2 33.6 Ho Chi Minh 25 74 0 2 24

South Asia Bangladesh Dhaka 45 4.6 0 9.2 86.2 India Bangalore 30 39.6 0 35.7 24.7 Nepal Pokhara 20 11 0 14 75 Sri Lanka Colombo 25 23.7 8.1 65 3.2

Latin America Argentina Buenos Aires 42 33.5 16.4 42.2 Ecuador Guayaquil 45 10.7 0 89.3 0 Peru Lima 16.9 0 82.2 0.9 Uruguay Montevideo 45 26.9 0 59.6 13.5

Source: UNCHS Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data).

95 Table IN1: INDONESIA - Share of food expenditure in total household expenditure

Expenditure deciles Type of Settlement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Rural 0.775 0.772 0.77 0.764 0.757 0.753 0.748 0.737 0.723 0.662 0.747 Urban <250th 0.746 0.733 0.723 0.71 0.703 0.686 0.672 0.653 0.627 0.561 0.69 Urban 250-500K 0.729 0.712 0.701 0.686 0.676 0.662 0.642 0.614 0.578 0.52 0.66 Urban 500-1M 0.712 0.699 0.685 0.679 0.663 0.651 0.615 0.612 0.563 0.502 0.639 Urban 1M-2M 0.704 0.67 0.658 0.646 0.627 0.629 0.611 0.585 0.572 0.518 0.62 Urban 2M+ 0.634 0.619 0.608 0.592 0.59 0.567 0.569 0.554 0.543 0.45 0.56

96 Table IN2: INDONESIA - Household demographics by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles (distribution in a group)

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Household headship Female-headed household 8.3 7.3 7.5 8.5 8.6 9.3 10.6 11.6 13.2 15 100 8.1 7.5 7.5 8.4 8.6 9.4 10.7 11.6 13 15.2 100 Male-headed household 10.2 10.4 10.4 10.2 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.6 9.3 100 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.1 100 Age of the head <15 years old 3 6.1 10.6 3 4.5 7.6 12.1 18.2 16.7 18.2 100 2.7 4.1 5.4 8.1 5.4 13.5 13.5 18.9 14.9 13.5 100 15-25 years old 6.5 7.3 8.7 8.5 9.5 9.6 10.2 11.4 12.8 15.4 100 3.5 4.5 5.3 5.5 6.9 8.1 10 11.4 18.3 26.6 100 25-35 years old 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.1 10.3 10.2 9.8 10 9.4 9.7 100 8.9 10.4 10.2 10.2 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.2 9.4 9.5 100 35-45 years old 12.1 11.5 10.7 10.7 10.1 9.8 9.5 8.8 8.5 8.4 100 12.2 11.4 11.3 10.7 10.6 10.2 9.3 9.3 8.1 7 100 45-55 years old 10.3 10.3 10.1 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.9 9.9 10 9.9 100 10.5 9.9 9.7 10.5 9.7 9.8 10.1 10 10.4 9.4 100 55-65 years old 8.4 8.6 9 9.8 9.6 10.1 10.5 11.1 11.7 11.3 100 9.9 9.9 10.3 9.5 9.9 10.3 9.7 10.3 10.5 9.7 100 65+ 7.6 8 8.9 9.1 10.1 10.6 11.1 11.4 12.1 11 100 9.6 9.2 9.3 10.4 10.3 10 11.5 10.2 9.8 9.7 100 Type of the household Nuclear family 4.2 6.2 8.1 9.1 10 11.2 12.6 14 13 11.4 100 3.8 7.3 9.6 11.4 12.3 12.6 12.6 12.2 10.4 7.7 100 Single parent 8.6 9.4 9.4 10.8 10.4 11.1 11.4 10.5 10.3 8.3 100 10.8 11.5 11 11 9.8 10.5 10.1 9.9 7.8 7.7 100 Elderly 2.9 3.4 5.3 6.3 7.8 8.8 12.2 14.4 18.3 20.7 100 4.4 5.1 5.8 7.9 8.3 10.7 11.7 13.4 14.9 17.7 100 Single adult 2.5 3.6 5 6.4 7.9 9.3 10.6 13.3 17.5 24 100 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 7.1 8.5 11.1 14.4 18 25.4 100 Family with 3+ children 22 16.6 13.6 11.5 9.7 8.3 6.7 5.1 3.9 2.7 100 24.6 17 13.4 10.7 9.3 7.9 6 4.9 3.9 2.4 100 Family of adults 4.3 6.4 7.9 9.4 9.9 10.3 12.1 12.8 12.8 14.2 100 4 6.1 7.9 8.9 10.4 10.6 12.5 12.8 13.6 13.1 100 Other types of families 10 11.5 11.5 11.3 11.2 10.9 10.1 9.2 8 6.4 100 10.7 12 12 11.8 11.1 10.7 9.8 8.7 7.7 5.4 100

97 Table IN3: INDONESIA - Educational level by type of locality and expenditure deciles

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Education Not completed 52.649.145.843.942.2 4138.837.1 34 28 42.1 38 3228.725.623.921.519.417.214.611.3 24.4 Primary school 35.536.336.7 3736.836.236.235.434.2 30 35.631.730.328.927.626.324.422.519.7 1814.7 25.2 Junior high 8.4 9.711.211.912.212.913.714.215.3 16 12.316.318.819.220.3 2020.320.519.818.516.8 19 Vocational JH 2.5 3.3 4.1 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.8 7.7 9.1 13 5.9 9.412.114.416.117.819.921.924.327.230.4 18.4 Senior high 0.8 1.3 1.8 2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.9 4.8 7.2 2.8 3.7 5.2 6.1 7 7.5 7.9 8.3 8.9 8.5 7.4 6.9 Dimploma I/II 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 0.8 Diploma III 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 1 1.4 1.9 2.4 3.2 4 5.4 1.9 Diploma IV 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.2 3.2 3.7 5.5 7.211.7 3.3 Master/Ph.D. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.1

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Education Not completed 1513.4 1211.110.3 9.7 8.8 7.9 6.7 5.1 10019.515.413.111.210.1 8.7 7.5 6.3 5 3.3 100 Primary school 1211.711.411.110.610.2 9.7 9 8 6.5 10015.714.112.711.610.7 9.6 8.4 6.9 6 4.2 100 Junior high 8.2 9.1 1010.310.210.510.710.510.410.1 10010.711.611.211.310.810.610.2 9.2 8.2 6.3 100 Vocational JH 5.1 6.3 7.6 8.4 9.610.3 1111.712.9 17 100 6.4 7.7 8.7 9.3 1010.711.211.712.411.8 100 Senior high 3.4 5.1 7 7.5 9.110.410.912.614.319.7 100 6.8 8.9 9.810.811.311.411.411.510.4 7.7 100 Dimploma I/II 1.8 3.3 4.1 5.4 7 7.810.212.217.430.8 100 3.3 4.5 7.2 8.110.410.712.114.415.513.8 100 Diploma III 2 2 4.2 5.1 6 7 9.6 1216.935.3 100 1.9 3.6 5.2 5.6 7.4 9.912.315.118.220.7 100 Diploma IV 1.3 2.3 3.5 4.4 6.4 7.1 9.712.9 1636.5 100 1.6 2.8 4.3 5.7 7 9.610.614.718.425.4 100 Master/Ph.D. 1.9 1.9 3.8 1.9 9.6 1.9 9.6 9.6 3.855.8 100 0.6 0.6 2.6 2.6 3.2 6.5 8.114.220.141.4 100

98 Table IN4: INDONESIA - School participation for children 6-14 years of age by size of locality and expenditure per capita deciles

Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of settlement School participation Rural Not in school 22.3 16.0 13.5 11.4 9.8 8.2 6.8 5.4 4.1 2.5 100 In school 15.4 13.6 12.2 11.3 10.4 9.7 8.7 7.6 6.2 4.9 100 No longer in school 23.9 16.4 13.7 11.5 9.0 8.0 6.5 5.1 4.0 1.9 100 Urban <250th Not in school 26.6 15.6 14.2 12.8 9.5 6.9 5.0 4.5 3.4 1.5 100 In school 18.0 15.0 13.4 12.1 10.1 9.1 7.5 6.4 5.1 3.2 100 No longer in school 39.0 18.4 11.0 10.8 6.7 3.7 4.6 3.5 1.7 0.8 100 Urban 250-500K Not in school 24.3 15.0 15.0 9.1 11.2 8.1 6.5 3.9 4.6 2.3 100 In school 17.2 14.4 12.5 11.3 10.1 9.5 7.6 7.1 6.4 3.9 100 No longer in school 39.1 19.9 9.6 7.7 7.0 4.4 4.1 3.7 2.2 2.2 100 Urban 500-1M Not in school 23.3 19.4 12.1 11.6 10.3 8.6 4.7 3.0 4.7 2.2 100 In school 18.0 16.3 12.1 11.2 9.7 9.2 7.5 6.0 5.6 4.4 100 No longer in school 38.2 26.5 9.8 8.8 3.9 2.0 4.9 1.0 2.0 2.9 100 Urban 1M-2M Not in school 33.1 15.0 11.6 9.3 9.0 6.8 5.1 3.7 4.5 2.0 100 In school 17.0 13.5 11.1 9.6 10.1 9.2 8.9 7.7 7.4 5.5 100 No longer in school 43.2 23.6 8.1 8.8 4.7 2.0 2.0 0.7 3.4 3.4 100 Urban 2M+ Not in school 18.8 16.8 14.7 8.9 8.4 8.9 12.0 6.3 3.7 1.6 100U In school 12.5 10.7 12.1 9.5 11.3 12.0 11.2 7.7 7.8 5.4 100 No longer in school 28.4 8.1 18.9 8.1 8.1 4.1 4.1 6.8 6.8 6.8 100

99 Table IN5: INDONESIA - Literacy rate among respondents age 5 years and older by expenditure deciles and type of settlement

Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of settlement Can read/write Rural R/W Latin 76.1 78.6 79.7 80.5 81.0 82.3 82.8 83.6 84.4 88.0 81.2 R/W Other 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 Cannot R/W 22.3 19.9 18.9 18.2 17.5 16.2 15.9 14.9 14.3 10.9 17.4 Urban <250th R/W Latin 87.7 91.2 91.9 93.1 93.8 94.4 94.6 95.1 96.3 97.3 92.9 R/W Other 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 Cannot R/W 11.5 8.2 7.5 6.4 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.5 3.2 2.4 6.6 Urban 250-500K R/W Latin 85.6 88.9 89.3 90.6 91.5 92.1 93.1 94.9 95.7 96.9 91.3 R/W Other 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.9 Cannot R/W 13.2 10.1 9.7 8.4 7.4 7.1 6.2 4.3 3.5 2.8 7.8 Urban 500-1M R/W Latin 89.9 92.4 92.3 93.2 92.8 94.2 96.0 96.5 97.1 98.0 93.9 R/W Other 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.5 Cannot R/W 9.5 6.9 7.1 6.2 6.8 5.5 3.6 3.2 2.5 1.9 5.7 Urban 1M-2M R/W Latin 88.9 92.2 92.9 93.4 94.6 94.7 96.0 96.7 96.8 98.1 94.2 R/W Other 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 Cannot R/W 10.7 7.2 6.6 6.1 4.7 4.7 3.6 3.0 2.9 1.8 5.3 Urban 2M+ R/W Latin 93.8 93.7 94.6 94.9 96.1 96.3 96.2 96.6 97.6 97.9 95.9 R/W Other 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 Cannot R/W 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.1 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.8 1.9 1.5 3.4

Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of settlement Can read/write Rural R/W Latin 11.8 11.3 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.0 9.6 9.1 8.5 7.9 100 R/W Other 14.4 12.0 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.1 8.9 9.1 7.8 5.6 100 Cannot R/W 16.1 13.4 12.2 11.2 10.4 9.2 8.7 7.6 6.7 4.6 100 Urban <250th R/W Latin 13.3 12.5 12.0 11.6 10.8 9.9 8.9 8.3 7.3 5.5 100 R/W Other 20.5 14.5 13.0 10.8 11.5 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.2 3.4 100 Cannot R/W 24.6 15.9 13.8 11.3 9.2 7.8 6.6 5.5 3.4 1.9 100 Urban 250-500K R/W Latin 12.3 11.7 10.9 10.5 10.1 10.0 9.5 9.5 8.6 6.8 100 R/W Other 17.7 12.4 12.4 11.6 12.2 9.6 7.1 7.9 6.5 2.4 100 Cannot R/W 22.2 15.7 13.8 11.4 9.5 9.0 7.4 5.0 3.7 2.3 100 Urban 500-1M R/W Latin 12.5 12.6 10.9 10.6 9.3 9.1 9.2 8.4 8.8 8.5 100 R/W Other 16.1 19.5 15.3 11.9 9.3 6.8 6.8 5.1 7.6 1.7 100 Cannot R/W 22.0 15.5 13.9 11.7 11.2 8.8 5.7 4.6 3.8 2.7 100 Urban 1M-2M R/W Latin 12.1 10.8 9.5 9.1 9.6 9.4 10.4 9.4 10.0 9.7 100 R/W Other 12.6 13.3 11.1 11.1 16.3 12.6 8.1 5.9 7.4 1.5 100 Cannot R/W 25.6 14.9 11.9 10.5 8.3 8.2 6.9 5.1 5.3 3.2 100 Urban 2M+ R/W Latin 8.1 7.9 9.5 8.6 10.5 11.6 11.1 10.5 10.9 11.3 100 R/W Other 9.2 9.2 11.2 13.8 8.6 10.5 10.5 9.2 7.9 9.9 100 Cannot R/W 13.2 13.1 13.1 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.3 8.5 5.9 5.0 100

100 Table IN6: INDONESIA - Working status by size of locality, gender, and poverty status

Non-poor Poor Total Type of settlement Rural Female Not working 56.7 56.6 56.7 Working 43.3 43.4 43.3 Male Not working 25.8 27 26.4 Working 74.2 73 73.6 Urban <250th Female Not working 64.4 71.1 66.1 Working 35.6 28.9 33.9 Male Not working 36 41.1 37.3 Working 64 58.9 62.7 Urban 250-500K Female Not working 62.8 64.8 63.3 Working 37.2 35.2 36.7 Male Not working 35.1 38.5 35.8 Working 64.9 61.5 64.2 Urban 500-1M Female Not working 62.7 64.4 63.1 Working 37.3 35.6 36.9 Male Not working 37.5 39.5 37.9 Working 62.5 60.5 62.1 Urban 1M-2M Female Not working 67.5 71.8 68.3 Working 32.5 28.2 31.7 Male Not working 38.7 42.7 39.4 Working 61.3 57.3 60.6 Urban 2M+ Female Not working 66.7 74.2 67.2 Working 33.3 25.8 32.8 Male Not working 36.4 42.5 36.8 Working 63.6 57.5 63.2

101 Table IN7: INDONESIA - Employment status by size of locality, gender, and poverty status

Non-poor Poor Total Type of settlement Rural Female Other 96.9 97.2 97 Unemployed (Official) 3.1 2.8 3 Male Other 96.9 97.3 97.1 Unemployed (Official) 3.1 2.7 2.9 Urban <250th Female Other 94.4 93.3 94.1 Unemployed (Official) 5.6 6.7 5.9 Male Other 93.8 91.5 93.2 Unemployed (Official) 6.2 8.5 6.8 Urban 250-500K Female Other 94.8 94.2 94.6 Unemployed (Official) 5.2 5.8 5.4 Male Other 93.5 91.1 92.9 Unemployed (Official) 6.5 8.9 7.1 Urban 500-1M Female Other 95 94.4 94.9 Unemployed (Official) 5 5.6 5.1 Male Other 91.8 89.4 91.3 Unemployed (Official) 8.2 10.6 8.7 Urban 1M-2M Female Other 94.2 92.7 93.9 Unemployed (Official) 5.8 7.3 6.1 Male Other 92.4 89 91.7 Unemployed (Official) 7.6 11 8.3 Urban 2M+ Female Other 94.4 89.9 94.1 Unemployed (Official) 5.6 10.1 5.9 Male Other 90.9 87.4 90.7 Unemployed (Official) 9.1 12.6 9.3

102 Table IN8: INDONESIA - Housing by type of settlement and poverty status

Rural Urban Non-poor Poor Total Non-poor Poor Total Status of house Private 88.8 94.5 90.7 66.6 76.5 68.1 Lease 1.2 0.3 0.9 11.3 7.7 10.8 Rent 2 0.5 1.5 10.6 6.2 9.9 Official 3.2 1.4 2.6 4.7 1.2 4.2 Free 3.4 2.2 3 5.4 6.4 5.5 Other 1.3 1 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.5 Type of roof Concrete 1.2 0.7 1 2.8 1.6 2.6 Corrugated tile 45.7 47.4 46.2 52.4 57.4 53.1 Shingle roof 4.4 2.1 3.6 3 1.2 2.7 Iron sheeting 38.8 31.9 36.5 35.7 33.5 35.4 Asbestos 0.9 0.3 0.7 4.4 1.4 3.9 Sugar pulp fiber 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 Leaves 8.4 16 11 1.3 4.4 1.8 Other 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 Type of walls Brick 46.4 31.3 41.4 74.7 57 72 Wood 39 39.2 39.1 20.6 29.9 22 Bamboo 11.2 22.4 14.9 2.7 10.5 3.9 Other 3.4 7.1 4.6 2 2.6 2.1 Type of floor Marble 7.8 2.2 6 23 7.1 20.6 Floor tile 11.6 6.6 10 23.1 16.8 22.1 Cement plaster 39 31.4 36.5 41.7 55.4 43.8 Wood 25.3 21.5 24.1 10.3 10.7 10.4 Bamboo 1.3 2.3 1.7 0.2 0.6 0.2 Earth 14.5 34.9 21.2 1.6 9.2 2.8 Other 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 Floor area 0 15 11.7 13.9 21.5 10.3 19.8 <10 m2 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.3 0.9 2.9 10-20 m2 3 3.7 3.2 7.4 6.4 7.3 20-40 m2 20.6 25.4 22.2 18.8 27.2 20.1 40-60 m2 30.9 32.7 31.5 23 29.6 24 60+ m2 30 26.2 28.8 26 25.5 25.9

103 Table IN9: INDONESIA - Housing characteristics by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Status of house Private 94.5 93.9 93.7 93.2 92.1 91.5 91.2 90.2 88.5 82.1 90.7 73 72.7 71.2 71.9 70.1 70 68.4 66.7 62.8 56.5 68.1 Lease 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.3 2.4 0.9 8.8 8.9 10 9.3 9.7 10.1 10.9 11.3 13 14.8 10.8 Rent 0.5 0.7 0.6 1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 2 4.1 1.5 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.5 9.1 10.2 12.6 15.5 9.9 Official 0.9 1.2 1.7 1.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.3 6.1 2.6 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.8 7.2 4.2 Free 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.9 3 3.1 2.9 3.7 3.8 3 6.4 6.4 6 5.3 5.9 5.3 5.7 5.6 4.5 4.6 5.5 Other 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 Type of roof Concrete 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.7 4.3 2.6 Corrugated tile 47.9 47.2 46.5 46.5 46.3 45.5 45.2 45.9 45.7 46.2 46.2 50.7 51.1 51.6 51 52.9 51.8 53.3 54.3 55.4 57.9 53.1 Shingle roof 2.7 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.6 2.5 2.9 3 2.7 2.5 3 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.7 Iron sheeting 30.8 32.8 34.5 35.3 35.9 36.9 38.2 37.6 39.7 40.4 36.5 37.4 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.2 36.6 35.7 34.3 31.9 29.8 35.4 Asbestos 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 1 1.6 0.7 2.1 3 3.2 3.9 3.4 4.3 4.2 5 5.1 4.7 3.9 Sugar pulp fiber 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.2 Leaves 16.4 14.2 12.9 12.4 11.7 11.8 10.4 9.6 7.8 5.7 11 5.1 3.3 2.3 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.8 Other 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 Type of walls Brick 27.9 31.5 34.8 36.9 40.2 40.2 42.8 45 49.1 56.8 41.4 53.3 60.3 64 67.6 70.9 74 75.2 79.4 81.9 86.7 72 Wood 45.3 44 43.4 41.6 39.3 40 38.2 37 35.6 30.9 39.1 34.9 30.3 27 25.4 23 20.9 20 16.8 15.2 10.9 22 Bamboo 22 19.8 17.6 16.9 16 15.1 13.9 13.5 10.9 7.9 14.9 9.3 7 6.3 5 3.9 3 2.7 1.8 1.4 0.7 3.9 Other 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.6 2.6 2.5 2.7 2 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.7 2.1 Type of floor Marble 1.8 2.5 3 3.6 4.4 5 5.8 6.7 8.8 14.1 6 7.1 10.4 12.1 13.7 16.7 19.7 21.8 26 32.1 40.5 20.6 Floor tile 5.7 6.9 7.1 8.7 9 9.5 10.2 10.9 12.7 15.9 10 16.2 17.6 20.4 21.1 21.3 22.8 23.6 25 25.5 25.9 22.1 Cement plaster 28 32.2 35.1 34.7 37.5 37.7 38.8 39 39.5 38.7 36.5 52.9 51 51.1 49.7 47.8 45.3 42.8 39.6 34.5 27.6 43.8 Wood 27.6 26.4 26.4 25.9 24.4 24.6 23.6 22.6 22.2 19.4 24.1 15 14.6 12.6 11.7 11.1 9.8 10 8.2 7.1 5.5 10.4 Bamboo 2.7 2.1 2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.2 0.8 1.7 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Earth 32.6 28.9 25.7 24.7 22.5 20.7 19.7 18.4 15.2 10.8 21.2 7.9 5.8 3.5 3.4 2.9 2.1 1.6 1 0.6 0.4 2.8 Other 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

