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E4132

REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

Environmental Land Management and Rural Livelihoods Project

(ELMARL)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

December 2012

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms...... 3 Executive Summary...... 4 1. Background...... 7 1.1. Country Context...... 7 2. Project Description...... 7 2.1. Project Objectives...... 7 2.2. Key Results...... 7 2.3. Scope of the Project...... 8 2.4. Description of the Project Area and Location Requirements...... 10 3. Environmental Assessment Framework...... 14 3.1. World Bank Environmental Safeguard Policies...... 14 3.2. Tajikistan Policy and Environmental Assessment Requirements...... 16 3.3. Environmental Impacts Assessment and Mitigation Approaches...... 21 3.3.1. General environmental risks...... 21 3.3.2. Natural Habitats...... 21 3.3.3. Water resources...... 22 3.3.4. Forests...... 22 3.3.5. Pest management...... 22 3.3.6. Rehabilitation of canals and dams...... 23 3.3.7. Other issues...... 23 3.4. Mitigation Measures and Environmental Management Plan...... 23 3.4.1. Trainings...... 23 3.4.2. Contract and Grant Agreement Clauses...... 24 3.4.3. Existing Officials in the CEP...... 24 3.4.4. IG environmental specialist...... 24 3.4.5. Subject Specific Measures...... 25 3.5. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring Plan...... 25 3.5.1. Procedures for Subproject Environmental Assessment...... 25 3.5.2. Manuals for the assessment of environmental risks and impacts, and environmental monitoring of the project results (outputs and outcomes)...... 26 3.5.2.1. Environmental indicators...... 26 3.5.2.2. Monitoring and Evaluation Procedures. Feedback and Adaptive Management...... 27 3.6. Roles and Responsibilities for EMF Implementation...... 28 Annex 1. References...... 31 Annex 3. Record of Stakeholder Consultations...... 32 Annex 4. Standard Environmental Clauses for Works Contracts and Grants...... 49 Annex 5. Basic Terms of Reference for the IG Environmental Specialist...... 50 Annex 6. EMP for Construction and Rehabilitation, On-Farm Irrigation and Pasture Management Activities,...... 51 EMP Checklist...... 52 Part 1: Institutional & Administrative...... 52 Part 2: Environmental /social screening...... 53 Part 3. Environmental monitoring plan for activities during project construction and implementation...... 56 Annex 7. Guide for assessment potential environmental risks and impacts...... 57 Annex 8. Eligible and Ineligible Rural Productivity Investments...... 64

2 Acronyms Bank, WB, IBRD – World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) CAWMP – Community Agriculture and Watershed Development Project CBO - community based organizations CEP – Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan CIG – Community Implementing Groups DFID – United Kingdom Department for International Development EA – Environmental Assessment ECA - Europe and Central Asia ELMARL - Environmental Land Management and Rural Livelihoods Project EMF – Environmental Management Framework EMP – Environmental Management Plan FO – Facilitating Organization GDP – gross domestic production GEF – Global Environmental Facility GEO - Global Environmental Objective GIZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GOT – Government of Tajikistan IG – Implementing Group (of the project) IPM – Integrated Pest Management IUCN - World Conservation Union JDC – Jamoat Development Committee LRCSP - Land Registration and Cadastral System for Sustainable Agriculture Project M&E – monitoring and Evaluation MIWR – Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources MOA – Ministry of Agriculture NGO – non-governmental organization OP – Operational Policy PDO - Project Development Objective PMP – Pest Management Plan PPCR – Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PUG - Pasture User Group RCEP – Raion Committee for Environmental Protection RT – Republic of Tajikistan SLM – sustainable land management SUDVO - Social Union for the Development of Village Organizations TAAS – Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences WHO – World Health Organization WUA - Water User Association

3 Executive Summary. The continued effects of the global financial and economic crisis, as well as high dependence on imported fuel and cereal, leave Tajikistan in the most vulnerable position among Europe and Central Asia. Despite an improved fiscal position in 2011, the Tajikistan government’s capacity to respond to adverse events remains limited. Some structural reforms have been undertaken in the agriculture, energy, transport and private and financial sectors, but these reforms need to be accelerated. Tajikistan is also rated as the most vulnerable to climate change impacts of the 28 countries in ECA; a function of its high exposure and sensitivity to climate change impacts coupled with very low adaptive capacity. The agricultural sector accounts for around 24% of GDP, but 64% of employment, and is generally characterized by low productivity. Environmental degradation and unsustainable use of natural resources are important constraints, and the country’s predominantly mountainous terrain makes it particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. Mono-cropping and improper land use practices, such as wasteful irrigation methods and inadequate drainage, are associated with soil degradation and stagnating yields, especially in lowland areas. Pasture degradation, due in part to overgrazing and poor stocking practices, is an important threat as well. Natural desertification and land degradation, largely caused by climate change, deforestation, improper irrigation, soil depletion, overuse of chemicals, and other harmful farming practices can be seen in many zones of Tajikistan. The overall Project Development Objective (PDO) and Global Environmental Objective (GEO) is to enable rural people to build their productive assets in ways that sustainably improve natural resource management and build resilience to climate change in selected climate vulnerable sites. The proposed project would comprise three components implemented over five years: Component 1. Rural Production and Land Resource Management Investments. The purpose of this component is to provide funding at the community level that would allow rural people to adopt innovative and appropriate practices that reduce land degradation and increase resilience to climate change. It includes three subcomponents: 1.1. Sustainable village-based rural production and land resource management, with finance investments in three categories: Farm Production, Land Resource Management, and Small-scale rural production infrastructure; 1.2. Larger-scale initiatives in sustainable community land management, with activities in Sustainable Community Pasture Management, and On-Farm Water Management in lowland areas. Component 2: Knowledge Management and Institutional Support. This component will provide facilitation services and technical support for rural populations to plan, implement and manage rural investments. Relevant data collection and analysis, and information exchange for wider adoption of sustainable land management will also be supported. It includes two subcomponents: 2.1. Facilitation support and technical advice; 2.2. Training, analysis, dissemination and networking. Component 3: Project Management. The project will cover more than 500,000 ha (of which about 30% is pasture) in three main geographical areas: Mountains, Foothills, and Lowlands with a population of more than 450,000 people. Target raions and jamoats for project investments have been identified predominantly on the basis of geographic, economic, and environmental criteria, taking into account climate and environmental vulnerability: The selected project areas experience a large number of constraints at the bio-physical level, mostly related to climatic variations, soil degradation, lack of energy resources, dilapidated infrastructure, and poor availability of quality drinking water. At the same time, there is no concerted effort to manage the natural resources in the area. The specified raions represent lowlands and uplands of Vahksh river basin: watershed of Yahsu and Kyzylsu rivers (pilot raions of Farhor and Kulyab in lowland areas, Hovaling and Baljuvon in foothill areas) and the watershed of the Hingob and Surhob rivers (Tavildara and Jirgatol raions in highland areas). The Environmental Management Framework (EMF) serves as a guide for environmental management during project design and implementation. It describes the environmental baseline conditions within which the project will be implemented, identifies the overall range of impacts, and designs generic mitigation, management and monitoring measures. It also describes environmental management implementation arrangements and the legal framework based on which the project interventions will be implemented and monitored. The EMF provides guidance on roles and responsibilities for contractors and consultants once specific investments are identified, designs are available and contracts for implementation works signed. Main environmental threats. The project has been classified as environment category B and triggers the safeguard policy on Environmental Assessment (EA), since its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are small to moderate in scale. The project aims to improve environmentally sound land use practices in Tajikistan; project-supported activities will be designed to demonstrate a series of positive

4 impacts on the environment, especially related to combating land degradation, reducing pasture degradation, conserving biodiversity, and increasing climate change resilience. The World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 requires that an EA should be carried out to help ensure that project activities are environmentally sound and sustainable. Project-supported works (such as small-scale rural production infrastructure, including construction of small bridges, reconstruction of dams, rehabilitation of canals, etc.) may have local adverse environmental impacts. On the other hand, new farmers and land users are generally not aware of sustainable agricultural approaches and methodologies or environmental safety. Therefore, farmers might not anticipate the possible negative effects associated with their agricultural practices (e.g., overexploitation of soils without crop rotation, inadequate usage of organic fertilizers, salinization of irrigated lands in flat areas, soil compaction and loss of soil structure, etc.). This poses some environmental risk and could cause unfavorable changes in land quality, including soil erosion, reduction of organic matter in soil, and land degradation. A specific project concern relates to pasture management since the economic development of mountain areas can lead to an increase in the number of livestock and pasture degradation, especially on winter pastures close to rural settlements. Other negative environmental effects associated with the project, if any, will be minor or indirect. Other civil works would include office building rehabilitation and rehabilitation of on-farm irrigation systems. The project will not involve any major construction requiring land acquisition. Temporary minor impacts (dust, minor soil loss) can be expected from planting activities, and building and irrigation rehabilitation. All such impacts are predictable and can be mitigated through application of standard measures in bidding documents, engineering designs, operation and maintenance. Project-supported pasture management plans will require application of World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats. Under the project, there will be no privatization of national park areas, forested areas, or areas classified as vulnerable habitat zones. Project impacts on natural habitats are expected to be generally positive, since the project will help improve degraded pasture areas and soils of abandoned agricultural lands. However, project-supported activities aimed at improving access to distant pastures and at improving the conditions for livestock there, may create the risk of increased exploitation of grass cover, deterioration and fragmentation of natural habitats in these project-affected areas, especially in high upland areas with a high value of biological diversity in alpine and subalpine zones. For these regions it is very important to provide a baseline assessment of the initial state of biological diversity on pastures in order to control possible negative impacts of the project on mountain ecosystems. In accordance with OP 4.04, the project supports activities aimed at natural habitat conservation and restoration, and prohibits those which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats. The project will not include any conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats. On the contrary, relevant project activities would include planting of small scale woodlots and fruit tree orchards and improved management of rangelands which may be legally related to forest area but does not have significant tree cover; there would no conversion of land which currently has significant tree cover except for replacement of unproductive fruit trees. The Project does not directly support the purchase or use of pesticides or other pest management activities, with the exception of very small pesticide applications associated with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practice on-farm trials and demonstrations (which demonstrate, inter alia, a way to decrease the use of pesticides, promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides). IPM refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. The Project does trigger the World Bank OP on Pest Management, as Project-supported investments and TA could lead to agricultural intensification and increased production of high-value crops, which could trigger increased use of agrochemicals, including pesticides. While a separate Pest Management Plan (PMP) will not be prepared, a section on pest management-related environmental risks and mitigation measures is included in the EMF. The project could also support the rehabilitation of local irrigation canals and for this purpose, the creation of small dams or rehabilitation of old dams is necessary. But in these few possible cases the scale of dams supported by the project is too small to be included under the full range of procedures considered by the World Bank OP 4.37 on Safety on Dams. For such investments, required mitigation measures will include arranging for one or more independent dam specialists to inspect and evaluate the safety status of the existing dam or dam under construction, as well as to review and evaluate the owner's operation and maintenance procedures. Mitigation Measures and Environmental Management Plan. To mitigate environmental risks associated with project activities, the project includes a system to assess the environmental impacts of subproject proposals, and their monitoring and evaluation, which will be conducted throughout the project jointly by specialists in the Committee on Environmental Protection’s (CEP’s) Implementation Group (IG), in close collaboration with Facilitating Organization (FO) responsible staff. The

