Cookie Chemistry Project

SCH3U Quantitative Chemistry: The Chemistry of Cookies In this project you will be converting a recipe from moles to standard cooking measurements and then using that recipe to bake some cookies! You will need the following tables in order to convert your recipe:

Molecular Formula Table Use the following molecular formulas to calculate the weigh0t of ingredients. NOTE: Most of these substances have extremely complex molecular formulas; I have greatly simplified your project by listing a representative formula only.

Ingredient Molecular Formula Ingredient Molecular Formula

Anise C10H12O Flour C4H8O4

Baking Soda NaHCO3 Lemon Juice C6H8O7 (extract)

Baking Powder NaHCO3 Margarine C9H12O6 Brown Sugar C12H22O11 Eggs C6H12O3N2

Butter C9H14O6 Molasses C12H22O11 White (Cane) Sugar C12H22O11 Pepper C17H19O3N

Chocolate C4H8O4 Salt NaCl Cinnamon C9H8O Vanilla C8H8O3

Cloves/Ginger C10H12O2 Milk 85% H2O Cream of Tartar KHC4H5O6 15% C9H14O6

Unit Conversions Use the following conversions to get from weight (g) to a standard cooking unit of measure. 1 teaspoon of baking soda/ginger = 2.84g 1 cup brown sugar = 141.46 g 1 teaspoon of vanilla extract = 4.73g 1 ounce chocolate chips = 23.6 g 1 large egg = 50g (12 oz. chocolate chips =2 cups) 1 cup flour = 141.95 g 1 tablespoon lemon juice = 14.20 g 1 teaspoon salt= 4.16 g 1 teaspoon baking powder = 2.84 g 1 cup butter = 236.59 g 1 teaspoon cream of tartar = 2.84 g 1 cup sugar =198.73 g 1 teaspoon cinnamon = 2.84 g 1 cup molasses= 356.1 g 1 tsp hot water = 4.92 g Ginger Molasses Cookie Recipe Ingredients 2.66 mol flour 0.41 mol dark brown sugar 0.068 mol baking soda 0.31 mol egg 0.018 mol salt 0.26 mol regular molasses 0.017 mol ground ginger granulated sugar (coating dough) 0.022 mol ground cinnamon vegetable oil cooking spray 0.81 mol unsalted butter, at room temp Calculation Instructions Do all of your calculations on the “Cookie Calculations” page. Record the weight (in grams) and the baking measurements in the table below.

Baking Instructions 1. Preheat oven to 350°F with the rack in the center. Line 2 baking sheets with parchment paper. Set aside. 2. Sift flour, baking soda, salt, cinnamon and ginger into a medium bowl. Set aside. 3. Cream together butter and brown sugar in a large mixing bowl with mixer on high speed until light and fluffy, about 1 minute. With mixer on medium speed, beat in the egg and molasses, then increase the speed to high and beat about 1 minute longer, until the mixture no longer looks curdled. Scrape the sides with a rubber spatula several times while mixing. 4. Mix in the flour mixture on low speed. The batter will be rather stiff. Place some granulated sugar on a small plate or saucer. Use a 1/4 cup ice cream scoop or a measuring cup. Transfer the dough to your hands and roll each portion into a rough ball, then roll each ball into the sugar. Place six sugared balls on each baking sheet, spacing them evenly, because they will spread during baking. 5. Dampen your fingers with water and press down lightly on each cookie to flatten it a little and dampen the top. 6. Bake for 6 minutes, then turn, the sheet 180 degrees halfway. Cook another 6 minutes or until the cookies have spread and are firm to the touch. DO NOT OVER BAKE! Ginger Molasses Cookies

Ingredient Weight (g) Baking Ingredient Weight (g) Baking Measurements Measurements Flour Butter

Baking Brown soda Sugar

Salt Egg

Cinnamon Molasses

Ginger

1. Calculate the total weight (in grams) of the ingredients and the total weight of the cookies (finished product – WILL BE DONE AT SCHOOL WITH A FOOD SCALE):

Total weight of the ingredients = ______(from table above)

Weight of 2 cookies = ______Total weight of all baked cookies = ______

2. Your baked cookies should weigh less than the ingredients total. Why does it seem like your cookies do not follow the conservation of mass? Chocolate Chip Cookie Recipe Ingredients 3.55 mol flour 0.413 mol packed brown sugar 0.0338 mol baking soda 0.624 mol eggs 0.0356 mol salt 0.0622 mol vanilla 1.084 mol butter, at room temp 2.36 mol chocolate chips 0.581 mol granulated sugar 0.546 mol hot water

Calculation Instructions Do all of your calculations on the “Cookie Calculations” page. Record the weight (in grams) and the baking measurements in the table.