104 Table IN9: INDONESIA - Housing characteristics by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Floor area 9.9 10.9 11.3 12 12.7 13.2 13.1 14.6 16.5 21.6 13.9 8.7 11.1 12.5 13.4 16.2 18.8 20.6 24.6 29.6 37.2 19.8 <10 m2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 2 2.9 3.6 5.4 6.8 2.9 10-20 m2 4.7 4 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.9 3.2 8.1 6.9 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.9 8.2 11.1 7.3 20-40 m2 28.3 25.6 25.3 23.3 22.8 22.4 21.2 20.2 19.3 17.4 22.2 30.1 27.1 25.2 23.1 21.4 19.6 17.9 16.1 13 11.4 20.1 40-60 m2 32 32.6 32.8 33.9 32.2 33.3 32.8 31.2 30.5 25.3 31.5 28 29.1 28.1 28.3 27.3 25.5 24.6 20.5 18.6 12.3 24 60+ m2 24.7 26.6 27.2 27.7 29.1 28.3 29.6 31.1 30.4 31 28.8 23.4 24.6 26.5 27.8 27 27.8 27.5 28.2 25.2 21.1 25.9

105 Table IN10: INDONESIA - Source of drinking water by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Source of drinking water Others 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 Bottled 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1 0.4 1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.8 5.2 2.1 Tap 5.5 7.3 7.6 8.6 10.1 10.6 11.6 12.2 13.8 19.2 11.1 35.7 38.4 40.4 42 43.5 46.3 48.1 50.4 55.4 60.9 46.6 Pump 3.9 5.1 6.1 6.4 7.5 8.2 8.7 8.7 9.8 12 7.9 13.4 14.7 15.2 17.2 17.6 18.6 18.1 18.5 18.2 16.9 16.9 Protected well 29.1 30.4 31.9 33.4 33.3 33.1 34.6 35.6 35 33.5 33.2 31.2 30.8 29.8 28 27.4 24.7 23.2 21.8 18.2 12.8 24.4 Unprotected well 21.3 21.2 20.3 19.8 17.9 18.6 16.6 16.2 14.6 12.6 17.6 10.3 8 7.3 6.3 5.4 4.7 4.4 4.1 2.7 2 5.3 Protected spring 15.2 14.6 13.9 12.4 12.7 12 11.5 11.5 11.7 9.8 12.4 3.3 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.5 Unprotected spring 10.7 8.9 8 7.9 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.6 4.5 7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 River 7.3 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.2 4 4.1 3.1 5.4 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 Rain water 6.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.7 4.5 3.9 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.8 How to obtain water Purchase 8.7 10.2 10.4 11.6 12.9 14.3 14.8 15.7 17.7 23.7 14.5 41.5 43.2 45 46.1 47.7 51 53.7 55.7 61.1 68.4 51.9 Do not purchase 91.3 89.8 89.6 88.4 87.1 85.7 85.2 84.3 82.3 76.3 85.5 58.5 56.8 55 53.9 52.3 49 46.3 44.3 38.9 31.6 48.1 Drinking water facility Private 37.3 40.3 42.6 44.9 46.9 47.9 49.6 52.4 53.1 59.5 48.1 54.8 60.1 62 65.8 65.6 68.4 68.2 70.3 69.8 67.7 65.6 Shared 27.9 28.3 28.1 27.2 26.4 26.4 25.5 24.5 24.4 21.9 25.9 25.6 23.7 23.4 20.8 20.7 18.9 19.2 18.2 19.4 21.7 21 Public 26.5 24.5 22.7 21.1 20.3 19.5 18.8 17.2 16.7 13.5 19.7 11.5 8.4 7.3 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.5 4.7 4.4 2.6 6.2 None 8.3 6.8 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.8 5.1 6.3 8 7.7 7.3 6.7 7.3 6.6 7 6.7 6.3 8 7.2

106 Table IN11: INDONESIA - Drinking water by size of locality and poverty status

Type of settlement Rural Urban <250th Urban 250-500K Urban 500-1M Urban 1M-2M Urban 2M+ Non- Non- Non- Non- Non- Non- poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total Source of drinking water Others 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 . 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 . 0.5 Bottled 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.9 1.2 1.8 2 0.5 1.8 2.6 0.8 2.4 2.9 0.9 2.6 3.8 1.8 3.7 Tap 13.1 7 11.1 52.2 37.3 49.5 37.1 18.6 34.3 55.5 32.6 52.3 56 41.5 53.9 46.7 52.3 46.9 Pump 9.3 5.2 7.9 13.3 13 13.3 13.3 13.7 13.4 16.1 17.4 16.3 18.9 10.5 17.7 39.5 19.2 38.5 Protected well 34.2 31.1 33.2 22.4 32.5 24.2 33.9 48.5 36.2 21.1 40.4 23.8 16.8 29.1 18.5 7.7 19.8 8.3 Unprotected well 16.7 19.3 17.6 5.1 9.1 5.9 6.7 12.6 7.6 3.5 6.3 3.9 2.9 10 3.9 1.5 5.4 1.7 Protected spring 10.4 16.4 12.4 1.9 3.9 2.2 0.8 1.9 1 0.6 1.1 0.6 1.3 6.1 2 0.2 1.5 0.3 Unprotected spring 5.3 10.6 7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0 . 0 River 5.1 5.9 5.4 1 1 1 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.2 . . . Rain water 5 4 4.7 1.5 1.1 1.5 5.3 2.8 5 0.1 . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 . . . How to obtain water Purchase 16.7 10 14.5 56.5 41.8 53.9 42.4 22.2 39.3 61.2 36.4 57.8 62.7 50 60.9 53.5 63.1 54 Do not purchase 83.3 90 85.5 43.5 58.2 46.1 57.6 77.8 60.7 38.8 63.6 42.2 37.3 50 39.1 46.5 36.9 46 Drinking water facility Private 53.1 38.1 48.1 69.5 57.9 67.4 62.7 61 62.4 65.5 58.1 64.5 67.3 54.4 65.5 66.6 52.6 65.9 Shared 23.9 29.8 25.9 21.3 26.5 22.2 22.8 25.2 23.1 19.4 23.7 20 17.8 26.1 18.9 15.4 20.4 15.6 Public 16.4 26.2 19.7 4.6 11.3 5.8 5 8.6 5.5 5.7 12.2 6.6 4.4 10.9 5.3 9.2 20.7 9.8 None 6.6 5.9 6.3 4.6 4.3 4.6 9.6 5.1 8.9 9.4 6 9 10.5 8.5 10.3 8.8 6.3 8.7

107 Table IN12: INDONESIA - Sanitation by type of settlement and per capita expenditure deciles

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Toilet facility Private 65.3 66.5 68.1 68.6 70.5 71.2 72.4 73.5 75.2 79.3 71.5 67.6 71.6 73.8 77.6 78.4 80.2 80.5 81.3 80.3 77.5 77.1 Shared 18.1 18.2 17.4 17.7 17 16.8 17 16.7 16 14.6 16.8 19.5 18.7 18.4 16 16.2 15.1 15 15.2 17 21 17.2 Public 16.6 15.4 14.5 13.7 12.5 12 10.5 9.8 8.7 6.2 11.7 12.9 9.7 7.8 6.5 5.4 4.7 4.5 3.4 2.7 1.5 5.7 Type of toilet Squatter 19.6 25.1 29 31.4 34.9 38 41.3 44.3 49.6 60.7 38.7 60.4 67 71.6 75.2 77.3 80.7 82.4 86 88.2 91.4 78.7 Throne 9.4 10 10 10.6 10.7 10.3 10.9 11.4 11.2 10.8 10.6 17.9 16.3 14.7 13.3 12.6 11.6 10.3 9 8 6.4 11.8 Dry latrine 50.4 47.5 43.9 42.4 39.6 37.7 35 32.9 28.7 20.9 37 15.9 12.6 10.5 8.9 7.7 5.9 5.7 3.6 3 1.9 7.3 Others 20.7 17.4 17.1 15.6 14.8 14.1 12.8 11.4 10.4 7.7 13.8 5.8 4.1 3.1 2.6 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.3 2.3 Final disposal Septic tank 15.2 19.8 23.9 25.8 29.2 31.7 35 37.4 41.5 52.1 32.3 57.5 61.5 65.9 69.1 71.5 74.1 74.9 79.2 81.9 85 72.6 Pond/field rice 7.6 7.7 6.9 6.6 5.8 5.6 4.6 4.6 4.4 3.6 5.6 3.4 2.6 2 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.5 River/lake/Ocean 14.9 14.2 13 12.5 12.4 11.7 11.5 10.7 9.6 8 11.6 13.5 13.4 11.9 9.4 9.2 8.2 8.7 6.5 6.4 5 9 Hole 56.4 52.9 50.7 49.5 46.6 45.3 43.1 42.3 39.7 32.8 45.2 23.1 20 17.9 17.6 15.7 14.4 13.1 11.4 9.4 7.9 14.7 Shore/open field 3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.6 2.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 Others 2.8 3 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 3 2.5 2.6 1.9 2.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.7