5 project also will factor natural habitat, sustainable land management, and other environmental considerations to ensure that project-supported farm productivity and management investments support more environmentally friendly pest management strategies and skills. The Project’s mitigation measures include the active involvement of relevant departments of CEP and its regional representatives in the process of reviewing and monitoring of subproject activities. CEP will serve as the Project’s implementing agency and an IG within CEP will provide overall project coordination, monitoring and management. At the same time, CEP is the officially designated government agency that provides environmental control and monitoring in accordance with national legislation The environmental Legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan is comprehensive and diverse, and includes the following instruments: international treaties ratified by the Republic of Tajikistan, Codes of the Republic of Tajikistan, Laws of the Republic of Tajikistan, Resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, National policies, plans and programs, sectoral instructions and manuals on the implementation of certain provisions of the national legislation. Core mitigation requirements will also be reflected in the Project Operational Manual and the Project’s M&E plan. The current EMF proposes several mechanisms of environmental management, monitoring, and supervision under the Project: (1) Training and workshops to develop and expand professional skills and capacity of the staff, partners and beneficiaries involved in project implementation (which are included in the Project costs); (2) Contract and Grant Agreement Clauses and Guidelines for small civil works; (3) Raion Committee on Environmental Protection (RCEP) inspectors will be responsible for the environmental evaluation and appraisal/preappraisal of subproject proposals where needed, and will monitor possible environmental risks during subproject implementation; (4) Recruitment by the IG of a full-time environmental specialist/consultant to oversee the environmental aspects of project development and implementation, (5) Simplified/check-list Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) for small-scale works. It is expected that this approach will provide the key elements of an EMP to meet World Bank Environmental Assessment requirements under OP 4.01. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring Plan. Environmental assessment and monitoring procedures for subprojects are designed to ensure consistency with Tajik national environmental requirements as well as World Bank policy. Accordingly, it is proposed that each subproject will be assessed for its environmental impacts on a participatory basis, and will involve the following steps (1) Initial Environmental Screening, (2) Preparation of an EMP/EMP checklist, (3) Environmental Approval, and (4) Supervision and Reporting. To help communities and other subproject proponents assess and monitor environmental risks and results of proposed activities, as well as to determine mitigation measures, a set of indicators and evaluation tables have been developed as a guide: “Guide for assessment of potential environmental risks and impacts,” and “Eligible and Ineligible Rural Productivity Investments.” The system for environmental assessment and monitoring the effectiveness of project activities also includes: a table of indicators to evaluate the suitability of project proposals, and to evaluate and monitor outputs and impacts, and a description of methods to evaluate and monitor The project has allocated specific resources for monitoring and evaluation, which make use of existing data sources (including satellite data), supplemented by data collection within the project and special surveys and assessments undertaken by contracted specialists. Monitoring of environmental indicators will be a part of the overall project monitoring. Periodic analysis may have to be carried out, and regional laboratories of the CEP are proposed to be strengthened for this purpose. The IG environmental specialist will review the environmental status of the project area to assist in the establishment of a baseline for the major environmental parameters and set up a monitoring program for periodic review of the project's impact on the environment. Monitoring the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures in the subprojects will be the responsibility of the RCEP specialists. The IG environmental specialist will provide overall supervision and review bidding documents to ensure the inclusion of necessary environmental clauses. Feedback from M&E Activities will be used for adaptive management. Roles of other stakeholders in the project’s environmental M&E are also defined. Stakeholder consultations have been conducted in the form of round tables to obtain the views of local governments, environmental authorities, jamoats, land committees, dehkan farms and communities from pilot areas, other affected groups and local NGOs. The participants emphasized that pilot areas require increased capacity (human, technical, policy, and legislative) to address environmental risks and associated issues raised. They also offered solutions to the problems identified with the participation of communities, and identification of priorities for restoration, improvement and development. They proposed positive examples to address problems related to the environment, resumption of traditional local handicrafts, livelihoods in the pilot areas, local authorities, NGOs and international organizations. They also emphasized the need for CEP to improve their environmental monitoring and control. Local government representatives, environmental

6 authorities, jamoats, land committees, dehkan farmers and the general public from pilot areas also expressed their interest and willingness to implement this project.

7 1. Background

1.1. Country Context Tajikistan has enjoyed relative political stability and has had steady economic growth since 1997, with real GDP growth of 7.4% in 2011. However, the continued effects of the global financial and economic crisis, as well as high dependence on imported fuel and cereal, leaves the country in a vulnerable position. Despite an improved fiscal position in 2011, the government’s capacity to respond to adverse events remains limited. Some structural reforms have been undertaken in the agriculture, energy, transport and private and financial sectors, but these reforms need to be accelerated. Tajikistan still faces seasonal energy shortages and periodic food insecurity. Although over a million Tajik citizens have escaped poverty and social conditions have improved, reduced remittances, low agricultural productivity and rudimentary safety nets have left the 45% living below the poverty line vulnerable to shocks and stresses, mainly living in rural areas. Poor governance continues to be a key constraint. In spite of improvements in the ease of doing business, the country’s ranking remains low at 147 out of 183 (World Bank, 2012). Tajikistan is also rated as the most vulnerable to climate change impacts of the 28 countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA); a function of its high exposure and sensitivity to climate change impacts coupled with very low adaptive capacity. Tajikistan has an area of some 141,000 km2 (14,100,000 ha) of which about 90% is considered upland and mountainous. More than two thirds of the population is rural and dependent on 4.6 million ha of agricultural land, the majority of which is rain-fed pasture. Only about 850,000 ha are arable land, of which some 500,000 ha are irrigated and under rotation between cotton and cereal crops. Remaining 3.86 million ha are pasture, fallow lands and meadows. Wheat, potatoes and horticulture with few significant irrigation systems and extensive pasture areas characterize upland agro-ecosystems. Irrigated cotton in rotation dominates lowland systems. The agricultural sector accounts for around 24% of GDP (average for 2000-2010, World Bank, 2011), but 64% of employment, and is generally characterized by low productivity. Environmental degradation and unsustainable use of natural resources are important constraints, and the country’s predominantly mountainous terrain makes it particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. Mono-cropping and improper land use practices, such as wasteful irrigation methods and inadequate drainage, are associated with soil degradation and stagnating yields, especially in lowland areas. Agricultural production in Tajikistan is largely based on irrigated farming - about 90% of all agriculture is produced on irrigated land. However, most of the principal irrigation and drainage infrastructure, now 30 years old, is at risk, and ad hoc practices including temporary repairs exacerbate the situation. The system now manifests rapid deterioration in the efficiency of pumping stations, increased losses in the main canals, and low water use efficiency at the field level. Fertile agricultural lands are being abandoned at an alarming rate. Pasture degradation, due in part to overgrazing and poor stocking practices, is an important threat. In upland areas, the conversion of steep slopes to cereal production has contributed to land degradation. Chronic energy shortages have also resulted in increased burning of organic matter and vegetation that would otherwise be available as fertilizer or ground/tree cover. Other land uses affected by degradation include rain-fed cropping and forests (CDE, 2011). Climate variability and change are likely to pose additional and significant risks, particularly for those pursuing subsistence agriculture or pastoralism, and only reinforce the need to follow sound land management principles. Climate projections suggest Tajikistan will experience higher temperatures, reduced rainfall and higher evapotranspiration with an increased frequency of extreme events. These changes will lead to impacts, such as fluctuations in the hydrological cycle - especially from glacial retreat and flash floods – with downstream consequences for agro-ecosystems and water resources. Despite an abundance of water resources and the presence of humid regions, deserts occupy part of Tajikistan’s territory. They comprise 40% of the Eastern Pamirs, small areas in southern and northern Tajikistan. Natural desertification and land degradation, largely caused by climate change, deforestation, improper irrigation, soil depletion, overuse of chemicals, and other harmful farming practices can be seen in many zones of Tajikistan.

2. Project Description

2.1. Project Objectives The overall Project Development Objective (PDO) and Global Environmental Objective (GEO) is to enable rural people to build their productive assets in ways that sustainably improve natural resource management and build resilience to climate change in selected climate vulnerable sites.

8 2.2. Key Results Outcome Indicators: Progress towards achieving the PDO will be measured against the following end of project expected outcomes:  at least 21,000 households in the total project area will be participating in at least one type of rural investment;  a minimum of 50% of the population by household in target villages reporting at least X% 1 increase in well-being or household/livelihood assets;  at least 30,000 ha in the project area covered by effective agricultural, land, and water management practices (Includes both directly and indirectly affected areas.2); and  at least 40% of project beneficiaries are women.

2.3. Scope of the Project The proposed project would comprise three components implemented over five years: (1) Rural Production and Land Resource Management Investments; (2) Knowledge Management; and (3) Project Management. The design incorporates lessons based on experiences under previous and on-going projects in the sector, and also successful approaches supported by other donors in the field. Component 1 . Rural Production and Land Resource Management Investments Sub-component 1.1. Sustainable village-based rural production and land resource management. This sub-component aims to promote the adoption of innovative rural production and land management measures, and related small-scale infrastructure investments, by providing small-scale grants at the village level to help rural livelihoods become more resilient to climate change in selected climate vulnerable districts. Prior to village level planning, participatory jamoat-level environmental analyses will be conducted to help beneficiaries assess and understand the extent of resources, threats and impacts and the relationships between these factors. Similarly, jamoat-level assessments of community-based adaptation to climate change will be prepared. These assessments will enable participants to factor in the potential impact of climate change on livelihoods and vulnerability to disasters by using local and scientific knowledge (where available) of climate change and its likely effects. Local knowledge will include information about trends and changes experienced by communities themselves and strategies they have used in the past to cope with similar shocks or gradual climatic changes. The project will then use the successful approach of village action plans implemented under CAWMP, which promote fairness, equity, and transparency. Villages will prioritize investments based on a fixed budget for each type of rural investment determined by the number of households. Within a village plan, participants will decide on the allocation of investments to groups of households (Common Interest Groups, CIGs) using rules that limit the funding for any one household. At least 50% of the village households should participate in either farm production or land resource management investments. CIGs will design and implement investments according to guidelines that stress innovation while also addressing environmental (at village and jamoat-level), economic, and social feasibility.

The project will finance investments in three categories, examples of which are listed below: (i) Farm Production: field and horticultural crop productivity and diversity, livestock production efficiency, agro- processing and market access; (ii) Land Resource Management: pasture management, water management, soil fertility, integrated pest management, and sustainable sloping lands cultivation (including orchards, woodlots, shelter-belts); and

1 To be determined during year one baseline study. 2 Area affected by direct (e.g., area under drip irrigation, rotation, etc.) and indirect (e.g., summer pasture made available through provision of watering holes, livestock shelter) practices and investments which result in at least one of the following:  Prevent or reduce soil erosion  Increase vegetative cover through perennial crops and pasture  Provide soil and moisture conservation  Improve soil quality  Improve water use efficiency  Increase sustainable fodder or wood supply  Increase sustainable renewable energy supply  Extend integrated pest management

9 (iii) Small-scale rural production infrastructure: irrigation/drainage system rehabilitation, minor transport infrastructure, renewable energy, and energy efficiency measures.

Project-financed grants to CIGs for each subproject under categories (i), (ii), and (iii) will not exceed US$7,000 and will require a match of 25% in beneficiary contributions which may be in cash or in-kind. Sub-component 1.2. Larger-scale initiatives in sustainable community land management. Certain natural resource issues are better addressed at scales beyond the village. Of particular concern, to both sustainable land management and productive rural livelihoods in the context of climate change, are pasture management and on-farm water management. While pasture degradation and access are pressing issues in both lowland and upland areas, the consequences of poor water management are especially critical in lowland areas where agriculture depends primarily on irrigation. 1.2.1 Sustainable community pasture management. This activity aims to introduce sustainable community- managed pasture/fodder-based livestock production systems in up to eight selected jamoats. The development of participatory pasture and livestock management plans will be financed, and grants requiring at least 25% beneficiary match provided to Pasture User Groups (PUGs) for plan implementation. The PUGs will be responsible for developing and implementing the plans and will be formed (or strengthened if already existing) at the jamoat level. Locally-based non-government organizations (NGOs), with assistance from local Committee for Environmental Protection staff and jamoat specialists, will support their mobilization, plan preparation, and provide implementation support. Comprehensive pasture and fodder assessments and evaluation of the feed/fodder balances will be carried out to inform plan development. The plan will define: (a) measures to improve pasture productivity, such as rotational grazing, protecting areas for regeneration, pasture rehabilitation, improving access to remote pastures, and needs for supplementary fodder production; (b) grazing utilization levels; (c) animal health requirements and breed improvement measures; (d) investment needs; and (e) and implementation responsibilities, targets and indicators. 1.2.2 On-farm water management in lowland areas. This activity aims to introduce sustainable on-farm water management practices in irrigated cropland in lowland districts. Existing Water User Associations (WUAs) and family farms will be supported to introduce, test and demonstrate practices that could contribute to improving on-farm water management and efficiency, maintain soil quality and reduce land degradation, and increase resilience to climate change. A certain percentage of the WUA managed area will have to be under family farms to help ensure sustainability of investments. WUAs will prepare action plans with the support of locally-based NGOs, jamoat agronomists and local CEP staff. Soil and irrigation water quality tests will be carried out along with an assessment of cropping patterns and productivity to provide information for the plan. The action plan will propose water saving and soil conservation technologies that could improve water use efficiency such as improved leveling and drip irrigation, reduce salinity, protect soil such as conservation agriculture and tree-planting, and improve soil fertility such as inclusion of legumes in the rotation or composting. Grants will be provided to each WUA depending on the area with beneficiaries contributing a 25% match (in cash or kind) to project financing. Component 2: Knowledge Management and Institutional Support . This component will provide facilitation services and technical support for rural populations to plan, implement and manage rural investments. Relevant data collection and analysis, and information exchange for wider adoption of sustainable land management will also be supported. Sub-component 2.1. Facilitation support and technical advice. This sub-component includes financing for mobilization, participatory planning and implementation support of plans at the village and/or jamoat level. Locally-based international agencies and NGOs with a track record in similar activities will be contracted to facilitate the participatory planning, identify CIGs, assist groups in the preparation and implementation of rural investments (funded under Component 1), and build the technical and administrative capacities of these groups. The contracted agencies/NGOs will coordinate with local government, NGOs, and other supporting organizations to provide these services as needed. The project will also partially finance operational costs for community-based agencies such as Jamoat Resource Centers (JRCs), Social Unions for Development of Village Organizations (SUDVOs) or other civil society organizations so that they can provide technical advisory services to CIGs and other village-based organizations. Sub-component 2.2. Training, analysis, dissemination and networking. A program will be instituted to improve skills and knowledge in key topics such as environmental assessment and monitoring; integrated land, water and grazing management; integrated pest management (IPM); pollution control; and climate change adaptation. The project will support analytical work on topics that include soil quality and extent of land degradation, market development and access, grazing management and livestock production, potential incentive policies for sustainable land management practices, and changes in productivity and environmental conditions resulting from technological change, etc. The aim is to provide guidance for the design and sustainability of rural investments both within and beyond the project. Dissemination will be supported

10 through a focus on exchange and learning between project sites and with similar initiatives, including farmer- to-farmer exchanges and best farmer practice competitions, plus sharing results and lessons learned with national and regional stakeholders. Contracted trainers, NGOs, and specialists will carry out programs at farmer, community, local government and management level. Support will also be included for project evaluation, including assessments at project mid-term and completion. Component 3: Project Management. This component will finance the operating costs of a project management, which will undertake project management functions for both Components 1 and 2. The Implementing Group (IG) will provide project management support in the following areas: procurement, financial management, project coordination, reporting, and monitoring and evaluation.