Baking Instructions (yields 4 dozen 2 ½ inch cookies) 1. Preheat oven to 350ºF 2. Cream together the butter, white sugar, and brown sugar until smooth. Beat in the eggs one at a time, then stir in the vanilla. 3. Dissolve the baking soda in hot water. Add to the batter along with the salt. 4. Stir in flour, and chocolate chips. 5. Drop by large spoonfuls onto ungreased pans. 6. Bake for about 10 minutes in the preheated oven, or until edges are nicely browned. (Bake 2-4 minutes for a crispier cookie. DO NOT OVERBAKE!

Ingredient Weight (g) Baking Ingredient Weight Baking Measurements (g) Measurements

Flour Brown Sugar

Baking Eggs soda

Salt Vanilla

Butter Chocolate Chips

Sugar Hot water

2. Your baked cookies should weigh less than the ingredients total. Why does it seem like your cookies do not follow the conservation of mass? Snickerdoodle Cookie Recipe Ingredients Dough: 0.0154 mol cream of tartar 1.172 mol butter softened 0.0178 mol salt 0.871 mol sugar 0.624 mol eggs Cinnamon sugar: 3.25 mol flour 0.0645 mol cinnamon 0.0335 mol baking soda 0.145 mol sugar

Calculation Instructions Do all of your calculations on the “Cookie Calculations” page. Record the weight (in grams) and the baking measurements in the table below.

Baking Instructions 1. Preheat oven to 375°F. 2. Cream together butter and sugar, then beat in eggs one at a time. 3. In a separate bowl, mix dry ingredients together and then add dry ingredients into butter mixture. 4. Roll a teaspoonful of dough into balls and roll in cinnamon-sugar. Place balls of dough on ungreased cookie sheets. Flatten slightly if desired. 5. Bake for about 10 minutes at 375°F or until very lightly browned. Cool and store in a tightly covered container.

Ingredient Weight (g) Baking Ingredient Weight (g) Baking Measurements Measurements Flour Eggs

Baking Cream of soda Tartar

Butter Cinnamon

Sugar Sugar In Dough For Decoration

2. Your baked cookies should weigh less than the ingredients total. Why does it seem like your cookies do not follow the conservation of mass? Cookie Calculations Do all of your conversion calculations in the space provided. (You can use the back of this page if you need more room.) Make sure to record the weight and final baking measurements on the previous sheet. Show your work. Observe the correct number of significant digits!

Ingredient Calculations Ingredient Calculations Cookie Quantities Analysis Answer the following questions using complete sentences, using a variety of sources including but not limited to the internet, textbook, books etc…

1. Describe the education and training necessary for a food scientist.

2. i. How can artificial sweeteners help people watching their weight or those with diabetes? ii. Are there any risks associated with the use of sweeteners? iii. How can the use of non-stick cookware help reduce the amount of fat in our diet? What risks are associated with the use of such cookware?

3. a. Why is baking powder used in cake batter? b. What happens when too much or too little of that ingredient is used? c. Conduct research to identify one industrial chemical accident that had an impact on the environment. Describe the role of how the quantitative error played in the accident. i.e. April 12, 2004 chemical plant in Georgia, USA error in production of triallyl cyanurate (TAC)

4. a. Why do industries use so much of the world’s available fresh water? Choose a specific industry and suggest ways that is could reduce the consumption of water.

b. What pollutants might be found in untreated wastewater from a chicken farm or a poultry- processing plant? How might these affect water quality?

5. What does the term “carbon footprint” mean? In what ways does our consumption of products imported from distant countries affect our carbon footprint? How might “eat local-buy local” initiatives help to reduce our carbon footprint?