108 Table IN13: INDONESIA - Sanitation by size of locality and poverty status

Type of settlement Rural Urban <250th Urban 250-500K Urban 500-1M Urban 1M-2M Urban 2M+ Non- Non- Non- Non- Non- Non- poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total poor Poor Total Toilet facility Private 72.6 69.4 71.5 80.2 72.5 78.8 77.9 68 76.4 74.7 63.4 73.2 78.8 68.4 77.4 76 64.6 75.4 Shared 16.5 17.6 16.8 15.4 17.4 15.7 18.8 21.4 19.2 17.2 17.8 17.3 16.7 20.8 17.3 18.1 24 18.4 Public 11 13 11.7 4.4 10.1 5.4 3.3 10.6 4.4 8.1 18.9 9.6 4.4 10.8 5.3 6 11.4 6.3 Type of toilet Squatter 46.1 23.7 38.7 79.9 59.7 76.2 80.2 58.3 76.9 81.7 72.5 80.5 86.3 66 83.4 85.4 71.8 84.7 Throne 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.5 17.3 11.7 11.2 15.8 11.9 11.5 15.5 12 9.6 19.4 11 12 23.7 12.6 Dry latrine 31.3 48.3 37 7.6 16.9 9.2 6.8 18.3 8.6 4.7 8.2 5.2 3.1 12.4 4.4 1.9 3.9 2 Others 12 17.4 13.8 2.1 6.1 2.8 1.8 7.6 2.6 2.1 3.8 2.3 1 2.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.7 Final disposal Septic tank 38.8 19.3 32.3 71.4 55.4 68.5 77.5 55 74 77.2 67.6 75.9 83.2 65.7 80.7 74.7 61.6 74 Pond/field rice 5.7 5.4 5.6 1.6 2.5 1.7 1.1 4 1.6 1.1 2.1 1.2 1.3 2.7 1.5 1 1.5 1 River/lake/Ocean 11.9 11 11.6 8.7 12.7 9.4 5.8 12.6 6.8 11.3 16.2 12 5.4 11.7 6.3 11.6 28.8 12.5 Hole 39.4 56.9 45.2 16.4 26.6 18.2 13.6 25.7 15.4 9.2 12.3 9.7 8.5 17.8 9.9 10 4.2 9.7 Shore/open field 2.1 3.5 2.5 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0 . 0 Others 2.1 3.9 2.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 2.7 3.9 2.7

109 Table PH1: PHILIPPINES – Household Characteristics By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Gender of the head Female 8.8 8.2 9.2 10.5 9.7 12.6 12.7 14.6 17 19.3 12.211.312.413.616.416.718.219.621.523.826.7 18.1 Male 91.2 91.8 90.8 89.5 90.3 87.4 87.3 85.4 83 80.7 87.888.787.686.483.683.381.880.478.576.273.3 81.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Age of the head <15 years old . . 0.1 . . . . 0.1 . . 0 . . . . 0 . . . 0 . 0 15-25 years old 1.8 3.7 4.1 3.7 2.7 2.9 3.7 2.6 2.3 2.3 3 2.5 2.9 4.3 2.2 3.3 3.4 2.7 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.1 25-35 years old 26.9 27.8 24.2 23.3 23 20.5 17.3 15.9 14.9 13.3 20.723.125.7 2420.522.220.417.8 1817.414.1 20.3 35-45 years old 36.7 33.2 32.2 25.6 25.3 24.8 25.2 19.8 21.8 23.8 26.934.230.829.1 2925.926.826.226.625.926.4 28.1 45-55 years old 18.3 18.4 18.7 22 21.3 21 20.1 24.2 22 23.6 2119.920.219.122.222.321.624.222.123.324.3 21.9 55-65 years old 9.4 8.7 10.7 14.5 16 17.9 19.6 21.6 22.4 21.4 16.211.712.614.514.215.315.6 16 1817.418.6 15.4 65+ 6.9 8.2 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.8 16.6 15.7 12.3 8.6 7.8 9.111.810.912.113.212.112.513.7 11.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Type of household Single Family 82.4 85.3 82.3 80.9 81.3 80.1 80.5 78 77.9 78.4 80.774.374.273.873.472.171.773.172.474.475.9 73.5 Extended Family 17.5 14.6 17.4 19 18.4 19.4 19 21.9 21.4 20.6 18.925.225.425.526.527.427.826.2 2724.3 23 25.8 Two or More Non- relatives 0.1 0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.7 1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

110 Table PH2: PHILIPPINES – Household Characteristics By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Gender of the head Female 7.1 6.8 7.6 8.7 7.9 10.4 10.5 11.9 13.9 15.2 100 6.1 6.9 7.5 9.1 9.210.110.8 1213.314.9 100 Male 10.2 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.1 10 9.8 9.4 8.9 10010.610.710.510.210.2 10 9.8 9.6 9.4 9 100 Total 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.1 10 10.1 10.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100 Age of the head <15 years old . . 52.7 . . . . 47.3 . . 100 . . . .12.6 . . .87.4 . 100 15-25 years old 5.9 12.6 13.7 12.5 9 10 12.5 8.8 7.8 7.3 100 8 9.413.9 7.310.711.1 8.910.111.1 9.5 100 25-35 years old 12.8 13.6 11.7 11.3 11.1 10 8.4 7.7 7.2 6.2 10011.212.611.810.110.910.1 8.7 8.9 8.6 7 100 35-45 years old 13.5 12.5 12.1 9.6 9.5 9.3 9.5 7.4 8.1 8.5 10011.9 1110.410.4 9.2 9.6 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.5 100 45-55 years old 8.6 8.9 9 10.6 10.2 10.1 9.7 11.6 10.5 10.9 100 8.9 9.2 8.710.110.2 9.9 1110.110.711.1 100 55-65 years old 5.7 5.4 6.7 9 9.9 11.1 12.2 13.4 13.8 12.7 100 7.4 8.1 9.4 9.3 9.910.210.411.711.412.1 100 65+ 5.6 6.8 8.3 9 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.9 13.5 12.3 100 7.5 7 8.110.6 9.810.911.710.811.312.3 100 Total 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.1 10 10.1 10.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100 Type of household Single Family 10.1 10.7 10.3 10.1 10.1 10 10 9.7 9.6 9.4 100 9.910.1 10 10 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.910.210.4 100 Extended Family 9.1 7.8 9.3 10.1 9.8 10.4 10.1 11.6 11.3 10.5 100 9.6 9.8 9.910.310.610.810.110.5 9.5 9 100 Two or More Non- relatives 3.2 1 6.4 1.8 7.4 13.7 15.3 2.2 20.3 28.9 100 6.8 5.311.2 1.8 8.3 7.510.9 9.8 2018.4 100 Total 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.1 10 10.1 10.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100

111 Table PH3: PHILIPPINES – Employment Status, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Employment status of the head

Has job 93.5 94.393.9 92.2 92.289.890.387.586.883.7 90.585.987.185.881.882.279.478.676.777.377.3 81.2 Does not have job 6.5 5.7 6.1 7.8 7.810.2 9.712.513.216.3 9.514.112.914.218.217.820.621.423.322.722.7 18.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Employment status of the head

Has job 10.2 10.610.5 10.3 10.2 1010.1 9.7 9.6 8.9 10010.410.710.610.110.1 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.6 100 Does not have job 6.7 6.1 6.5 8.2 8.210.810.213.113.816.4 100 7.4 6.9 7.5 9.7 9.5 1111.412.412.212.1 100 Total 9.9 10.110.1 10.1 1010.110.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100

112 Table PH4: MANILA – Employment Status, By Decile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Employment status of the head

Has job 81.2 86.9 84.1 80.3 81.3 76.1 75.8 72.2 75.3 75.4 78.8 Does not have job 18.8 13.1 15.9 19.7 18.7 23.9 24.2 27.8 24.7 24.6 21.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Employment status of the head

Has job 10.2 11 10.4 10 10.1 9.5 9.3 9.3 9.8 10.3 100 Does not have job 8.8 6.2 7.3 9.1 8.6 11.1 11.1 13.3 12 12.5 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100

113 Table PH5: PHILIPPINES – Tenure Status, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of tenure Own house and lot 65.9 66.566.2 68.6 68.164.866.671.672.477.3 68.7 5249.953.155.455.657.362.166.5 7176.4 60 Rent house and lot 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 1 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.6 0.9 7.310.811.913.113.314.114.413.613.111.8 12.4 Own house rent lot 1.9 2.2 2.8 3 2.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.1 5.9 6.3 6.1 7 6.4 4.8 4.5 4.5 3.2 2.4 5.1 Own house rent-free w/c 26.3 24.424.1 22.6 23.923.923.219.217.413.1 21.919.118.115.714.213.512.2 9.4 8.1 6 3.4 11.9 Own house rent-free wo/c 2 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.5 1 1.8 0.5 1.7 7.5 7 5.6 4.4 5.1 4.4 3.5 2.2 1.5 1.6 4.3 Rent: free house and lot w/c 3.4 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.2 4 3.8 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.6 7.4 7.6 7.2 5.5 5.8 6.5 5.9 5 5 4.2 6 Rent: free house and lot wo/c 0.1 0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 . . 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

114 Table PH6: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the building Single house 98.7 98.5 98 98.5 98.8 98.598.297.996.896.9 98.183.184.7 85 8585.984.184.583.783.681.4 84.1 Duplex 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.5 0.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.6 3.7 4.1 3.9 4 4.2 4.9 4 Apartment 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 3.7 6.1 6.9 7.2 8.1 9.9 10 1110.312.2 8.6 Improvised house 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 9.7 5.4 4 2.8 1.8 1.2 1 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.7 Commercial house 0 . 0.1 . . 0 0.2 0 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.6 1.4 0.7 Other: cave,boat . 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 . 0.2 . 0.1 0 0.2 . . 0.2 0 0 . 0 . 0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the building Single house 9.9 10.210.1 10.1 10.110.110.1 10 9.9 9.5 100 9.710.110.110.110.2 10 10 10 10 9.7 100 Duplex 7.3 4.8 9.9 8.5 5.8 8.1 9.2 1317.615.8 100 7.9 8.7 9.411.5 9.310.5 9.710.110.612.3 100 Apartment 2.9 5.1 7.5 4.3 2.310.2 7.315.525.519.5 100 4.2 7.1 8.1 8.5 9.511.711.712.912.114.3 100 Improvised house 11 15.812.8 11.3 9.1 4 8.310.8 8 9 10035.5 2015.110.5 6.7 4.6 3.6 1.9 1.2 0.9 100 Commercial house 1.9 . 9.2 . . 3.312.9 1.328.343.2 100 3.9 3 5.1 6.7 5 8.4 9.712.924.221.2 100 Other: cave,boat . 7.812.3 6.3 12.625.118.8 .17.1 . 10010.4 35 . .39.7 5.5 3.7 . 5.5 . 100 Total 9.9 10.110.1 10.1 1010.110.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100