2.4. Description of the Project Area and Location Requirements. Different types of land degradation in the country (soil erosion, salinization, contamination, loss of organic matter, etc.) contribute to further impoverishment and decreasing resilience to climate change, including expansion of such natural disasters like mudslides (damaging and destroying villages, roads and farmland, and irrigation and water systems), productive soil loss (undermining agricultural productivity) and silting of waterways used for drinking water and irrigation. The mountains and foothills in Tajikistan are also globally important ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna (including many of economic importance), which face persistent threats from unsustainable land use and natural resource management. However, these areas have good productive potential which is currently underutilized. Exploiting this potential in an environmentally sustainable manner could increase community resilience to climate change, improve people livelihoods, and relieve pressure on the lowlands, while at the same time providing opportunities for decreasing land degradation and protecting globally important biodiversity. The project will cover more than 500,000 ha (of which about 30% is pasture) in three main geographical areas: Mountains, Foothills, and Lowlands. Target raions and jamoats for project investments have been identified dominantly on the basis of geographic, economic, and environmental criteria, taking into account climate and environmental vulnerability:  Degree of climate and other environmental vulnerability (from PPCR A5 report and other sources)  Degree of environmental degradation in the pilot raions with regard to variety of land use types.  Degree of farmland restructuring (secure land tenure is an important aspect of sustainability)  Contiguity of upland, middle hills and lowland sites to facilitate resource management approaches (watershed, river basin)  Donor complementarity (to help ensure support not provided by ELMARL, e.g., in market development and thus make use of parallel co-financing from agencies such as DFID/GIZ)  Avoiding overlap with similar activities supported by other financing and agencies, (but keeping close cooperation, even in the same areas)  Representation in upland, middle hills and lowland areas  Relative potential for the project to sustainably increase food security and agricultural growth, and successful environmental management, i.e., ensuring that project targets can be met – number of households benefiting and area under effective land and agricultural practices. The selected project areas, including Farhor, Kulyab, Hovaling, Baljuvon, Tavildara and Jirgatol raions, suffer from a large number of constraints at the bio-physical level, mostly related to climatic variations, soil degradation, lack of energy resources, dilapidated infrastructure, and poor availability of quality drinking water. At the same time, there is no concerted effort to manage the natural resources in the area. The specified raions represent lowlands and uplands of Vahsh river basin: watershed of Yahsu and Kyzylsu rivers (pilot raions of Farhor, Kulyab, Hovaling and Baljuvon) and watershed of Hingob and Surhob rivers (Tavildara and Jirgatol raions). It should be noted that the selected areas follow the recommendations from the PPCR Phase 1: "It is recommended to select 6 raions equally distributed between the lowlands, rain-fed areas of the hills and uplands, where the SLM practices will be implemented. This equal distribution is related to the fact that different areas have their own vulnerability to climate change: the upland areas typically have degraded and vulnerable to climatic change pastures: rain-fed lands are prone to landslides and drought: the lowlands have the highest population density, where irrigates lands are the main areas for agriculture production. Therefore, the climate change can have its impact on food security in Tajikistan." Basic social and natural characteristics of selected pilot raions are presented below.

11 Table 1: Population of Pilot Raions Raion No. of No. of villages Rural No. of rural No. of small No. of large Jamoats population on households dekhan farms farms and 1 January cooperatives 2012 (‘000) Farkhor 10 58 143,3 16979 3900 1 Kulob 4 59 187,9 20634 836 1 Khovaling 9 61 50,7 5724 2228 2 Baljuvon 5 104 27,9 3762 264 3 Tavildara 4 87 19,2 2625 452 1 Jirgatol 4 20 25 3696 524 2 Total 36 389 454 53420 8204 10 The pilot areas due to their natural and socio-economic diversity vary greatly in terms of severity and set of environmental issues. Unfortunately, these areas have no reliable quantitative data on indicators of their environmental status. However, according to a review carried out of local environmental authorities reports and findings received from the personal communications with the representatives of some non-governmental organizations working in these areas, as well as analysis of open source satellite images, the environmental situation in the pilot areas can be summarized as follows: Upland areas (Jirgatol and Tavildara) which are characterized with widely developed livestock grazing including high grazing utilization levels on summer upland pastures, degradation of forests and pasture which in turn leads to increased risk of water erosion on the slopes, widespread loss of forest cover and shrubs, and possibilities of its recurrence on grazed areas thus increasing the risk of landslides and mudflows. The overgrazing which has intensified during recent years due to the growth in livestock number, which also leads to the deterioration of natural habitats and biodiversity reduction including high-yield food plants. There are practically no large irrigation networks and irrigation is strictly localized along the river valleys and mainly done through flow flooding in furrows and often along the slopes. The main sources of drinking water are surface water sources such as springs, rivers and canals which create unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological conditions especially during the dry hot seasons. The energy dependence of the population on woods is also very high since in remote villages they do not have regular power supply and this contributes to an additional pressure on forests. The foothill areas (Hovaling and Baljuvon raions) are the most diverse in terms of their natural conditions and economic activities. Major types of economic activities include livestock grazing on the foothills and upland areas of the raions, and intensive agriculture in the river valleys and adjacent slopes. These areas have been traditionally used as short-range remote pastures for livestock from lowlands, resulting in continuous pressure on ecosystems, especially on slopes. In these areas, there is almost no land that is not affected by erosion, and grazing capacity often exceeds the permissible rates by 5 to 6 times. The long dry season which falls exactly at the same time as the main summer-autumn growing season requires intensive irrigation of arable lands which in mountain slopes leads to a significant waste of water for irrigation and also contributes to the erosion and soil degradation, including loss of soil carbon. There is almost no undisturbed natural habitat left in these areas. Relatively unaltered woody vegetation is preserved only at altitudes of 1800 m above sea level. In particular, an intense deforestation took place in the 1990s and early 2000s because of the energy crisis and disruptions in electricity, gas and oil supplies, but currently energy issues remain a priority. As in upland areas, the main source of drinking water for people and animals here are natural sources. The population extracts water directly from rivers, canals and springs. The quality of drinking water due to heavy runoff from the slopes used for grazing is unsatisfactory and critical in health and epidemiological terms. The risk of mudflows from mountain gorges is rather high for river valleys. In these areas, there are emergencies related to mudflows and landslides that take place on yearly basis, resulting in destruction of houses, bridges, roads, and agricultural crops. In the lowland areas (Kulob and Farkhor raions), the climate shifts to a more arid temperature (see Table 2). In Farkhor, the dry season sometimes lasts up to 9 months of the year. However, a warmer climate with sufficient irrigation water availability during the period of an intensive snow melting contributes to the active development of irrigated agriculture in this area, which forms more productive soil ecosystems with high bioclimatic potential. This results in a much higher population density in these areas, and an intensified impact on the ecosystem, including artificial agroecosystems. However, the intensification of irrigation, while maintaining the traditional practices of irrigation with flow flooding to furrows, leads to significant water consumption for irrigation, and most importantly salinization which is wide spread in the area due to rising

12 levels of saline ground waters. This is largely due to a focus of the local farm economy on the production of cotton. The saline drainage waters flow back into the groundwater and river water, thereby contributing to the deterioration of the environmental situation downstream. In addition, most drainage systems are actually deteriorated here, thus expanding the amount of saline soils and wetlands. The irrigation canals are also in a poor condition, filled with silt because of the poor regulation of water intake structures. In addition, Kulob which is located upstream experiences significant adverse effects on ecosystems, crops, roads, bridges and houses due to mudflows in the mountainous rivers of Yakhsu and Tebolay. Contiguously located slopes have very intensive pasture degradation because of excessive grazing levels: there is actually no soil without erosion signs and the organic carbon content is less than 1%. The population in this area also has difficulty obtaining clean drinking water and energy resources which are more acute due to the high population density.

13 Table 2: Natural conditions of Poject Pilot Areas (According to Data of 2010-2011) Raion Location River Basin Elevation, asl Average Average Average Annual Dry period Air Temperature, temperature in the Precipitation, mm (months by Temperatu Coldest Month hottest month numbers with re (December, (July, August), C precipitation less January), C than 10 mm)

Farhor Lowlands Yahsu and Kyzylsu 440-1250 17,2 3,4 30,1 284 (4)6-9(12) Kulob Lowlands Yahsu and Kyzylsu 500-2200 12,95 1,4 28,7 713 7-9(10) Hovaling Foothills Yahsu and Kyzylsu 1200-2400 12,07 -0,5 24,3 788 (6)7-8(9) Baljuvon Foothills Yahsu and Kyzylsu 1200-2600 N/A, on average close to Hovaling Tavildara* Uplands Hingob and Surhob 1900- >5000 8,96 -5,10 22,9 956 7-9 Jirgatol Uplands Hingob and Surhob 1700- >5000 7,07 -5,68 18,95 614 7-9 The data for January-March are missing; to calculate the annual figures for this period, data from Lyahsh weather station were used

Table 3: Land Use Structure in Pilot Areas Raion Farmlands, Arable Lands Irrigated Irrigated Pasture Perennials total Lands, total Arable Lands Farhor 118311 26658 24552 19810 63451 716 Kulob 27562 7666 7666 6515 6111 660 Hovaling 173784 6716 2659 2314 69218 2277 Baljuvon 132662 4455 4455 68 81003 1177 Tavildara 597384 2122 2522 1630 171117 396 Jirgatol 458011 6092 7707 4374 129045 467 Total 1507714 53709 49561 34711 519945 5693

14 Table 4. Land Use in Pilot Areas

Raion Ownership Type Crops Pastures Feed Crops

Agricultural Entities 0 8802 251 Dehkan Farms 22931 16263 811 Farhor Household plots 3727 0 Total Farm Types 26658 63451 1062 Agricultural Entities 18 0 0 Dehkan Farms 5650 4284 407 Kulob Household plots 1998 0 Total Farm Types 7666 6111 407 Agricultural Entities 109 32731 427 Dehkan Farms 6526 35662 51 Hovaling Household plots 81 284 Total Farm Types 6716 69218 762 Agricultural Entities 1444 9153 294 Dehkan Farms 2877 44879 336 Baljuvon Household plots 134 0 Total Farm Types 4455 81003 630 Agricultural Entities 410 8341 71 Dehkan Farms 1457 10700 30 Tavildara Household plots 255 0 Total Farm Types 2122 171117 101 Agricultural Entities 597 15290 216 Dehkan Farms 5333 69277 166 Jirgatol Household plots 162 0 Total Farm Types 6092 129045 382 Total 53709 519945 3344

3. Environmental Assessment Framework This EMF serves as a guide for environmental management during project design and implementation. This EMF describes the environmental baseline conditions within which the project will be implemented, identifies the overall range of impacts, and designs overall mitigation, management and monitoring measures. It also describes environmental management implementation arrangements and the legal framework based on which the project interventions will be implemented and monitored. The EMF provides guidance on roles and responsibilities for designers and contractors once specific projects are identified, and contracts for implementation works are signed.