It is strongly suggested not to use Internet sources as the sole (primary) sources of information. Cutting and pasting of internet information is considered plagiarism. All answers must be stated in your own words. As well, sharing of answers via internet transmission is equivalent to plagiarism because another person is using your work as if the work was researched and prepared by them. *Include the reference citation(s) with each answer.

Reference format - published source: (title, author or editor, year, page) or Internet URL with date source was accessed. SCH3U Quantitative Chemistry: The Chemistry of Cookies Name(s): ______

The Overall expectations that are being assessed for this project include; Overall Expectations Assignment I 1 2 3 4 D2 Investigate -Cookies No cookies submitted -a few cookies in -2 cookies in -2 cookies in -2 cookies in disposable quantitative -Ingredient -Ingredient Table: no disposable (recyclable) disposable disposable (recyclable) container, relationships in table evidence of container, labelled with (recyclable) (recyclable) labelled with full chemical reactions, and -Cookie understanding or not full name(s) container, labelled container, labelled name(s) solve related problems. Calculations complete -Cookies have ok with full name(s) with full name(s) -Cookies have great and -Answers to the 2 texture, colour, -Cookies have ok -Cookies have good texture, colour, Questions questions: not aesthetics, flavour texture, colour, texture, colour, aesthetics, flavour complete -Ingredient Table: aesthetics, flavour aesthetics, flavour -Ingredient Table: -Calculation Table: somewhat accurate, -Ingredient Table: -Ingredient Table: accurate, complete A few sample complete somewhat accurate, accurate, complete -Answers to the 2 calculations, work not -Answers to the 2 complete -Answers to the 2 questions: correct, communicated no questions: limited -Answers to the 2 questions: are mainly complete answers observe answers questions: basic correct, and complete -Calculation Table: proper significant -Calculation Table: answers -Calculation Table: sample calculations, digits A few sample -Calculation Table: sample calculations, work excellently calculations, work A few sample work communicated communicated answers communicated a few calculations, work most answers observe observe proper answers observe proper communicated some proper significant significant digits significant digits answers observe digits proper significant digits A2. Identify and Q# 1 Incomplete; no Limited; simplistic at Some; adequate; Considerable; Thorough; insightful; describe careers related evidence of least half of the basic; obvious reasonable; to a high degree; to the fields of science expectation being material is understood appropriate; solid; elegant; compelling; under study met familiar; purposeful sophisticated

B1 Evaluate the risks Q#2 Incomplete; no Limited; simplistic at Some; adequate; Considerable; Thorough; insightful; and benefits to human evidence of least half of the basic; obvious reasonable; to a high degree; health of some expectation being material is understood appropriate; solid; elegant; compelling; commonly used met familiar; purposeful sophisticated chemical substances D1 Analyze processes in Q#3 Incomplete; no Limited; simplistic at Some; adequate; Considerable; Thorough; insightful; the home, the evidence of least half of the basic; obvious reasonable; to a high degree; workplace, and the expectation being material is understood appropriate; solid; elegant; compelling; environmental sector met familiar; purposeful sophisticated that use chemical quantities and calculations, and assess the importance of quantitative accuracy in industrial chemical processes. E1 Analyse the origins Q#4 Incomplete; no Limited; simplistic at Some; adequate; Considerable; Thorough; insightful; and cumulative effects of evidence of least half of the basic; obvious reasonable; to a high degree; pollutants that enter our expectation being material is understood appropriate; solid; elegant; compelling; water systems and met familiar; purposeful sophisticated explain how these pollutants affect water quality

F1 Analyse the effects of Q#5 Incomplete; no Limited; simplistic at Some; adequate; Considerable; Thorough; insightful; air quality of some evidence of least half of the basic; obvious reasonable; to a high degree; technologies and human expectation being material is understood appropriate; solid; elegant; compelling; activities, including their met familiar; purposeful sophisticated own activities, and propose actions to reduce their personal carbon footprint

Teacher comments: Handed in on time: Y N Title Page Y N Ingredient Table Y N Cookie Calculations Y N Cookie Answers Y N Assignment Q#1-5 Y N

References Included Y N ( No will result in a re-submit)