115 Table PH7: MANILA – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the building Single house 62.3 65.3 65.6 66.4 67.4 63.1 62.9 64.1 64.3 64.4 64.6 Duplex 6.6 4.9 6.1 7.9 6.5 7.2 6.3 5.8 7.3 6.7 6.5 Apartment 9.4 16.2 17.6 19.1 20.8 25.8 26.6 28.2 24.5 27.6 21.7 Improvised house 21.2 13.4 10.2 5.7 4.3 3.6 2.5 0.8 1 0.6 6.3 Commercial house 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.7 1.1 2.9 0.8 0.9 Other: cave, boat . . . . 0.6 . . . . . 0.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the building Single house 9.6 10.1 9.9 10.1 10.2 9.6 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.8 100 Duplex 10 7.6 9.1 11.9 9.7 10.8 9.4 8.9 11.5 11 100 Apartment 4.3 7.5 7.9 8.7 9.4 11.8 11.9 13.2 11.6 13.7 100 Improvised house 33.6 21.5 15.9 9 6.7 5.6 3.9 1.2 1.7 1 100 Commercial house 5 1.1 5.6 9.5 4.3 3.9 17.4 11.7 32.4 9 100 Other: cave, boat . . . . 100 . . . . . 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100

116 Table PH8: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Roof, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the roof Strong: Concrete, iron 22.5 27.7 31.3 35.6 41.943.248.853.663.774.7 44.231.7 4446.953.959.465.373.277.583.391.4 62.8 Light: cogon, nipa 64.6 58.5 54.2 47.5 43 3935.829.621.813.3 40.830.723.5 21 1816.313.210.1 7.1 4.7 2.1 14.6 Salvaged materials 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 5.5 3.2 2.6 1.7 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.6 Mixed: predominantly strong 4.4 6.3 6.6 9.4 810.2 8.6 11 9.4 8.7 8.315.216.5 1816.415.514.711.611.3 9 5.2 13.3 Mixed: predominantly light 7.5 5.8 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.9 5.9 5.1 4.4 2.8 5.8 1210.3 9.6 8.5 6.9 5.5 4 3.3 2.5 0.9 6.3 Mixed: predominantly salvaged 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 . 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 . 0.2 5 2.5 1.8 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the roof Strong: Concrete, iron 5 6.3 7.1 8.1 9.5 9.911.112.214.416.3 100 5 7 7.5 8.6 9.510.511.612.413.414.7 100 Light: cogon, nipa 15.6 14.5 13.4 11.7 10.6 9.6 8.8 7.3 5.3 3.1 10020.6 1614.412.411.1 9.1 6.9 4.9 3.3 1.4 100 Salvaged materials 9.3 17.5 11 10.6 9.7 7.111.2 9.8 5.9 7.9 10032.519.315.810.1 8.6 3.7 2.8 3.2 2.6 1.4 100 Mixed: predominantly strong 5.3 7.7 8.1 11.5 9.712.410.513.311.410.1 10011.212.413.612.311.611.1 8.7 8.5 6.8 3.9 100 Mixed: predominantly light 12.7 10 12 11.2 10.9 1210.2 8.7 7.6 4.6 10018.616.215.113.510.8 8.7 6.3 5.2 4 1.5 100 Mixed: predominantly salvaged 17.9 28.6 11.8 10.5 .10.3 4.2 3.513.2 . 10037.819.314.311.2 4.2 5.3 4.2 1.9 0.7 1 100 Total 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.1 1010.110.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100

117 Table PH9: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Walls, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the walls Strong: Concrete, iron 16.3 23.2 25.6 30.4 37.1 37.6 45.3 46.4 58.2 72.4 39.126.537.543.150.255.362.271.475.381.189.9 59.4 Light: cogon, nipa 67 58.8 55.9 47 43.4 39.1 35.1 29.9 21.4 11.5 4131.924.621.817.615.512.7 8.8 6.1 4 2.1 14.5 Salvaged materials 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 6.2 3.3 2.7 2.1 1.5 1 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 1.8 Mixed: predominantly strong 5.9 8.2 9.2 12.2 10 14.4 11.2 15.5 14.8 11.3 11.316.6 1919.518.2 1916.913.9 1411.5 6.4 15.5 Mixed: predominantly light 9.1 7.9 7.8 8.8 8.4 8.2 7.6 6.9 4.8 3.8 7.313.912.610.910.2 8 6.3 4.7 3.8 2.9 1.3 7.4 Mixed: predominantly salvaged 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 4.8 2.9 2 1.7 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the walls Strong: Concrete, iron 4.1 6 6.6 7.8 9.5 9.7 11.7 11.9 14.9 17.8 100 4.4 6.3 7.3 8.5 9.310.5 1212.713.815.3 100 Light: cogon, nipa 16.1 14.5 13.7 11.6 10.6 9.6 8.6 7.3 5.2 2.7 10021.6 1715.112.210.7 8.8 6 4.2 2.8 1.4 100 Salvaged materials 13.5 13.9 14.8 9.7 10.2 4.9 8.8 10.6 6 7.5 10033.118.114.811.4 8.4 5.4 3.3 2.3 2 1.3 100 Mixed: predominantly strong 5.2 7.4 8.2 10.9 8.9 12.9 10 13.7 13.1 9.7 10010.512.212.611.812.2 11 9 9.1 7.5 4.2 100 Mixed: predominantly light 12.2 10.8 10.7 12.1 11.5 11.3 10.4 9.5 6.5 5 10018.416.914.613.710.7 8.6 6.3 5.1 4 1.7 100 Mixed: predominantly salvaged 16.5 21.7 7.2 18.4 5.5 7.3 2.2 7.9 6.5 6.7 10034.121.114.7 12 5.1 6.3 3.7 2 0.7 0.4 100 Total 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.1 10 10.1 10.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100

118 Table PH10: MANILA – Type Of Roof, By Decile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the roof Strong: Concrete, iron 36.2 46.9 46.9 59.9 63.6 71.1 76.9 80.8 84.7 93.6 66.4 Light: cogon, nipa 2 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 2.3 1.5 . 0.3 0.6 1.3 Salvaged materials 10.5 6.8 5.3 2.3 2.7 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.4 3.1 Mixed: predominantly strong 26.2 26.9 30.9 25.3 23.4 18.3 15.3 15 11.5 4.2 19.5 Mixed: predominantly light 13.8 10.5 10.7 7.3 7.1 4.7 3.9 3.4 2.4 1 6.4 Mixed: predominantly salvaged 11.3 7 5 3.8 1.6 2 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 3.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the roof Strong: Concrete, iron 5.4 7.1 6.9 8.9 9.4 10.6 11.2 12.3 13.1 15.2 100 Light: cogon, nipa 15.7 15 9.1 11.7 12.1 17.4 11.4 . 2.7 5.1 100 Salvaged materials 33 21.8 16.5 7.1 8.4 4.8 3.5 1.2 2.3 1.3 100 Mixed: predominantly strong 13.3 13.8 15.5 12.7 11.7 9.3 7.6 7.8 6.1 2.3 100 Mixed: predominantly light 21.3 16.4 16.3 11.1 10.8 7.3 5.9 5.4 3.8 1.7 100 Mixed: predominantly salvaged 34.4 21.5 14.9 11.4 4.9 6.2 4 1.2 1 0.5 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100

119 Table PH11: MANILA – Tenure Status, By Decile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of tenure Own house and lot 40.4 36.8 41.1 45.5 46.5 48.4 51.2 56.6 60.7 70.6 50 Rent house and lot 17.7 25.2 28.1 28.4 29.5 28.5 29.7 27.7 26 18.8 25.9 Own house rent lot 4.6 5.4 4.5 6.1 5.5 2.2 3.4 3.5 2 1.4 3.8 Own house rent-free w/c 9.5 9.5 6.7 7.1 4.6 5.9 4.6 4 2.1 1.4 5.5 Own house rent-free wo/c 12.7 10.8 8.3 5.6 6.3 6.5 4.5 1.9 2 2.4 6 Rent: free house and lot w/c 13.1 11 10.5 6.5 7 6.8 6.3 6.1 6.8 5.1 7.9 Rent: free house and lot wo/c 2 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of tenure Own house and lot 8 7.4 8 8.9 9.1 9.5 9.9 11.5 12.5 15.2 100 Rent house and lot 6.8 9.8 10.6 10.8 11.1 10.9 11.1 10.8 10.3 7.8 100 Own house rent lot 11.9 14.1 11.5 15.6 14.1 5.7 8.7 9.1 5.3 4 100 Own house rent-free w/c 17.2 17.4 11.9 12.6 8.2 10.7 8.1 7.3 3.8 2.8 100 Own house rent-free wo/c 20.8 17.9 13.4 9.1 10.1 10.6 7.3 3.2 3.4 4.3 100 Rent: free house and lot w/c 16.4 14 13 8.1 8.6 8.5 7.8 7.8 8.9 6.9 100 Rent: free house and lot wo/c 23.1 14.2 9.9 10.4 6.7 19.2 3 3 6.1 4.3 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100

120 Table PH12: PHILIPPINES – Source Of Water, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Source of water Own faucet 1.8 2 2.8 4.7 4 5.3 7.1 1013.2 22 7.211.518.124.427.432.437.745.4 5257.2 66 37.3 Shared faucet 18.7 19.622.3 19.8 22.320.621.421.918.717.2 20.3 3128.826.527.225.320.417.715.313.2 8.7 21.4 Own: piped well 8.6 10.412.2 14 15.617.218.320.424.627.8 16.9 8.210.611.611.612.413.815.515.615.716.9 13.2 Shared: piped well 25.6 26.425.9 23 24.223.824.620.419.314.3 22.823.923.720.618.816.815.111.1 8.5 7 4.2 15 Dug well 23.4 22.818.9 20 17.217.714.315.512.310.5 17.311.1 8 7 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.1 3.9 2.9 2.1 5.7 Spring, river 20.5 17.816.8 16.7 14.813.812.510.210.2 6.4 14 5.2 3.4 2.9 2.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.5 2 Rain water 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.3 1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Reddler 1.1 0.7 0.6 1 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1 9 7.2 6.8 6.2 5.4 5.9 3.8 3.9 3 1.4 5.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Electricity in the building Yes 22.4 3136.5 41.9 50.554.659.664.7 7487.2 52.170.579.886.289.391.594.296.297.598.299.4 90.3 No electricity 77.6 6963.5 58.1 49.545.440.435.3 2612.8 47.929.520.213.810.7 8.5 5.8 3.8 2.5 1.8 0.6 9.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