3.1. World Bank Environmental Safeguard Policies The World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01 requires that an environmental assessment (EA) should be carried out for projects proposed for Bank financing in order to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable. ELMARL has been assigned an overall environmental category B, since its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are small to moderate in scale. These impacts are site- and activity- specific; few,

15 if any, are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed readily. A Category B environmental assessment examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The EA framework describes the procedures for the subproject environmental assessment, the documentation needed for different types of projects, and the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders to be involved in the EA process. As the ELMARL has a community driven approach and capacity (including environmental capacity) at the community level is low, the EA framework should also provide environmental knowledge management and training activities for the range of interventions likely under the project, including practical application of the environmental participatory analysis for the subprojects assessment and monitoring of results. The World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 on Pest Management stipulates that the Bank support a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, and "in appraising a project that will involve pest management, the Bank assesses the capacity of the country's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (i) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (ii) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly". In some of the project’s potential rural investments, the use of herbicides may be envisaged to repress weed competition in planted areas, and potentially pesticides to treat or prevent mass pest outbreaks and to protect yields from insects. The Recipient will for such project activities prepare either a separate pest management plan (PMP, for activities above USD7000) or a brief annex to attach to their subproject proposal (for those activities under USD7000), that in accordance with the World Bank’s OP4.09, will include clear justification of allowable pesticide and herbicide products, which: (a) must have negligible adverse human health effects; (b) must be shown to be effective against the target species; (c) must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment; (d) the methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies; (e) pesticides must be demonstrated to be safe for land users and animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them; (f) their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests; (g) the Bank requires that any pesticides it finances be manufactured, packaged, labelled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the Bank. The project’s proposed pasture management investments require application of World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats, which are defined as land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems' bio-logical communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Biodiversity outside of natural habitats (such as within agricultural landscapes) is not covered under this policy. Critical natural habitats are: (i) existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union [IUCN] classifications), areas initially recognized as protected by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves), and sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these protected areas (as determined by the environ-mental assessment process); or (ii) sites identified on supplementary lists prepared by the Bank or an authoritative source determined by the Regional environment sector unit (RESU). Such sites may include areas recognized by traditional local communities; areas with known high suitability for bio-diversity conservation; and sites that are critical for rare, vulnerable, migratory, or endangered species. Listings are based on systematic evaluations of such factors as species richness; the degree of endemism, rarity, and vulnerability of component species; representativeness; and integrity of ecosystem processes. In accordance with OP 4.04, the proposed project will support activities aimed at conserving natural habitats and their restoration, and prohibits those which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats. The proposed project will not include activities in other (non- critical) natural habitats, where possible significant loss or degradation due to feasible alternatives to achieve the project's substantial overall net benefits need acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas.

16 3.2. Tajikistan Policy and Environmental Assessment Requirements The environmental policy of the Republic of Tajikistan is defined by the Constitution. According to the Constitution, land, its mineral resources, water, air, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the state, and the state guarantees their effective use in the interests of the people, as well as "favorable environmental conditions" to every citizen. The environmental Legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan is comprehensive and diverse, and includes a number of instruments: international treaties ratified by the Republic of Tajikistan, Codes of the Republic of Tajikistan, Laws of the Republic of Tajikistan, Resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, National policies, plans and programs, sectoral instructions and manuals on the implementation of certain provisions of the national legislation

International treaties ratified by the Republic of Tajikistan

United Nations Convention on GOT Resolution 93, February 12, 1997; Majlisi Oli Resolution 437 a, Biological Diversity May 15, 1997

United Nations Framework GOT Resolution 354, August 7, 1997; Majlisi Oli Resolution 533, Convention on Climate Change December 13, 1997 UN Convention to Combat 12 August 1997 – join the UNCCD Desertification December 1998 – ratified by the President’s decree # 1144 Stockholm Convention on Majlisi Oli Resolution 417, December 6, 2006 Persistent Organic Pollutants Kyoto Protocol GOT Resolution P42, December 11, 1997

National concepts, programs and action plans

Concept of Land Use in Republic of GOT Resolution 349, August 31, 2004 Tajikistan Tajikistan Concept of Transition to GOT Resolution 500, October 1, 2007 Sustainable Development Concept of Environmental GOT Resolution 645, December 31, 2008 Protection in Republic of Tajikistan Agrarian Policy Concept of GOT Resolution 658, December 31, 2008 Republic of Tajikistan National Action Program to Combat GOT Resolution 598, December 30, 2001 Desertification in Republic of Tajikistan National Action Plan for Climate GOT Resolution 259, June 6, 2003 Change Impact Mitigation National Strategy and Action Plan GOT Resolution 392, September 1, 2003 for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Public Forestry Development GOT Resolution 396, October 31, 2005 Programs of Republic of Tajikistan for 2005-2015 National Action Plan for GOT Resolution 217, May 10, 2000 Environmental Health

17 Public Program on Development of GOT Resolution 79, March 4, 2005 Specially Protected Natural Areas of Republic of Tajikistan for 2005- 2015 National Action Plan for GOT Resolution 191, May 3, 2006 Environmental Protection of Republic of Tajikistan Public Environmental Program of GOT Resolution 123, February 27, 2009 Republic of Tajikistan for 2009- 2019 National Implementation Plan for GOT Resolution 502, October 1, 2007 UN Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants National Codes

Forestry Code of the Republic of It regulates forestry and is directed at creating conditions for rational Tajikistan (2011) use of forests, their safe keeping and protection, conservation and improvement of the natural environment, production of timber and agricultural products Land Code of the Republic of It regulates land relations and aims to create conditions for the rational Tajikistan (1996, amended as of use and protection of lands, restoring soil fertility, conservation and 2011) improvement of environment, for equal development of all forms of economic activities Water Code of Republic of The objectives of the Code are protection of national water resources Tajikistan (2001, amended as of and land resources under them in order to improve social conditions of 2011) population and environment, protection of waters from pollution, clogging, prevent and eliminate harmful effects of water, improvement and protection of water bodies, enforcement of law and protection of rights of individuals and legal entities in the field of water management. It regulates relations in the use and protection of water resources, provides legal framework to support the development and use of water and protection of water resources, and defines basic principles and directions for use and protection of water resources. Environmental Protection Laws in the Republic of Tajikistan

Law Republic of Tajikistan on It is a fundamental law which governs the environmental protection. It Environmental Protection, amended defines the legal basis for public epolicy in the field of environmental as of 2011 protection and promotes sustainable social and economic development, human rights guarantees for a safe and sound environment, strengthens the rule of law, prevents the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment, organizes natural resources management and environmental safety. The law provides for environmental sustainable development, public environmental safety, provides a broad legal framework for environmental protection, natural resource management, control of land and water use, ensures the sustainable use of forests, protected areas, mineral resources, economic mechanisms for natural resources use, environmental impact assessment, monitoring and evaluation. Law of Republic of Tajikistan On The law governs general procedures for overall environmental impact Ecological Expertise (environmental assessment, defines rights and obligations of the parties involved in the impact assessment) in new version, environmental impact assessment, establishes the rights of citizens to adopted in 2012. be informed about the environmental hazards of designed and operated facilities. The law defines two types of environmental impact assessment: state and social. The law establishes that the main tasks of environmental impact assessment are aimed at preventing possible adverse effects of sites on public health, natural resources, environment, environmental public safety, including prevention of

18 damage caused by them in the exercise of administrative, economic, investment and other activities related to environmental impact assessment, ecological forecasting based on information about the status of and potential changes in environmental conditions

Law Republic of Tajikistan On The law establishes a legal framework for production and safe handling Production and Safe Management of pesticides, including their harmful substances, as well as of Pesticides and Agrochemicals, agrochemicals in order to protect human health and environment. It adopted in 2003. governs the unified state policy and management of production and safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals. It defines the mandate of the Government and public authorities in the production and safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals, control and monitoring.

Law of Republic of Tajikistan on The law regulates relations which accrue in the process of waste Industrial and Consumption Waste generation, collection, storage, use, transportation, disposal and burial, Management, adopted in 2002. as well as public administration, supervision and control in the field of waste management and is designed to help prevent the negative impact of industrial and consumption waste on the environment and human health when handled, as well as their inclusion in the economic and industrial process as an additional source of raw materials. Law of Republic of Tajikistan On Air The law provides for public policy and management in the field of air Protection amended as of 2012. quality, coordination and promotion of research in the field of air quality; sets up a unified procedure for state regulation of harmful impacts on air, monitoring of air and single information system.

Law of Republic of Tajikistan On The law defines a legal framework for creation and operations of Dehkan Farm, adopted in 2009. dehkan farm. Dehkan farm is an independent farming entity and its entrepreneurial activities are based on individual work of one person, one family or group of persons (Collectively, Association), and which is based on the land and other property belonging to its members. The law authorizes people to organize dehkan farms. It provides for monitoring, compliance with environmental rules, regulations and standards, and rational use of water and land conservation. Law of Republic of Tajikistan On The law defines legal, institutional and economic framework for Specially Protected Areas (SPA), specially protected areas, establishes their mission, procedures for adopted in 2011. operation and zoning. The law prohibits carrying out economic activity within reserves, promotes development of eco-tourism, economic activities are allowed within the reserves in accordance with the established procedures, rules, regulations and standards. Law of Republic of Tajikistan On The law defines legal, economic and social framework for protection Protection and Use of Flora adopted and sustainable use of plants, and is aimed at conservation and in 2004. reproduction of flora resources. The law defines rights and obligations of physical persons and legal entities in terms of protection, use and reproduction of flora, planning and implementation of measures for protection, rational use of flora, activities that affect their natural habitat or conditions as well as provides for a fee for use of flora. Law of Republic of Tajikistan On The law regulates social relations in protection, restoration and Fauna, adopted in 2008. sustainable use of fauna, establishes legal, economic and social framework and aims to protect and restore fauna resources. It establishes rules for protection, rational use and restoration of fauna, defines norms for fauna, state control over protection, use and restoration of fauna

19 Law on Pasture, 2012 Under development.

Sectoral Instructions and Guidelines

Methodology for determining amount of damage caused to the State from violation of land legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2001. Instruction on penalties for damage caused by violation of the state land legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2001. Methodology for determining amount of damage from violation of laws of the Republic of Tajikistan on mineral resources (some common minerals), 2001. Instructions for environmental protection during transportation, storage, use and disposal of pesticides and fertilizers, 1997.

The primary agency of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan authorized to carry out activities for environmental protection and provide oversight of sustainable natural resources management, is the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. The organizational structure of the CEP provides a representation of its regional committees in each oblast. The Oblast committees have offices in each raion, which are the smallest administrative units of the Committee.

20 Organigram of Committee for Environmental Protection Committee under GOT

21 3.3. Environmental Impacts Assessment and Mitigation Approaches.

3.3.1. General environmental risks The project has been classified as environment category B and triggers the World Bank’s safeguard policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). The project aims to support environmentally sound land use practices in Tajikistan, and no major adverse environmental impacts are anticipated under the proposed activities. Project-supported activities will be designed to demonstrate a series of positive impacts on the environment, particularly related to curtailing land degradation, reducing pasture degradation, conserving biodiversity, and decreasing risks of climate change adaptation. Findings from the earlier Farm Privatization Support Project, CAWMP, Land Registration and Cadastral System Project and a study on farmer perceptions of land reform and agriculture implemented by World Bank indicate that improving farmers' tenure security and ability to make farm management decisions has a positive impact on land and soil management and therefore on the environment in general. However, small-scale project supported infrastructure (such as, irrigation/drainage system rehabilitation, minor transport infrastructure, etc.) may have local adverse environmental impacts. On the other hand, based on experience to date, new farmers and land users are generally not aware of sustainable agricultural approaches and methodologies for environmental good practices. Therefore, farmers might not anticipate the possible negative effects (e.g., on soils) associated with their agricultural practices (e.g., overexploitation of soils without crop rotation, low usage of organic fertilizers, salinization of irrigated lands in flat areas, soil compaction and loss of soil structure, etc.). This poses some environmental risk and could cause unfavorable changes in land quality, including soil erosion, reduction of organic matter in soil, and land degradation. One specific project concern relates to pasture management since the economic development of the mountain areas can lead to an increase in the number of livestock and pasture degradation, especially on winter pastures close to rural settlements. Other negative environmental effects of the project, if any, will be minor or indirect. Civil works would be limited to small-scale rural production infrastructure, and possibly office building rehabilitation. The project will not involve any major construction requiring land acquisition. Temporary minor impacts (dust, minor soil loss) can be expected from planting activities, and building and irrigation rehabilitation. All such impacts are predictable and can be mitigated through application of standard measures in engineering designs, procurement contracts, operation and maintenance. To mitigate environmental risks associated with project activities, the project includes a system to assess the environmental impacts of subproject proposals, and their monitoring and evaluation, which will be conducted throughout the project jointly by specialists in the CEP’s Implementation Group (IG), in close collaboration with FO responsible staff. The project also will factor natural habitat, sustainable land management, and other environmental considerations to ensure that project-supported farm productivity and management investments support more environmentally friendly pest management strategies and skills.