121 Table PH13: PHILIPPINES – Consumer Durables, By Poverty Status Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Non- Non- poor Poor Total poor Poor Total Family owns radio 0.77 0.64 0.73 0.79 0.67 0.78 Family owns television set 0.45 0.11 0.34 0.81 0.3 0.77 Family owns video tape recorder 0.11 0.01 0.08 0.3 0.02 0.27 Family owns stereo 0.19 0.03 0.14 0.38 0.06 0.35 Family owns refrigerator 0.24 0.02 0.17 0.55 0.07 0.51 Family owns air condition 0.01 0 0.01 0.06 0 0.06 Family owns car, jeep, motorcycle 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.13 0.01 0.12

122 Table PH14: MANILA – Source Of Water, By Decile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Source of water Own faucet 19.8 26.6 37.6 37.7 45.4 54.2 58.2 63.8 68.1 77.1 49.2 Shared faucet 39.6 35.4 31.3 31.8 29.3 19.8 17.5 15.6 14 7.5 24 Own: piped well 2.2 3.3 5.4 5 4 3.9 8.3 7.5 6.7 9.8 5.6 Shared: piped well 15.1 15.3 10.1 9.8 8.9 10.6 7 5.8 5.2 3 9 Dug well 2.6 3.8 1.7 2.5 2.5 2.1 0.7 1 1.6 0.5 1.9 Reddler 20.6 15.6 13.9 13.2 9.9 9.4 8.4 6.3 4.4 2.2 10.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Electricity in the building Yes 96 97.7 99.3 99.4 99.6 100 100 100 99.7 100 99.2 No electricity 4 2.3 0.7 0.6 0.4 . . . 0.3 . 0.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Source of water Own faucet 4 5.4 7.5 7.5 9 10.9 11.5 13.1 14.2 16.9 100 Shared faucet 16.4 14.8 12.7 13 11.9 8.1 7.1 6.6 6 3.4 100 Own: piped well 3.9 5.9 9.3 8.8 6.9 6.8 14.2 13.4 12.2 18.7 100 Shared: piped well 16.6 17 10.9 10.7 9.6 11.6 7.5 6.5 6 3.6 100 Dug well 13.5 20.2 8.9 12.8 13 11.1 3.5 5.3 8.5 3 100 Reddler 19.9 15.2 13.2 12.6 9.4 9 7.9 6.2 4.4 2.3 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100 Electricity in the building Yes 9.6 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.8 10.2 10.3 10.9 100 No electricity 48.2 27.7 8.1 7.8 4.2 . . . 3.9 . 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100

123 Table PH15: PHILIPPINES – Source Of Water, By Poverty Status Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Non- Non- poor Poor Total poor Poor Total Source of water Own faucet 9.5 2.3 7.2 40.1 10 37.3 Shared faucet 19.9 21 20.3 20.5 30.1 21.4 Own: piped well 20.9 8.3 16.9 13.6 9.8 13.2 Shared: piped well 22.4 23.7 22.8 14.1 23.2 15 Dug well 14.3 23.6 17.3 4.8 15.3 5.7 Spring, river 11.4 19.5 14 1.6 6.4 2 Rain water 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 Reddler 1 1.1 1 5.3 5 5.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Electricity in the building Yes 63.9 26.8 52.1 93.7 56.9 90.3 No electricity 36.1 73.2 47.9 6.3 43.1 9.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

124 Table PH16: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Toilet, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of toilet Water-sealed 27.9 34.139.1 45.5 48.5 5157.164.470.582.7 5252.2 6267.273.476.581.885.988.390.895.1 77.4 Closed pit 18.3 1920.7 19.1 17.515.713.713.110.3 6.5 15.414.513.311.1 9.6 8.7 7.3 6.5 5.4 4.1 2.5 8.3 Open pit 23.5 20.717.1 16.8 16.513.913.6 9.1 7.5 4.1 14.310.2 8.5 7 5.4 4.6 3.1 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.6 4.5 Others: pile 3.7 4.3 4 2.8 3.7 4 3.8 2.5 3.1 1.7 3.4 7.1 5.6 5.7 4.7 4.6 3.9 2.6 2.5 2.9 1.2 4.1 None 26.6 21.819.1 15.7 13.915.511.710.8 8.6 5 14.916.110.6 8.9 7 5.7 3.8 2.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 5.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of toilet Water-sealed 5.3 6.6 7.6 8.8 9.4 9.911.112.413.615.3 100 6.6 8 8.7 9.5 9.910.611.111.411.812.4 100 Closed pit 11.7 12.513.5 12.5 11.410.3 9 8.5 6.7 4 10017.2 1613.411.610.5 8.9 7.8 6.6 4.9 3.1 100 Open pit 16.2 14.612.1 11.8 11.6 9.8 9.6 6.4 5.2 2.8 10022.3 1915.812.110.2 7 5.3 4.1 2.9 1.3 100 Others: pile 10.9 1311.8 8.5 10.911.911.2 7.5 9.3 4.9 10017.113.7 1411.611.2 9.5 6.3 6.2 7.3 3 100 None 17.6 14.812.9 10.6 9.310.5 7.9 7.3 5.8 3.3 10027.218.315.512.1 9.8 6.7 4.5 3.3 1.6 1 100 Total 9.9 10.110.1 10.1 1010.110.1 10 10 9.6 100 9.8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1010.110.1 100

125 Table PH17: PHILIPPINES – Type Of Toilet, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Non- Non- poor Poor Total poor Poor Total Type of toilet Water-sealed 60.9 32.6 52 80.6 46.4 77.4 Closed pit 14.2 18.1 15.4 7.6 15.3 8.3 Open pit 11.5 20.4 14.3 3.5 13.8 4.5 Others: pile 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.9 5.7 4.1 None 10.2 25.2 14.9 4.5 18.8 5.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban Non- Non- poor Poor Total poor Poor Total Type of toilet Water-sealed 80.1 19.9 100 94.5 5.5 100 Closed pit 62.9 37.1 100 82.9 17.1 100 Open pit 54.8 45.2 100 71.7 28.3 100 Others: pile 64.8 35.2 100 87 13 100 None 46.5 53.5 100 70.1 29.9 100 Total 68.3 31.7 100 90.8 9.2 100

126 Table PH18: MANILA – Type Of Toilet, By Decile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of toilet Water-sealed 70.5 73.9 80.2 83.9 83.8 86.4 89.1 91.6 90.7 95.1 84.6 Closed pit 11.7 13.3 8.9 7.4 7.5 6.5 6.1 4.4 3.6 3.1 7.2 Open pit 3.5 2.1 2.3 1.5 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.4 Others: pile 8.6 6.7 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.5 3.2 3.2 3.9 1.5 5 None 5.7 4 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.9 . 1.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of toilet Water-sealed 8.3 8.7 9.2 9.7 9.7 10.1 10.2 10.9 11 12.1 100 Closed pit 16.1 18.5 12 10.1 10.2 8.9 8.2 6.2 5.2 4.6 100 Open pit 24.8 15.2 16.2 10.3 12.2 4.1 4 5.3 5.7 2.3 100 Others: pile 17.1 13.4 12 11.3 11.3 10.8 6.2 6.5 8.1 3.3 100 None 31.6 22.5 13.6 8.1 6.6 5.9 5.7 0.6 5.3 . 100 Total 9.9 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 10.1 10.3 10.8 100

127 Table PH19: MANILA – Consumer Durables, By Decile

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Num hh m less than one year old 0.26 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.1 0.15 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.12 Num hh m 1 to 6 years old 1.62 1.16 0.99 0.78 0.72 0.65 0.47 0.44 0.36 0.23 0.74 Num hh m 7 to 14 years old 1.63 1.34 1.03 0.99 0.72 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.51 0.45 0.86 Num hh m 15 to 24 years old 1.17 1.22 1.13 1.19 1.08 1.04 1.08 1.01 0.86 0.85 1.06 Num hh m 25 years old and over 2.69 2.39 2.36 2.44 2.35 2.45 2.37 2.31 2.23 2.12 2.37 Num hh m employed last quarter 1.89 1.88 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.72 1.65 1.79

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Family owns radio 0.69 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.82 0.85 0.84 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.82 Family owns television set 0.8 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.92 Family owns video tape recorder 0.05 0.09 0.22 0.29 0.28 0.39 0.48 0.58 0.64 0.73 0.38 Family owns stereo 0.13 0.2 0.33 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.51 0.58 0.59 0.76 0.44 Family owns refrigerator 0.28 0.34 0.5 0.61 0.67 0.72 0.8 0.84 0.84 0.93 0.66 Family owns air condition 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.12 0.22 0.47 0.1 Family owns car, jeep, motorcycle 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.19 0.29 0.54 0.14

128 Table VN1: VIETNAM – Household Characteristics By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Household headship Female-headed household 15.5 15.5 15.4 17.2 16.9 17.216.316.817.522.5 16.932.946.836.8 3642.434.3 4327.536.442.5 37.8 Male-headed household 84.5 84.5 84.6 82.8 83.1 82.883.783.282.577.5 83.167.153.263.2 6457.665.7 5772.563.657.5 62.2 Age of the head 15-25 years old 1.2 2.8 0.7 1.2 2 1.1 1 1 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.1 . 1.7 0.9 . 0.8 . 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 25-35 years old 28.1 26.3 20.9 21.2 24.9 19.616.312.715.912.3 20.622.511.514.2 9.315.511.3 8.411.913.310.7 13.2 35-45 years old 37.7 34.1 36.7 33.9 26.5 36.534.532.730.928.4 33.529.225.6 3025.722.124.935.328.937.144.2 29.9 45-55 years old 15.9 17.3 18.8 17.8 21.1 19.119.823.821.728.6 19.9 2131.526.926.619.834.519.229.821.419.9 25 55-65 years old 9.6 11.4 14.2 15.7 15 15.416.718.117.917.4 14.815.917.7 1618.427.2 1221.917.419.912.6 18 65+ 7.5 8.2 8.7 10.2 10.5 8.211.711.712.412.5 9.910.313.611.219.115.416.515.211.8 7.712.1 13.3 Education of the head Never 19.3 13.1 8.7 7.6 5.6 6.6 6.5 5.9 4.2 5.3 8.8 8.211.2 4.9 6.7 3.7 4.7 3 1.4 3.3 0.6 5.1

129 Table VN2: VIETNAM – Household Characteristics, By Decile, Status, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Not poor Poor Total Not poor Poor Total Household headship Female-headed household 17.91 15.59 16.86 38.87 27.63 37.84 Male-headed household 82.09 84.41 83.14 61.13 72.37 62.16 Age of the head 15-25 years old 1.24 1.43 1.33 0.51 1.6 0.61 25-35 years old 16.61 25.35 20.59 12.09 24.01 13.18 35-45 years old 32.51 34.68 33.49 29.8 30.74 29.89 45-55 years old 21.97 17.43 19.9 25.67 18.87 25.05 55-65 years old 16.66 12.5 14.77 17.93 18.26 17.96 65+ 11.01 8.61 9.92 13.99 6.52 13.3 Education of the head Never 5.79 12.46 8.83 4.71 8.73 5.08

130 Table VN3: VIETNAM – Ethnicity, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Ethnic group Vietnamese (Kinh) 54.8 72.6 79 76 84.8 92.490.193.793.196.9 81.697.492.193.193.889.887.185.194.192.6 90 91.7 Tau 3 2.4 3.7 4.4 2.1 2.9 0.6 1.4 1.8 0.3 2.4 0.1 . 0.2 . . 0.5 . . . . 0.1 Thai 3.1 1.8 2.1 2.6 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.4 0.5 ...... 0.1 Chinese 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.4 . 0.7 0.8 0.5 1 5.1 5 5.3 9.5 1214.5 5.9 7.4 10 7.3 Khmer 3.9 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.2 1.7 2.7 1.2 2.3 0.8 2.5 0.6 2.5 1.6 0.4 . . 0.4 . . . 0.6 Muong 8.7 5 3.4 4.1 2.4 0.1 2.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 3.1 ...... Nung 1.9 3.1 4.4 4.5 2.6 1.5 2.3 1.1 0.7 . 2.4 . 0.3 ...... 0 Meo 3.1 3.1 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 . . . 1 . . . . . 0.4 . . . . 0 Other 20.9 9.2 3.3 4.5 2.5 0.3 1.3 1.9 0.6 0.6 5.2 0.4 . . 0.5 0.7 . . . . . 0.2

131 Table VN4: Vietnam – Individual Characteristics, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Has job Not poor Poor Total Rural Female 0.822 0.885 0.851 Male 0.822 0.893 0.854 Total 0.822 0.889 0.853 Urban Female 0.658 0.794 0.671 Male 0.733 0.815 0.74 Total 0.694 0.804 0.704

Secondary job Not poor Poor Total Rural Female 0.013 0.026 0.019 Male 0.038 0.049 0.043 Total 0.025 0.037 0.031 Urban Female 0.009 0.015 0.01 Male 0.021 0.022 0.021 Total 0.015 0.018 0.015

Health expenditure Not poor Poor Total Rural 0.7 0.71 0.7 Urban 1.62 1.43 1.6

Born here Not poor Poor Total Rural 0.831 0.893 0.86 Urban 0.626 0.739 0.637

132 Table VN5: VIETNAM – Individual Characteristics, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Expenditure deciles Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Can read Rural Yes 48.9 65.1 72.6 74.8 76.3 81.3 77.5 79 80 84 73 With difficulty 15 14.5 10.2 11.8 11 7.7 10 9.3 9.5 7.6 10.9 No 36.1 20.4 17.1 13.5 12.8 10.9 12.4 11.7 10.4 8.4 16.1 Different languige 0.1 . 0.1 . . 0.1 . . . . 0 Urban Yes 75 77.1 81.2 80.2 81.4 84.6 78.3 84.8 87.1 83.2 80.5 With difficulty 12.1 11.4 8.7 9.1 10.3 5.7 11 6.7 2.9 6 9 No 12.8 11.4 9.8 10.7 7.7 8.1 9.9 7.4 9.3 9.8 10 Different languige . 0.2 0.2 . 0.5 1.6 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.5

Expenditure deciles Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gender Rural Female 52.9 51.9 51.1 50.6 51.5 50.5 50.3 50.8 50.3 48.9 51 Male 47.1 48.1 48.9 49.4 48.5 49.5 49.7 49.2 49.7 51.1 49 Urban Female 53.8 50.1 53.6 51.3 53.5 51.8 52.2 51.5 51 54.6 52.3 Male 46.2 49.9 46.4 48.7 46.5 48.2 47.8 48.5 49 45.4 47.7

Expenditure deciles Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gender Rural Female 12.7 11.3 10.9 10.3 10.2 9.5 9 9.1 8.7 8.3 100 Male 11.7 10.9 10.8 10.5 9.9 9.7 9.3 9.2 8.9 9 100 Urban Female 12.8 10.3 10.5 10 10.1 9.6 10.1 9.2 8.8 8.6 100 Male 12.1 11.3 10 10.4 9.6 9.8 10.1 9.5 9.3 7.8 100

133 Table VN6: VIETNAM – Health Status, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Not poor Poor Total Rural Was not sick 56.9 57.7 57.3 Was sick 43.1 42.3 42.7 Urban Was not sick 63.1 54.2 62.3 Was sick 36.9 45.8 37.7

Not poor Poor Total Rural Was not sick 56.1 43.9 100 Was sick 56.9 43.1 100 Urban Was not sick 92.3 7.7 100 Was sick 89.2 10.8 100

134 Table VN7: VIETNAM – Smoking Behavior, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Not poor Poor Total Rural Female not smoking 32.9 28.3 31.1 smoking 67.1 71.7 68.9 Male not smoking 25.8 23.3 24.9 smoking 74.2 76.7 75.1 Total not smoking 26 23.5 25.2 smoking 74 76.5 74.8 Urban Female not smoking 26.2 16.7 25 smoking 73.8 83.3 75 Male not smoking 20.8 16 20.5 smoking 79.2 84 79.5 Total not smoking 21 16 20.6 smoking 79 84 79.4

Not poor Poor Total Rural Female not smoking 65.8 34.2 100 smoking 60.7 39.3 100 Male not smoking 67.3 32.7 100 smoking 64.3 35.7 100 Total not smoking 67.2 32.8 100 smoking 64.2 35.8 100 Urban Female not smoking 91.7 8.3 100 smoking 86.1 13.9 100 Male not smoking 94.8 5.2 100 smoking 92.9 7.1 100 Total not smoking 94.7 5.3 100 smoking 92.7 7.3 100

135 Table VN8: VIETNAM – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the house City house+garden ...... 0.1 0 ...... 0.6 . 3 0.3 Multistoried house T1 0.2 0.5 . 0.4 . . . 0.5 0.5 3.4 0.5 1.4 3.7 5.6 4.912.716.726.328.532.543.9 16.2 Multistoried house T2 . 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.5 0.7 3.2 0.8 4.7 2.3 1.3 2.9 1.5 6.5 7.910.3 5.6 6.6 5.1 2.9 3 5.2 One story house with private toilet 0.2 . . . . . 0.8 . 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.7 2.9 7.7 5 6.5 9.1 6.6 1013.7 9.7 6.8 One story house with separate toilet 1.6 4.7 7.3 6.6 7 8.3 7.6 8.5 9.5 9.4 6.7 8 3.8 5.811.4 810.3 8.2 7.3 5.1 8.9 7.6 Semipermanent house 46.3 59.7 61.2 61.5 61 64.767.570.565.569.1 61.845.562.760.858.751.947.746.246.843.630.4 50 Temporary house 51.8 35 31.3 29.4 31.6 26.320.919.619.214.1 29.441.525.513.6 1210.610.5 6.1 1.7 2.2 1.1 13.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

136 Table VN9: VIETNAM – Type Of Housing, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of the house City house+garden ...... 100 100 ...... 18 . 82 100 Multistoried house T1 5.3 12 . 8.7 . . .10.1 954.9 100 1.1 2.5 3.5 3.1 7.8 9.916.6 16 1821.4 100 Multistoried house T2 . 1.4 1.7 17.6 3.6 5.223.1 5.429.312.7 100 7.2 3.212.815.519.710.312.9 8.9 4.9 4.5 100 One story house with private toilet 8.6 . . . . .27.7 .20.842.9 100 1.4 4.711.6 7.6 9.612.7 9.913.4 1811.2 100 One story house with separate toilet 2.9 8.2 12.5 10.8 10.7 11.710.710.911.510.2 10013.6 5.4 7.815.310.512.910.9 8.6 5.9 9.1 100 Semipermanent house 9.2 11.4 11.4 11 10.1 9.910.2 9.8 8.7 8.2 10011.813.712.5 1210.4 9.1 9.4 8.5 7.8 4.8 100 Temporary house 21.8 14.1 12.3 11 11.1 8.5 6.7 5.7 5.3 3.5 10038.620.1 10 8.8 7.6 7.2 4.4 1.1 1.4 0.6 100 Total 12.4 11.8 11.6 11 10.3 9.5 9.4 8.6 8.2 7.3 100 13 1110.310.2 10 9.510.2 9.1 9 7.9 100

137 Table VN10: VIETNAM – Type Of Housing, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Not poor Poor Total Not poor Poor Total Type of the house City house+garden 0 . 0 0.3 . 0.3 Multistoried house T1 0.6 0.3 0.5 17.7 1.3 16.2 Multistoried house T2 2 0.4 1.3 5.5 2.4 5.2 One story house with private toilet 0.5 0.1 0.3 7.5 0.5 6.8 One story house with separate toilet 8.4 4.7 6.7 7.8 6.3 7.6 Semipermanent house 66.5 56.3 61.8 50.7 42.7 50 Temporary house 22 38.2 29.4 10.6 46.8 13.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban Not poor Poor Total Not poor Poor Total Type of the house City house+garden 100 . 100 100 . 100 Multistoried house T1 74.1 25.9 100 99.3 0.7 100 Multistoried house T2 84.8 15.2 100 95.7 4.3 100 One story house with private toilet 91.4 8.6 100 99.4 0.6 100 One story house with separate toilet 68 32 100 92.4 7.6 100 Semipermanent house 58.6 41.4 100 92.2 7.8 100 Temporary house 40.8 59.2 100 69.1 30.9 100 Total 54.5 45.5 100 90.8 9.2 100