3.3.2. Natural Habitats Under the project, there will be no privatization of national park areas, natural/official forested areas, or areas classified as vulnerable habitat zones. Project impacts on natural habitats are expected to be generally positive, since the project will be directed toward improving degraded pastures and soils of abandoned agricultural lands. The project’s subprojects (especially those targeted to improve pastures in uplands) will aim in particular to conserve and restore natural habitats, including those with economic value. However, some subprojects, such as those aimed at improving access to distant pastures and improving livestock conditions, may create a risk of increased exploitation of grass cover, and deterioration of natural habitats in the project-supported areas, particularly in high upland areas with globally valued biological diversity in alpine and subalpine zones. For these regions it is very important to provide a baseline assessment of the initial state of biological diversity on pastures to control possible negative impacts of the project on mountain ecosystems. To demonstrate the positive impact of the project on biological diversity, it

22 is also important to initially evaluate the possibility for restoring animal populations endangered by improper agricultural practices.

3.3.3. Water resources Although the project will contribute to some redistribution of local water resources, including potable, technical and irrigation water, this redistribution will not have an effect on water quality, salinization, waterlogging, environmental conditions, or livelihood conditions of local communities and wild habitats.

3.3.4. Forests The project will not involve any conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats. On the contrary, relevant project activities would include planting of small scale woodlots and fruit tree orchards and improved management of rangelands which may be legally related to forest area but does not have significant tree cover - there would no conversion of land which currently has significant tree cover except for replacement of unproductive fruit trees. The project also promotes planting of tree- and shrub- belts on eroded slopes or abandoned and degraded lands for soil and biodiversity conservation purposes which would promote to increase bioproductivity of ecosystems and carbon sequestration in turn (“Kyoto trees“ initiative) as well as mitigate soil degradation and rehabilitation of natural habitats. All reforestation activities on legally forest lands, including tree-belts, rehabilitation of relic coniferous forests and nut-fruit forests, etc. should be coordinated with responsible departments in CEP.

3.3.5. Pest management The Project does not directly support purchase or use of pesticides or other pest management activities, except for very small pesticide applications associated with IPM practice on-farm trials and demonstrations (which showed, inter alia, a way to decrease the use of pesticides, promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.). OP 4.09 is triggered by the Project only because of the rural production investments that could potentially lead to increased pest problems and an increase in pesticide use among beneficiaries. It may be anticipated that investments and TA supported by the project could lead to agricultural intensification and increased production of high-value crops, which can trigger increased use of agrochemicals, including pesticides. Potential pest and implications for pest management under ELMARL Objectives and Activities Implications for Pest and Pesticide Management 1. Increase in agricultural productivity while conserving Increased use and reliance on chemical pesticides natural resource base 2. Increase in incomes from agricultural production Change in current pest management practices 3. Agriculture diversification/intensification Change in pest control practices and reliance on pesticides 4. Training/support CBO in improved farm technologies Curriculum may have a strong pesticide use bias Neglect of IPM capacity/awareness/implementation 5. Promoting agricultural exports Pesticide use jeopardize product quality (MRLs) 6. Fruit tree seedling and plant nurseries Increased pesticide use to protect seedling 7. Agricultural education, research and extension Lack of attention to IPM/ecological control method 8. Training in agricultural intensification Inclusion of IPM methods in training curriculum

The institutional capacities of the country's regulatory framework are enough to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. Tajikistan has a state system of pesticides housed in CEP, highly qualified IPM specialists in scientific institutes of TAAS and agricultural university, as well as skilled agricultural specialists in each raion. To strengthen such capacity in the project components, the

23 pesticides market in the country will be monitored and necessary trainings for local specialists and farmers will be conducted in the project sites. The procurement of any pesticide is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users.

3.3.6. Rehabilitation of canals and dams The project considers supporting activities for rehabilitation of local irrigation canals and sources of pure water and for these purposes the creation of small dams or rehabilitation of old dams is necessary. But in these few possible cases the scale of dams supported by the project is too small to be under full range of procedures considered by the World Bank (OP) 4.37: Safety on Dams For such proposals the mitigation measures require to arrange for one or more independent dam specialists to (a) inspect and evaluate the safety status of the existing dam or dam under construction; (b) review and evaluate the owner's operation and maintenance procedures; and (c) provide a written report of findings and recommendations for any remedial work or safety-related measures necessary to upgrade the existing dam or dam under construction to an acceptable standard of safety.

3.3.7. Other issues The cumulative impact of project activities is not anticipated to adversely affect flows on international waterways. The project does not cover hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar subprojects which involve the use or extraction of international waters or cause pollution to international waters. On the contrary, project activities are considered to prevent the existing pollution of international water through mitigation of soil erosion and solid flow. In addition, the proposed project activities do not address/affect water supply nor target waste water treatment. The Project also will not involve resettlement as well as impacts on physical cultural resources and indigenous peoples.

3.4. Mitigation Measures and Environmental Management Plan. The mitigation measures in the project are based on the active involvement of relevant departments of CEP and its regional representatives in the process of reviewing and monitoring of subprojects activities. FOs will also be involved in this process, by supporting environmental planning and monitoring of subprojects. The basic mitigation requirements will also be reflected in the Project Operational Manual and Project M&E plan.

3.4.1. Training. The project will include training programs and workshops to develop and expand professional skills and capacity of the staff, partners and beneficiaries involved in project implementation. Trainees would be specialists of the headquarters and field offices of the CEP, MI&WR, MOA, IG staff, members of community based organizations, agricultural extension staff, jamoat and raion officials, experienced NGOs, community based organizations (CBO) communities, and farmers. The following general training programs will be organized under the project through IG. The environmental training programs will be organized under the project in two ways. To develop and expand professional skills and capacity in environmental management issues for staff and partners involved in project implementation, including IG specialists and consultants, representatives of line ministries involved, raion and oblast officials, heads and key members of JDCs/SUDVOs, and other relevant persons and organizations, e.g., NGOs, etc. The program for training will be developed by the IG environmental specialist and approved by the project director. Environmental trainings and workshops should be organized by the IG at the initial stages for participating JDCs/SUDVOs leaders and CEP regional representatives. To build capacity in environmental land management for rural people. The project will also help increase attention to environmental risks that may arise for newly independent farmers using the successful experience of other World Bank projects in the country (CAWMP, LRCSP) and elsewhere. This subcomponent will use interactive training methods to build knowledge in agro-ecological management,

24 enabling newly independent farmers to enhance sustainable productivity. These farmers will be better able to accurately identify possible land degradation problems and risks, understand ecosystem interactions, adopt environmentally sound crop management practices, promote integrated pest management, and increase their use of organic inputs. This planning will include five basic stages: (i) jamoat-level environmental participatory analysis intended to build knowledge and awareness of environmental threats, relationships, impacts and help identify appropriate land management practices and approaches. (ii) identification and assessment of the good practice farm sites using examples from the other projects to determine the best (least hazardous) soil improvement and pest management techniques under different agro-climatic conditions, (iii) mobilization of farmers through awards for best practices (iv) farmers training program (and use of best practice sites as training plots) for local environmental, agricultural and land officers, NGO technical specialists, water user associations, and others, and (v) preparation and publication of an illustrated printing materials on dehkan farms environmental land management methods for further dissemination and trainings . Training will focus on learning through agro-ecosystem analysis and discussions, field visits to existing good practice examples, and mass media campaigns. The aim of training is to strengthen the ability of local farmers, as well as agricultural, environmental, land and water officers and specialists to identify environmental risks and determine the sustainability of farmland under different agro-climatic and soil conditions and under different methods of land use and crops. The training will enable farmers and responsible officials to identify pests, determine damage thresholds, make prudent control decisions, and safely and cost-effectively control land degradation and pests. Through this subcomponent, the project will improve institutional and human capacity, promote sustainable agricultural technology transfer and adoption, enable the integration of scientific and traditional knowledge, and promote informed decision-making to solve local problems. Based on best practice, the subcomponent will improve communication between research institutions, farmers, relevant NGOs and extension agents, and promote the adoption of promising methods generated by farmers with scientific support.

3.4.2. Contract and Grant Agreement Clauses For civil works related to small-scale rural production infrastructure and possibly office rehabilitation the standard environmental guidelines and clauses on the contractors’ and grant recipients’ responsibilities and activities3 will be included within each construction contract and sub-grant agreement. Standard bidding documents and investment subproject proposals also would have environmental precautionary clauses.4

3.4.3. Existing Officials in the CEP Raion level environmental inspectors will be responsible for environmental evaluation and appraisal/preappraisal5 of subprojects proposals where needed, and monitor possible environmental risks during their implementation.

3.4.4. IG environmental specialist A full-time environmental specialist/consultant will be recruited by the IG to oversee the environmental aspects of project development and implementation, review the environmental status of project areas, assist in establishing a baseline for major environmental parameters, and set up a monitoring program for periodic review of the project’s impact on the environment. The consultant will also provide overall supervision and review bidding documents to ensure necessary environmental clauses are included. The basic duties of the environmental specialist are listed in Annex 5.

3 See Annex 6 4 See Annex 4 5 Appraisal at local level concerns subprojects under US$7000. Appraisal of the subprojects above US$7000 is an IG prerogative

25 3.4.5. Specific Measures by Subject Small on-farm irrigation investments. (i) Water user associations or other farmer organizations would implement on-farm irrigation and water management rehabilitation investments in collaboration with the raion level staff of the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MIWR) and IG specialists, and (ii) Irrigation water would be monitored against key water quality standards. Pasture management investments, such as spot road improvements, small bridge repairs, stock watering points, shelters, and milk cooling equipment; use and installation of machinery to produce and harvest fodder; fencing, etc, should be assessed and reflected in the EMP, which should be considered as a part of the overall pasture management plan (see below), and include necessary mitigation measures. Minor office repairs. All civil works will be designed and implemented in accordance with environmentally sound engineering practices, and governed by existing environmental screening procedures and contractual standards. The environmental monitoring of the construction sites, including regular sampling of soil and water within and around the construction sites, will help to develop systematic environmental monitoring on rehabilitated sites. A streamlined approach to preparing environmental management plans (EMPs) for small-scale rural production investments and minor rehabilitation is based on a similar approach used by the LRCSP, which was designed to be user friendly and compatible with safeguard requirements. A detailed description is attached in Annex 6. It is expected that this approach will provide the key elements of an EMP to meet World Bank Environmental Assessment requirements under OP 4.01. For minor interventions, such as reconstruction, rehabilitation or small scale construction works in less sensitive areas, the implementation of environmental good practices would be achieved by simplified “checklist” EMPs. All environmental documents produced for specific investments will become part of the tender documents and construction contracts for the planned activities, structures or facilities.

3.5. Environmental Assessment and Monitoring Plan.

3.5.1. Procedures for Subproject Environmental Assessment Environmental assessment and monitoring procedures for the subprojects are designed to ensure consistency with Tajik national environmental requirements as well as World Bank policy. Accordingly, it is proposed that each subproject will be assessed for its environmental impacts. Subproject environmental assessment of subproject proposals will be developed on a participatory approach basis, and will involve one or more of the following steps6: Step 1: Initial Environmental Screening: Initial screening will involve a review of the subproject technical proposal. Typically the proposal would include an environmental section 7 describing the key environmental features of the project site, whether critical natural habitats, forests, or rare and endangered species are likely to be impacted, whether major water courses or groundwater sources will be affected, the type of natural resource abstraction and use the project will entail, waste materials and polluting substances likely to be generated during construction and operation, whether the project will involve pest management, etc. Depending on the nature and scale of the impacts, the reviewing authority will inform the project proponents about the decision concerning further environmental documentation required for the subproject. Three possibilities exist: (i) World Bank environmental category C). No further environmental action is required; (ii) World Bank environmental category B). A limited environmental management plan (EMP) is required in most cases; and (iii) World Bank environmental category A). Proposal is considered as ineligible. Step 2: Preparation of EMP: In those cases where such documentation is required, the project proponents will prepare the relevant documents for submission within the time indicated by the reviewing authority. The format of a typical EMP is provided in Annex 6. Depending on the project’s environmental impacts, the

6Depending on the nature of the subproject and readiness of the proposal, the steps 1, 2, and 3 may be combined into one single review and cl earance step. 7The project Operational Manual will include the format and content of the environmental section of the community proposals.

26 environmental documentation could either be presented as a section of the overall project document submitted for appraisal to the approving authority, or require a separate report. Step 3: Environmental Approval: The project documentation will be reviewed and approved. The decision on the environmental aspects of the project, and any additional measures or changes required to the proposed environmental management plan will be conveyed at this stage. The reviewing authority will specifically look for the implementation capacity and monitoring arrangements for the proposed mitigation measures and ensure that the costs of environmental management are accounted for in the project costs. Step 4: Supervision and Reporting: Once project implementation starts, the competent authorities will supervise the implementation of the EMP through the course of construction and operation and specify corrective measures as necessary.

3.5.2. Manuals for the assessment of environmental risks and impacts, and environmental monitoring of the project results (outputs and outcomes) The experience of the other WB and MSB-supported projects in Tajikistan has shown, that the approach to EMF development based on the detection and monitoring of adverse impacts is less effective than the approach targeted on environmental improvement. To help communities and other subproject proponents to assess and monitor environmental risks and results of the proposed environmentally and economically effective activities, as well as to determine mitigation measures, a set of indicators and evaluation tables have been prepared to be used as useful manuals (see Annex 7 - Guide for assessment potential environmental risks and impacts, Annex 8 - Eligible and Ineligible Rural Productivity Investments). The system of environmental assessment and monitoring of the effectiveness of project activities includes: - table of indicators for evaluation of acceptability of project proposals, evaluation and monitoring of the main achieved outputs, evaluation and monitoring of aftereffect project activity results; and - description of procedures of evaluation and monitoring and responsible organizations.

3.5.2.1. Environmental indicators Table of indicators based on the following principles - evaluation is conducted during the three phases of project development: decision making phase on the acceptability of the project proposal, mid-term evaluation, evaluation of the subproject results. Evaluation indicators for each phase are shown in corresponding rows of the table for each basic project activity; - evaluation is conducted at 4 levels of project activity: (1) subproject level; (2) jamoat level; (3) raion level; and (4) project level – assessed by the sum of each indicators, taken for different categories of the project activity. - evaluation of efficiency is conducted on the final list of indicators, which differ for each type of project activity and indicated in «results» and «impact» rows:  area (ha) of improved and/or rehabilitated land (where at the result of improvement of soil structure, decreasing of stoniness, decreasing of salinization or man-induced waterlogging, reached sufficient fertility and productivity)  area (ha) of fixed slope land (stabilized slopes at the result of planting of trees, bushes, grasses, and other activities). For the watershed level, there be additional data using GIS surveys.  area (ha) of afforested and replanted territories. At the watershed level, this will be examined using GIS surveys.  area of established and improved pastures and fodder, (ha)  decreased pressure on winter pastures, compared with the baseline (head of cattle\ha). At the watershed level there will be additional data, measuring areas (ha) of rehabilitated winter pasture, using GIS data  Species of rare, endemic and endangered plants and animals, which will be rehabilitated (list, quantity, area covered). For pastoral territories the source of information can be shepherds and

27 beekeepers. If it is not possible to obtain accurate data, a qualitative binary estimation (yes-no) will be conducted on increased biological diversity. At the watershed level, additional data will also be received from the Botany Institute of the TAAS.  Length of bank protection of rivers and canals (km) resulting from planting of trees, bushes, grasses, and other activities  Energy resource economy (kilowatt\h\year) – relying on the volume of energy consumption from alternative energy sources  Water resource economy (m3\year) – relying on the decreased consumption of irrigation water by using water-saving technologies in comparison with traditional methods of (furrow irrigation): economy per 1 ha multiplied to area covered by this type of activity.  Irrigating land areas, where using water-saving technologies (ha)  Land areas, on which biological pesticides are used (ha) as an alternative for chemical pesticides  decreased quantity (a qualitative binary estimation (yes-no) in comparison with the baseline) and the list of pests  decreased morbidity of people (a qualitative binary estimation (yes-no) at the subproject level, health agency statistical report data, with indication of the nature of disease-for jamoat and watershed level)  decreased morbidity of animals (a qualitative binary estimation (yes-no) at the subproject level, veterinary service agency statistical report data, with indication of the nature of disease-for jamoat and watershed level)  decreased mortality of cattle as a percentage compared with the baseline (a qualitative binary estimation (yes-no) at the subproject level, veterinary service agency statistical report data, with indication of the nature of disease-for jamoat and watershed level)  decreased number of landslides and mudflows as a percentage over the last year (only at the jamoat and watershed level, according to the statistical reporting data of the State Committee for Emergency Situations) At the project acceptability phase, the project is also evaluated using a «superfactor» indicator: equivalent project proposals have a great environmental importance – if superfactor has a sign of «+», and less importance – if has a sign of «-»8. A manual and forms have been developed to group major activities and apply specific indicators to assess the environmental importance of each group. These forms are provided in the POM.

3.5.2.2. Monitoring and Evaluation Procedures. Feedback and Adaptive Management. The project has a monitoring and evaluation subcomponent with specific funds allocated which will make use of existing data sources (including satellite data), supplemented by data collection within the project and special surveys and assessments undertaken by contracted specialists. Monitoring of environmental indicators will be a part of the overall project monitoring. Periodic analysis may have to be carried out, and regional laboratories of the CEP are proposed to be strengthened for this purpose. The IG environmental specialist will review the environmental status of the project area to assist with the establishment of a baseline for the major environmental parameters and set up a monitoring program for periodic review of the project's impact on the environment. Monitoring the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures in the subprojects will be the responsibility of the RCEP specialists. The IG environmental

8 Examples of “Plus” superfactors: Use water-saving technologies; Use biological methods for pest control; Cultivate rare, endemic and endangered plant species; Use water-saving technologies; Help reduce erosion, the risk of mudflow and landslides; Obvious biodiversity conservation; reduction level of morbidity and mortality of animals; use of alternative energy sources; Contribute to improvement of soil, water-saving, fixing of slope lands, prevention of water and wind erosion, subsidence, logging; Contribute biological diversity conservation, saving rare specimens Examples of “Minus” superfactors: Use excessive quantities of chemical pesticides and fertilizers; increasing of pressure on winter pastures; increasing of the risk soil erosion; pollution of water resources and drinking water supplies; soil pollution; decreasing of arboreal and shrub vegetation on slopes

28 specialist will provide overall supervision and review bidding documents for inclusion of necessary environmental clauses. Feedback from M&E Activities will be used for adaptive management. The feedback will be provided by the analysis of annual results as well as during the mid-term review. New effective activities which do not change the project strategy but provide opportunities to maintain some important specific activities and also increase the interest of key project partners in its results and outcomes can be added to the annual work plan in connection with the current budget savings. Strategic changes according to adaptive management procedures should be applied after the mid-term review. Environmental monitoring and evaluation will be carried out: - at the subproject and jamoat level – by the IG with support of FO and Raion coordinator - at the raion level – by raion coordinators (local liaisons), RCEP specialists, with support of IG environmental specialist and FO - at the project level – by IG environmental specialist Environmental monitoring reports will be prepared: At the phase of subproject appraisal – 1 time, and each time a project proposal is updated During implementation – 2 times (at the mid-term and completion of the subproject) Results assessment - 1-2 times after completion Data sources: project proposals; field observations; statistical data reporting; remote sensing Detailed procedures for environmental monitoring will be described in POM.

3.6. Roles and Responsibilities for EMF Implementation The institutional structure for project implementation is summarized in the organigram below. Implementation of the environmental assessment procedures is closely intertwined with the overall project implementation structure and the existing institutional structure and capacity of CEP. Accordingly, the following roles and responsibilities for EMF development and implementation are foreseen: Communities, Interest Groups and Individuals will participate in environmental assessments, prepare the environmental sections of the project proposals, describing the project's potential adverse impacts, and the measures proposed to prevent, mitigate, and monitor these during implementation. In cases where applicable, they will be responsible for preparation of the environmental assessment reports. Consultants (Individual specialists, NGOs) will provide technical support to communities in preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans. Where applicable, they would also provide training and information on Integrated Pest Management approaches. JDCs and Facilitating Organizations will work with the communities in assuring consideration of all relevant environmental issues in project development, setting the individual project issues within the larger jamoat context as relevant and providing examples of environmental management measures in other similar projects. RCEP Specialists will work with the JDCs and local communities to review and provide environmental clearance of all proposals less than $7000, and provide recommendations for proposals over $7000. In doing so, the Specialists to ensure state control over the environmental protection and natural resource management, compliance with environmental safety, prevention of causes of adverse emergencies will as necessary review environmental aspects of proposed subprojects, assure appropriateness of proposed mitigation measures, and supervise their implementation by organizing and conducting environmental monitoring. The RCEP specialists within their jurisdiction participate in the implementation of local pasture management plans and water management plans as well as plans for environmental protection, build awareness about environmental protection together with other agencies, social environmental organizations and associations, general public and mass media; facilitate the project partners to receive necessary environmental information from institutions, organizations, businesses and farms, local executive authorities, physical persons and legal entities in accordance with legislation.

29 Raion Project Coordinators will keep the project files and assure completeness of environmental information submitted to the reviewing authorities for proposals less than $7000. They will also forward to the IG recommendations of the rayon environmental inspectors on proposals of more than $7000 and special case projects. IG will keep project files and assure completeness of environmental information submitted to the reviewing authorities for proposals more than $7000 and special case projects. They will also convey to the raion project coordinators the conclusions of environmental review at the state level. Laboratories of the CEP will provide environmental analysis and monitoring support as relevant. CEP will serve as a hosting body of the Project and form the Project IG, and will provide overall project coordination, allocation of resources, control, monitoring and adaptive project management. An Interministerial Project Steering Committee will serve as a coordinating body for the project activities between the key government agencies involved and their local representative offices (CEP, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources, State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy. The Committee will meet to discuss policy issues related to the project at least twice a year.

30 Project Management Structure of CEP’s Implementation Group CEP Chairperson/Project Director

Project Coordinator

CEP CEP CEP CEP Administration CEP Accountant Representative/ Representative/ Representative/ from the CEP Representative/ Responsible Responsible for Responsible for Responsible for staff Responsible for for Finance Procurement Component 1 Component 2 Project monitoring

FM/ CEP Procuremen Specialist Specialist Contracted Local Cashier/ t/ for for Project Contracted consultant Project Local Component 1 Component 2 driver translator (contracted) Cashier contracted Local Local consultant consultant consultant

CEP staff – upper lines Contracted staff – bottom line

Note the structure is subject to revision based on Components, scope and quality of works, etc.

31 Annex 1. References

Bettina Wolfgramm, Shane Stevenson, Zvi Lerman, Julie Zähringer, Hanspeter Liniger. 2011. Tajikistan Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience. Component A5: Phase 1. Agriculture & Sustainable Land Management. Final report, 24 October 2011. 52 p. Community Agriculture and Watershed Management Project. Republic of Tajikistan. 2012. Summary on Project Achievements in the Field of Environment. 46 p. Community Agriculture and Watershed Management Project. Republic of Tajikistan. 2008. Community Support and Rural Production Investment. Operational Manual. 95 p. Environmental Assessment. 2011. Proposed Additional Grant in the Amount of US$10 Million Equivalent to Tajikistan for a Land Registration & Cadastre System for Sustainable Agriculture Project. November 2011. 22 p. FAO. 2011. FAOSTAT. FAO. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx. Heltberg R, Bonch-Osmolovskiy M. 2011. Mapping Vulnerability to Climate Change. Policy Research Working Paper 5554. Washington: World Bank. Helvetas. 2011. Survey Report. «Assessment of legal issues of farmers in Tajikistan and knowledge of their rights». Prepared by «Zerkalo» Center of Sociological Researches in assignment of «Helvetas», the Swiss Association for International Cooperation with financial support of Swiss Agendy for Development and Cooperation (SDC). www.helvetas.tj/en/lib/report-helvetas-survey-on-farmers.pdf ICARDA. 2009. Food Security and Climate Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus Lioubimtseva E, and Henebry GM. 2009. Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations, Journal of Arid Environments 73, 963–977. UNDP. 2009. Central Asia Regional Risk Assessment: Responding to Water, Energy, and Food Insecurity. World Bank. 2008. Sustainable Land Management Sourcebook. Washington DC. 180 p. World Bank. 2009. Adapting to Climate Change in Europe and Central Asia.( Адаптация к изменению климата в Европе и Центральной Азии.) http://www.worldbank.org/eca/climate/ECA_CCA_Full_Report.pdf World Bank. 2012. Countries and Regions. Tajikistan. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tajikistan World Bank. 2012. Safeguard Policies. http://go.worldbank.org/WTA1ODE7T0 World Bank. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook and Updates. http://go.worldbank.org/LLF3CMS1I0 Об изменении численности и размещения населения Республики Таджикистан между переписями населения 2000 и 2010 годов. Агентство по статистике при Президенте Республики Таджикистан, 2012. 28 c. About changes in population of the Republic of Tajikistan between population censuses of 2000 and 2010. Agency on statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. 28 p. ТАДЖСТАТ. 2011. Информация о площади земель и распределение по видам в областях, городах и районах в Таджикистане. TAJSTAT. Information on the areas and distribution of lands in oblasts, cities and raions in Tajikistan. Душанбе: Государственный Комитет по землеустройству и Геодезии Республики Таджикистан

32 Annex 2. Record of Stakeholder Consultations

While preparing the EA and EMP, four consultations were conducted with stakeholders. Three were conducted at the district level: (i) Tavildara district on December 7, 2012, (ii) Khovaling district on December 18, 2012, (iii) Farkhor district on December 19, 2012, and (iv) Dushanbe on December 20, 2012. A summary of these consultations, including a list of participants, is provided below. The district- level consultations included participation of representatives of local governments, environmental authorities, jamoats, land committees, dehkan farms and communities from pilot areas, while the consultation in Dushanbe included participation from representatives of local state executive bodies, relevant ministries and agencies, working group members on project development, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations.