138 Table VN11: VIETNAM – Type Of Walls, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of walls Other 3.3 1.7 1.2 3.2 0.7 1.6 0.6 0 0.7 0.4 1.5 3.9 0.4 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.1 0.7 . . . 1.4 Concrete 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.6 2.2 0.8 0.6 2.8 2.4 1.9 3.2 6.3 3.5 9.1 8.9 7.4 4.3 Brick, stone 27.8 39.4 47.7 46.2 47.8 51.760.157.761.566.2 4952.760.672.777.176.278.485.1 8685.287.9 74.9 Unfired brick 4.8 8 5.8 5.3 7.4 7.7 6.6 4.2 3.4 4.9 5.9 5.6 6.5 6.7 4.9 9.4 4.4 4.4 1.4 3.9 3.1 5.1 Earth 16.2 10.5 5.1 7.9 6.5 5 5.9 2.8 3.3 1.1 7 5.7 2.6 1.3 2.3 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.8 . . 1.6 Iron 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.7 2.4 1.9 1.3 0.5 . . 1.3 0.8 . 0.5 1 Wood 13.7 13.2 13.4 14.9 13.4 13.2 9.318.615.216.5 14 6.9 7.7 5.4 6.7 3.3 6.3 2.7 1.9 1 1.1 4.5 Bamboo 23.2 10.3 11.1 7.9 7.2 3.9 3.6 3.8 2.6 2.9 8.4 4.8 6.8 2 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.6 . 0.3 . 1.9 Leaves/branches 10.3 16.3 14.8 13.9 15.9 1511.411.3 9.4 5.2 12.717.310.6 5.7 3.3 5.2 2.4 1.4 . 0.7 . 5.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

139 Table VN12: VIETNAM – Type Of Roof, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of roof Cement 1.5 3.9 7.3 8.3 7.7 8 9.6 7.813.212.5 7.511.710.118.323.828.9 3132.529.932.338.4 24.7 Tile 44.1 51.6 56.9 53.9 53.5 56.757.858.851.849.8 53.331.936.439.133.730.122.517.918.911.911.6 26.2 Iron 6.3 8.7 7.3 8 10.4 10.810.913.220.122.1 1125.632.829.331.630.836.942.739.550.541.7 35.5 Panles 0.7 2.9 3.5 4.8 4.4 3.1 5.8 5 4.7 5.7 3.9 9.6 5.2 9.2 3.2 5.6 7.5 510.5 4.4 7.1 6.8 Canvas 0.2 0.1 0.2 . 0.1 0.1 . 0 0.4 . 0.1 0.8 . . 0.7 . . . . . 1.2 0.3 Wood, bamboo 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.8 . 0.3 0.2 0.1 . 0.3 0.4 . 0.3 ...... 0.6 . 0.1 Straw, leaves 46.4 32.2 24.4 24.2 23.8 20.515.6 15 9.8 9.5 23.7 2015.1 3.7 6.2 4.7 2.1 2 1.2 0.3 . 6.3 Other . . . . . 0.5 . . . . 0 0.5 . 0.4 0.7 ...... 0.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

140 Table VN13: VIETNAM – Household Characteristics, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Poverty Head Count (%) Rural 0.455 Urban 0.092 Total 0.374

Number of children, total Not poor Poor Total Rural 1.93 2.89 2.37 Urban 1.46 3.05 1.61 Total 1.78 2.9 2.2

Number of children among hhs with chidren Not poor Poor Total Rural 2.32 3.06 2.68 Urban 1.92 3.27 2.07

HH size Not poor Poor Total Rural 5.11 6.08 5.55 Urban 5.07 6.76 5.22

Rooms per person Not poor Poor Total Rural 0.56 0.37 0.47 Urban 0.61 0.36 0.59

Living area, m2 pp Not poor Poor Total Rural 10.97 7.66 9.46 Urban 10.82 6 10.37

Total area, m2 pp Not poor Poor Total Rural 16.84 11.38 14.36 Urban 15.7 8.85 15.07

141 Table VN14: VIETNAM – Type Of Lighting, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of lighting Electricity 47 57.6 68.1 69.8 69.6 73.283.377.385.7 93 70.594.395.5 9799.199.299.699.5 100 100 100 98.2 Battery lamp 1.5 0.1 1 2.2 2.4 2.1 0.8 2.8 3.1 2 1.7 . . 1.2 0.4 . . 0.5 . . . 0.2 Gas,oil,kerosene lamp 49.3 41.6 29.6 25.6 27.6 22.515.519.2 10 4.5 26.5 5.7 4.5 1.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 . . . . 1.6 Other 2.2 0.7 1.3 2.3 0.4 2.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 0.5 1.2 ...... Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Ownership of lighting Electricity 8.2 9.7 11.2 10.9 10.2 9.811.1 9.4 9.9 9.6 10012.410.710.110.310.1 9.710.3 9.3 9.1 8 100 Battery lamp 10.8 0.9 6.8 14.2 14.4 11.7 4.314.114.5 8.4 100 . .56.318.8 . . 25 . . . 100 Gas,oil,kerosene lamp 23 18.6 12.9 10.7 10.7 8 5.5 6.2 3.1 1.3 10046.830.911.7 3.1 5 2.5 . . . . 100 Other 21.9 6.2 12 20.3 3.5 17 2.9 4.6 8.6 3.1 100 ...... Total 12.4 11.8 11.6 11 10.3 9.5 9.4 8.6 8.2 7.3 100 13 1110.310.2 10 9.510.2 9.1 9 7.9 100

142 Table VN15: VIETNAM – Source Of Drinking Water, By Poverty, Status, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Not poor Poor Total Not poor Poor Total Source of drinking water Inside private tap 1.3 0.8 1.1 46.5 8.2 43 Ouside private tap 0.7 0.3 0.5 10.2 8.3 10 Public standpipe 0.3 0.3 0.3 4.7 5.7 4.8 Deep drill well with pump 18.1 7.9 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.6 Hand dug well 39.8 43.2 41.4 11.5 27.2 12.9 Filtered spring water 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 . 0.1 other well 8.9 12 10.3 2.5 7.4 3 Rain water 14.6 10.2 12.6 4.2 14 5.1 River, lake, pond 13.1 16.6 14.7 2.9 4.9 3.1 Container water 0.2 0.2 0.2 . . . Other 2.5 8 5 3.9 10.6 4.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

143 Table VN16: VIETNAM – Source Of Drinking Water, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Source of drinking water Inside private tap 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.4 1.1 1 1.5 2.3 2.4 1.110.220.5 26 3042.351.659.262.176.3 77 43 Ouside private tap 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 9.311.910.115.111.110.310.6 7.4 6.5 6.7 10 Public standpipe 0.4 . 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.2 . . 0.4 0.2 0.3 8 5.7 4.5 5.1 6.9 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.2 2 4.8 Deep drill well with pump 5 8.9 9.9 10.2 12.6 15.4 1617.219.630.3 13.511.613.912.917.218.6 1214.913.9 9.910.8 13.6 Hand dug well 41 45.1 42.5 45.6 44.2 41.642.941.133.9 30 41.423.919.318.720.611.5 12 7 5.1 1 1.3 12.9 Filtered spring water 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 . 1 0.1 0.5 . . . . . 0.6 . . . . 0.1 other well 13.6 13.7 9.1 9.6 8.9 9.7 7.7 8.8 8.611.7 10.3 7.1 2.7 4.6 3.1 1.2 3.1 1.4 3.2 1.2 . 3 Rain water 7.3 10 14.3 12.3 11.2 11.618.613.716.812.9 12.612.2 9.211.3 3.9 3.9 2.3 1.6 1.5 . . 5.1 River, lake, pond 18.1 13.7 16.9 15 16.5 15.410.815.313.6 8.9 14.7 6.4 9.5 5.2 1.5 2.6 1.8 0.8 . . . 3.1 Container water . 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 . . 0.2 ...... Other 12.8 6.8 5.6 5 4.3 4 1.6 1.6 2.2 2 511.3 7.3 6.7 3.6 1.9 2.9 1 3.3 1.9 2.1 4.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

144 Table VN17: VIETNAM – Type Of Toilet, By Decile, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Expenditure deciles Expenditure deciles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Type of toilet Flush toilet with septic tank . 0.3 0.6 0.8 2.4 2.4 4.2 4.6 7.1 22.6 3.726.137.846.551.961.9 6881.481.590.894.8 61.5 Double vault compost lartine 3.2 5 6.7 8.3 9.5 11.8 14.9 17.2 17.1 15.9 10.2 2.810.6 8 914.1 7.8 4.8 6 3.4 2.1 6.9 Simple toilet 48.8 47.6 54.4 50.6 47.2 43.3 47.2 39 40 36.6 46.2 3528.126.420.7 8.312.1 3.1 3.3 2.9 0.9 15.4 Toilet directly over the water 6.8 11.5 12 14.1 13.3 13 10.8 17.7 15.5 11.9 12.4 4.7 3.3 2.8 1.4 4.5 3.1 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.1 2.5 Other type 6.2 6 4.8 4.8 4 4.6 5.7 5.2 4.6 5.4 5.2 . 0.6 1.2 2 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.4 1.1 1 No toilet 35.1 29.6 21.4 21.4 23.6 24.9 17.2 16.4 15.8 7.7 22.331.419.615.215.1 9.9 7.4 8.2 7.4 2.3 . 12.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

145 Table VN18: VIETNAM – Type Of Toilet, By Poverty Status, Rural/Urban

Rural Urban Not poor Poor Total Not poor Poor Total Type of toilet Flush toilet with septic tank 6.2 0.6 3.7 65.4 23.6 61.5 Double vault compost lartine 14.3 5.3 10.2 7.3 2.9 6.9 Simple toilet 43.3 49.7 46.2 13.7 32.2 15.4 Toilet directly over the water 13.5 11.1 12.4 2.4 2.7 2.5 Other type 4.9 5.5 5.2 1.1 . 1 No toilet 17.8 27.7 22.3 10.1 38.6 12.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Rural Urban Not poor Poor Total Not poor Poor Total Type of toilet Flush toilet with septic tank 92.1 7.9 100 96.5 3.5 100 Double vault compost lartine 76.1 23.9 100 96.1 3.9 100 Simple toilet 51 49 100 80.8 19.2 100 Toilet directly over the water 59.3 40.7 100 90.1 9.9 100 Other type 51.5 48.5 100 100 . 100 No toilet 43.5 56.5 100 72.2 27.8 100 Total 54.5 45.5 100 90.8 9.2 100

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