Protocol of the meeting with specialists of agricultural, environmental sectors, support centers and heads of dehkan farms in Tavildara district

07.12.12 Tavildara district

The meeting was attended by:

Ghairatov H. – Chairman of the district

Mahmadov Q. – First deputy Chairman of the district

Khairulloev R. – Head of environmental monitoring department of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan

In addition, 39 employees of local executive bodies of state power, relevant sectors, jamoats chairmen, heads of dehkan farms, and the staff of jamoat dehot support centers of the district.

Meeting Agenda

The World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

Himatsho Ghairatov, the Chairman of the district made a speech on the subject and expressed his support of the project and thanked the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the World Bank and the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. It was mentioned that the project implementation would undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of people’s living standards.

The next speech was made by Khairulloev R. the Working group member, the Head of environmental monitoring department of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, who presented a detailed information on the project goal, the essence of project implementation to the meeting participants.

At the same time, Q. Mahmadov the first deputy Chairman of the district noted in his speech that there were a total of 467 dehkan farms in the district and 411 farms had their own pastures.

33 Naibov Kh., chairman of the jamoat dehot “Sangvor”, Sharipov Gh. chairman of the jamoat dehot “Vakhyo”, Saidov Y. secretary of the jamoat dehot “Tavildara”, Bozorov A. secretary of the jamoat dehot “Childara”, Izzatov A. representative of the forestry, and others expressed their thoughts about the project.

At the end of the meeting, Khairulloev R. the Head of environmental monitoring department of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan provided specific responses to numerous questions of the meeting participants.

Decision of the meeting:

1. The local executive body of state power of Tavildara district to support the project and its implementation 2. The World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project was supported by the meeting participants who expressed their willingness to ensure the project’s implementation

Chairman of the Meeting signed Q. Mahmadov

Secretary signed M. Pirnazarov

34 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

No. Name, Surname Titles and Affiliation

1. Ghairatov H. Chairman of Tavildara district

2. Mahmadov Q. First Deputy Chairman of Tavildara district

3. Pirnazarov M. Head of organizational unit and work with cadres

4. Saidov Y. Secretary of the jamoat dehot “Tavildara”

5. Naibov Kh. Chairman of the jamoat dehot “Sangvor”

6. Bozorov A. Secretary of the jamoat dehot “Childara”

7. Sharipov Gh. Head of jamoat dehot “Vakhyo”

8. Muborov M. Chief specialist of the jamoat dehot “Sangvor”

9. Khushvaqtov N. Head of agriculture department of Tavildara district

10. Kabutov U. Head of land committee of Tavildara district

11. Ghafurov S. Red Crescent Society representative in Tavildara district 12. Sangov I. Head of statistics unit of the district

13. Najmiddinov S. Head of environment protection unit of the district

14. Manghetov S. Chief specialist, environment protection unit of the district 15. Rajabov H. Head of urban planning and geodesy of the district

16. Ghaniev Y. Specialist, agriculture department of the district

17. Elchibekov Sh. Chief specialist, agriculture department of the district

18. Izzatov A. Chief forester of the forestry of Tavildara district

19. Hikoyatov R. Chief accountant of the forestry of Tavildara district

20. Ghaniev R. Chief specialist, agriculture department of the district

21. Handalaev P. Forester of the forestry of Tavildara district

22. Gadoev Sh. Chief specialist of the jamoat dehot “Vakhyo”

35 23. Muhammadiev I. Head of religious affairs unit of the district

24. Parvonaev A. Head of dehkan farm “Parvona”

25. Davlatov I. Head of economic development and trade unit

26. Rahimov A. Head of social development and public relations unit

27. Olimova D. Head of women and family affairs unit

28. Donaev J. Head of support center for jamoat dehot Tavildara

29. Saidov Kh. Head of support center for jamoat dehot Sangvor

30. Hakimov M. Forest manager for Sayod locality

31. Dodov A. Head of archive unit of the district

32. Odinaev D. Head of dehkan farm “Dehikalon”

33. Pirumshoev A. Head of dehkan farm “Shorak”

34. Kabirov I. Head of dehkan farm “Karanak”

35. Naibov S. Head of dehkan farm “Bakhtiyor”

36. Davlatov A. Head of dehkan farm “Khusrav”

37. Ghairatov Sh. Head of dehkan farm “Ghairat”

38. Izzatov A. Head of dehkan farm “Jurogh”

39. Manghetova Z. Head of dehkan farm “Sharifi Nazir”

40. Rajabov Z. Head of dehkan farm “Rajabi”

36 Protocol of the meeting with specialists of agricultural, environmental sectors, jamoats, support centers and heads of dehkan farms in Khovaling district

18.12.12 Khovaling district

The meeting was attended by:

Valiev Q. – Chairman of the district

Ghoibnazarov A. – First deputy Chairman of the district

Saidov N. – Head of public institution for specially protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, Project Coordinator

In addition, 28 employees of local executive bodies of state power, relevant sectors, jamoats chairmen, heads of dehkan farms, and the staff of jamoat dehot support centers of the district.

Meeting Agenda

The World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

A. Ghoibnazarov, the first deputy Chairman of the district was the first to speak on the subject and expressed his support of the project and thanked the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the World Bank and the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. It was mentioned that the project implementation would undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of people’s living standards.

The next speech was made by Saidov N. the Working group member, the Head of public institution for specially protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Project Coordinator, who presented a detailed information on the project goal, the essence of project implementation to the meeting participants.

A. Ghoibnazarov the first deputy Chairman of the district noted in his speech that there were a total of 2370 dehkan farms in the district and 1200 farms had their own pastures.

Nazarov Sh. the deputy Chairman of the jamoat dehot “Jonbakht”, Husainov Q. chairman of local self-government of “Gulzor” society of the jamoat dehot “Jonbakht”, Taghoev A. chairman of local self-government of “Chuqurak” society of the jamoat dehot “Jonbakht”, Odinaev Kh. specialist of agriculture department, Naimov Q. land surveying engineer of the jamoat dehot “Sariosiyo”, Karimov A. agronomist of the farm “Dorobi”, head of environment protection unit of the district Abdurahimov F. and others expressed their thoughts about the project.

Finally, Saidov N. the Head of public institution for specially protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan,

37 the Project Coordinator provided specific responses to numerous questions of the meeting participants.

Decision of the meeting:

3. The local executive body of state power of Khovaling district to support the project and its implementation 4. The World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project was supported by the meeting participants who expressed their willingness to ensure the project’s implementation

Chairman of the Meeting signed A. Ghoibnazarov

Secretary signed F. Abdurahimov

38 The list of the specialists of agricultural, environmental sectors, jamoats, support centers and heads of dehkan farms in Khovaling district, participants of the consultative meeting on the World Bank Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

18.12.12 Khovaling district

No. Name, Surname Titles and Affiliation Signature

1. Ghoibnazarov A. First Deputy Chairman of the district signed

2. Murodov A.M. Director of public farm S.Karimov signed

3. Ghoibov J. Head of agriculture department of the signed district 4. Tashripov B. Chairman of mahalla, jamoat dehot signed “Jonbakht” 5. Ikromov A. Head of dehkan farm “Toiba” signed

6. Abdurahimov F. Head of environment protection unit signed of the district 7. Tutov S. Secretary of jamoat “Jonbakht”

8. Nazarov M. Tax specialist of jamoat “Jonbakht” signed

9. Karimov A. Specialist of jamoat “Jonbakht” signed

10. Yatimov T. Chief specialist of jamoat “Jonbakht” signed

11. Ibrorov D. Land surveyor of jamoat “Jonbakht” signed

12. Nasimov Q. Land surveyor of jamoat dehot “Sari signed Osio” 13. Toibov Q. Chief specialist of environment signed protection unit 14. Odinaev Kh. Agriculture unit signed

15. Zuhurov Kh. Secretary of jamoat dehot “Sari Osio” signed

16. Sangiahmadov A. Chief specialist on religious affairs signed

17. Nazarov Sh. Deputy chairman of jamoat dehot signed “Jonbakht” 18. Safarov S. Chief accountant of jamoat dehot signed “Sari Osio” 19. Ghaforov A. Citizen specialist signed

39 20. Taghoev A. Chairman of local self-government of signed “Chuqurak” society 21. Qodirov A. Chairman of local self-government signed society No. Name, Surname Titles and Affiliation Signature

22. Kholov Kh. Head of military desk signed

23. Dostiev D. Jamoat dehot Jonbakht signed

24. Nabiev R. Jamoat dehot Khovaling signed

25. Rahimov K. Jamoat dehot Khovaling signed

26. Chiliev S. Jamoat dehot Khovaling signed

27. Hojiev S. Jamoat dehot Shughnov signed

28. Saidov N. Head of public institution for specially signed protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection, Project Coordinator 29.

30.

31.

32.

.

40 Protocol of the meeting with specialists of agricultural, environmental sectors, jamoats, support centers and heads of dehkan farms in Farkhor district

19.12.12 Farkhor district

The meeting was attended by:

Karimov Q.H. – Chairman of the district

Mahmadaliev M. – First deputy Chairman of the district

Saidov N. – Head of public institution for specially protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, Project Coordinator

In addition, 40 employees of local executive bodies of state power, relevant sectors, jamoats chairmen, heads of dehkan farms, and the staff of jamoat dehot support centers of the district.

Meeting Agenda

The World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

Mardon Mahmadaliev, the first deputy Chairman of the district made a speech on the subject and expressed his support of the project and thanked the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the World Bank and the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. It was mentioned that the project implementation would undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of people’s living standards.

The next speaker was Saidov N., the Working group member, the Head of public institution for specially protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Project Coordinator who presented a detailed information on the project goal, the essence of project implementation to the meeting participants.

At the same time, Mardon Mahmadaliev the first deputy Chairman of the district noted in his speech that there were a total of 3170 dehkan farms in the district and 54 farms had their own pastures.

Musoeva Z., the deputy Chairman of the jamoat dehot “Gulshan”, Saidova M. chairman of the jamoat dehot “Ghairat”, Khalifaev S. chairman of the jamoat dehot “20-solagii Istiqloliyat”, Khasidov Sh. agriculture specialist of the jamoat dehot “Farkhor”, Shokirov I. chairman of the jamoat dehot “Zafar”, Izatulloev agriculture specialist of the jamoat dehot “Zafar” and others expressed their thoughts about the project.

Finally, Saidov N. the Head of public institution for specially protected areas of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Project Coordinator provided specific responses to numerous questions of the meeting participants.

41

Decision of the meeting:

1. The local executive body of state power of Farkhor district to support the project and its implementation 2. The World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project was supported by the meeting participants who expressed their willingness to ensure the project’s implementation

Chairman of the Meeting signed Mahmadaliev M.

Secretary signed Haitov A.

42 The list of the specialists of agricultural, environmental sectors, jamoats, support centers and heads of dehkan farms in Farkhor district, participants of the consultative meeting on the World Bank Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

19.12.12 Farkhor district

No. Name, Surname Titles and Affiliation Signature

1. Haitov A. Head of Environmental Protection signed Unit 2. Khodoidodov M. Chief specialist signed

3. Sharipov R. Lead specialist signed

4. Hanifaev Chairman of the jamoat dehot signed

5. Sharifov S.M. Chairman of the jamoat dehot “Vatan” signed

6. Valiev N. Head of Agriculture Department signed

7. Kholov A. Head of Veterinary Department

8. Rashidov M. Chief specialist signed

9. Sodiqov S. Epizootolojist signed

10. Kholov T. Chief veterinary specialist of the signed jamoat dehot “Ghalaba” 11. Zubaidov S. Chief veterinarian signed

12. Hasanov A. Veterinarian signed

13. Kamolov T. Land surveyor signed

14. Solehov H. Land surveyor signed

15. Sitamov Kh. Land surveyor signed

16. Dostiev K. Farmer signed

17. Izatulloev Land surveyor, jamoat dehot “Zafar” signed

18. Hasidov Sh. Agriculture specialist of the jamoat signed

19. Azamatov Nuriddin Chief agronomist, agriculture signed department

43 20. Akobirov Hasan Agriculture specialist, jamoat dehot signed “Ghalaba” 21. Musoev Bobojon Veterinarian signed

No. Name, Surname Titles and Affiliation Signature

22. Buriev Jondor Veterinarian signed

23. Kajakov N. Veterinarian signed

24. Kurbonov S. Veterinarian signed

25. Aliev Mannon Mahalla (neighborhood) No.6 signed

26. Mengliev Alikhon Mahalla No.6 - 9 signed

27. Aliev Anvar Land surveyor signed

28. Kholiqov Khujanazar Farmer signed

29. Rahmonov Chief specialist signed

30. Hasanov A. Chief specialist signed

31. Giyoev A. Chief specialist signed

32. Saidov M. Farmer signed

33. Musoeva Z. Deputy chairman of jamoat signed

34. Sharifova R. Chairman of jamoat signed

35. Qayumov Y. Chairman of the jamoat dehot “Ariq” signed

36. Saidov M.S. Acting chairman of the jamoat signed

37. Sobirov I. Chairman of mahalla No.1 signed

38. Hasanov R. Chairman of mahalla No.3 signed

39. Mirzoshoev K. Chairman of mahalla No.8 signed

40. Begov Z. Drinking water signed

44 Protocol of the Final Meeting on the World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

20 December 2012 Dushanbe city

The meeting was attended by:

Salimov T.O. – Chairman of the Committee, Project Director

Saidov N. – Head of public institution for specially protected areas, Project Coordinator

Invited persons: representatives of local executive bodies of state power, relevant ministries and agencies, working group members on project development, international organizations, non- governmental organizations. The meeting was attended by 33 people (the list of participants is enclosed).

The final meeting was opened by the Project Director, Chairman of the Committee Salimov T.O., who provided detailed information on the project, financing and pilot districts. He noted that this project will be implemented under the “Climate change resilience” program, which will be piloted in Farkhor, Vose, Baljuvon, Kulob, Khovaling, Tavildara and Jirghatol districts. The following questions and responses were made in the meeting: Question: Safarov Sh. - deputy head of international and scientific relations department of the Ministry of agriculture – How long it will take to implement the project and who will be involved in its implementation? Answer: Chairperson – the project will be implemented in 5 years and farmers will be mainly involved in project implementation. Question: Saidov S. – Head of agriculture department of Vose district – Why only a small number of farmers from Vose district is involved in project implementation? Answer: Chairperson – the reason of limited involvement of farmers from this district is that there are other projects implemented in the district. Question: Shokirova M – Head of gender and international relations unit, State Committee for family and women affairs – with regards to civil society involvement, it was mentioned that the Committee for family and women affairs is ready to provide assistance in the work with civil society in which it has experience. Answer: Chairperson – One of the tasks of the project is to use the best practice. The civil society will be involved in the project. One of the main project conditions is almost 40% of women’s involvement in project activities. Question: Safarov Sh., deputy head of international and scientific relations department of the Ministry of agriculture – what kind of authorities will be involved in project implementation? Answer: Chairperson – All relevant authorities will be involved in project implementation. F. Mukhitdinova, the World Bank Operations Analyst spoke about the project implementation. In her presentation, she provided information on the project goals and tasks. At the same time, she mentioned that one of the main goals of the project would be to learn the experience of rational use of land resources. One of the project criteria is the level of citizen involvement, i.e. selection of the districts, where not less than 150 thousand people would be

45 involved in project implementation. The work accomplished by the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan was also mentioned and highly appreciated. Question: Safarov Sh., deputy head of international and scientific relations department of the Ministry of agriculture – How will this project be managed at local level? Answer: Chairperson – the working groups will be established in each district using the staff of relevant authority and this working group will meet not less than twice a year to assess the accomplished activities. Besides, the representative of State Committee on Investment and Management of State Property spoke about the project management mechanisms. Saidov N., the project coordinator presented the information on “the goal and content of the World Bank Environmental land management and rural livelihood project”. The presentation is enclosed in Russian language. Question: Abbosov B., Deputy Chairman of Jirghatol district – How will the farmers and organizations be selected? Answer: Saidov N., - the Project Managerd will be appointed in each district, who in coordination with working group will select in each district the farmers and organizations to be involved based on the priorities. Question: Shokirova M – Head of gender and international relations unit, State Committee for family and women affairs – in what way women will be involved in project implementation? Answer: Saidov N., - almost 40% of women will be involved in this project. Mahmadaliev M, the first Deputy Chairman of Farkhor district expressed the willingness of the district local government in project implementation and made several suggestions for the project on the involvement of sector scientists to assess the climatic conditions of each district, opportunities for horticulture, agriculture and pest control. Question: Safarov Sh., deputy head of international and scientific relations department of the Ministry of agriculture – are there any funds provided in the project for pump irrigation, cleaning drainage canals and pest control? Answer: Chairperson – if it is for the benefit of farmers, the issues related to pump irrigation, cleaning drainage canals and pest control will be indicated in the project. Kholov Kh., Energy and Environment Program Director of the UNDP in RT in his speech proposed to take into account the experience of micro-financing organizations in project implementation, which operate in the districts. In addition, there were questions asked by the participants and responses received during the meeting on the establishment of small enterprises for agricultural products processing. Question: Rajabov A. Head of investment and foreign aid of the State Committee on Investment and Management of State Property – how will the assessments on identification of farms assets be organized? Answer: Chairperson - such assessments will be conducted on the initial stage and database will be eventually set up. Question: Safarov Sh., deputy head of international and scientific relations department of the Ministry of agriculture – how financing is going to be implemented? Answer: Chairperson – financing will be implemented via small banks directly to the farmers themselves. In addition, it was recommended to provide assistance to the farmers in the development of small projects.

46 Kabutov, the representative of public organization “Oftob” mentioned that significant work was accomplished in the use of renewable energy and that his organization is ready to provide support in this direction. The Chairman of the Committee, Salimov T.O. wrapped up the meeting and mentioned on the importance of project implementation that all this becomes possible thanks to the Government support and namely that of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon. It was also mentioned that all suggestions made in this meeting would be taken into consideration. The following suggestions were made by the meeting participants: 1. To fully support the project and take necessary measures for its implementation; 2. To take into consideration the suggestions made by participants in order to ensure effective implementation of the project; 3. The participants – stakeholders expressed their willingness for the project’s implementation.

Chairman signed T. Salimov

Secretary signed Hotamov J.

47 The list of participants of the final meeting on the World Bank “Environmental land management and rural livelihood” project

20 December, 2012 Dushanbe city

No. Name, Surname Authority Position Address and Signature of Participant contact 1. Salimov T.O. Committee Chairman 2364059

2. Rajabov Sh.Kh. Committee Deputy Chairman – 2364059 Working group member 3. Saidov N. Director of PI SPA Working group signed member 4. Kamolov F. Committee Working group member 5. Maskaev A. Committee Working group member 6. Salimov M. Committee Working group signed member 7. Khairulloev R. Committee Working group signed member 8. Nazirov N. Committee Working group signed member 9. Mahmudov Q. Tavildara First Deputy Chairman 918491950 signed

10. Abbosova B. Jirghatol Deputy Chairman 83132-22959 signed

11. Odinaev M. Baljuvon First Deputy Chairman 981019896 signed

12. Saidov S. Vose Head of agriculture signed department 13. Ghoibnazarov A. Khovaling First Deputy Chairman 918294008 signed

14. Mahmadaliev M. Farkhor First Deputy Chairman signed

15. Nematov R.H. Kulob Deputy Chairman 918656970 signed

16. Mukhitdinova F. World Bank WB Operations 7015808 signed Analyst 17. Kholov Kh. UNDP in Tajikistan Program Director, 985269039 signed Energy and Environment 18. Mahmudov Committee Director, Center for signed climate change and ozone layer 19. Sharipov Z. Executive office of the Chief specialist of the 2211889 President ecology and emergency situations unit 20. Yoqubov J. Committee Chief editor of “Navruzgoh” newspaper 21. Mustafoqulov Sh. Committee of First Channel signed Television and Radio

48 22. Sharofuddinov H. Ministry of Land Lead specialist of signed Reclamation and Water international Resources of RT department 23. Safarov Sh.J. Ministry of Agriculture Deputy head of signed international and scientific relations dept 24. Karimov M. State Committee on Head of monitoring signed Land Management and analytics unit 25. Shokirova M.S. Committee for women Head of gender and signed and family affairs international relations unit 26. Rajabov A. State Committee on Head of Investment signed Investment and and Foreign Aid Management of State Department Property 27. Skachilov Y. NGO Head of Ecological signed Youth Center 28. Dilshoda Y. NGO Deputy head of nature signed protection squad 29. Rahmonov B. Committee Working Group signed member 30. Kirgizbekova R. German Agency for Regional Program signed International Coordinator on Cooperation sustainable use of natural resources in Central Asia 31. Usmonova N. UNDP in Tajikistan Program Analyst 6005600 signed

32. Kabutov Q. NGO signed

33. Ibragimov F. NGO signed

49 Annex 4. Standard Environmental Clauses for Works Contracts and Grants The contractor, or in the case of the irrigation grants, the recipient of the water user association, is responsible for the following measures for Protection of the Environment. The natural landscape should be preserved to the extent possible by conducting operations in a manner that will prevent unnecessary destruction or the scarring of natural surroundings. Except when required for permanent works, quarries, burrow pits, staging and processing areas, dumps, and camps, all trees, saplings, and shrubbery should be protected from unnecessary damage by project-related activities. After unavoidable damage has occurred, the Contractor/Grant Recipient is required to restore sites to quasi- original conditions where appropriate. The Contractor’s/Grant Recipient’s operation should be performed so as to prevent accidental spillage of contaminants, debris, or other pollutants, especially into streams or underground water resources. Such pollutants include untreated sewage and sanitary waste, tailings, petroleum products, chemical, biocides, mineral salts, and thermal pollution. Wastewater, including those from aggregate processing and concrete batching, must not enter streams without settling ponds, grave 1 filters, or other processes, so as to not impair water quality or harm aquatic life. The Contractor/Grant Recipient should ensure proper disposal of waste material and rubbish. If disposal is performed by burial or fire, it should not cause negative impact to either the air, soil or ground water supplies. The Contractor/Grant Recipient should minimize air and water pollution emissions. Dust from the handling or transporting of aggregates, cement, etc., should be minimized by sprinkling or other methods. Materials, brush or trees should only be burned when the owners permits, under favorable weather conditions; The Contractor’s/Grant Recipient’s facilities such as warehouses, labor camps and storage areas should be planned in advance to decide what the area will look like upon completion of construction. These facilities should be located so as to preserve the natural environment (such as trees and other vegetation) to the maximum extent possible. After project construction, camps and buildings should either serve as permanent residences and form future communities, if such use can be foreseen and approved, or be torn down and the area restore to its quasi-original condition in order to avoid deterioration into shanty towns. Burrow pits should be landscaped and planted according to an ecological design to provide some substitute area for lost natural landscapes and habitats.

50 Annex 5. Basic Terms of Reference for the IG Environmental Specialist Assist with reviewing the environmental status of the project area and with setting up a long-term monitoring program and baseline for the major environmental parameters as part of overall project monitoring and evaluation. Oversee implementation of the environmental assessment framework for the project. Monitor and assist local government officials to determine if local environmental ecological expertise and oversight, or environmental impact assessment are necessary for the projects. Oversee and manage the EMF’s implementation. Oversee with support of RCEP implementation of subproject activities Assist M&E person and Project Director in the preparation of environmental sections of regular reports Organize regular environmental monitoring at the jamoat and raion levels, analyze results, and aggregate overall environmental results of the project with reporting to the Project Director Analyze results and outcomes of the related projects implemented by World Bank and other donors (both finalized and current), in particular, in practical application of knowledge, methods and approaches of environmental land management Coordinate project activities in environmental land management with other project partners to ensure coordination, and to exchange lessons learned Provide an opportunity for comprehensive monitoring and study of environmental issues under the project subcomponents 1.2. (pasture management) and 1.3. (water management) Guide project/agency staff on project environmental requirements and provide them with the necessary information (i.e., local, national, or international environmental standards and requirements for a obtaining permit/license, contracts, LOIs, etc.); organize environmental training programs for IG staff; inform IG about new findings and approaches in environmental land management from projects in other countries or financed by international organizations. Submit monthly progress reports to the IG on the status and adequacy of action taken to meet environmental parameters identified for each of the project elements, noting weaknesses and suggesting measures for improvement. Provide guidance for project staff and assist with reviewing the procurement bidding documents for inclusion in relevant environmental mitigation measures, identifying weaknesses in design and specifications for resolving environmental problems. Monitor on a selective basis the environmental dynamics of land use by project beneficiaries, learn the lessons, and develop recommendations for other farmers, and officials Serve as a liaison between the environmental staff in line ministries and the IG. Ensure that all relevant documentation and reports related to the environmental aspects of projects are properly maintained by the IG. Update and revise environmental aspects of project documents as needed, e.g., relevant parts of the operational manual. Liaise with Farm Advisory Service and Farmer Training Center to ensure that environmental considerations are included in their technical disseminations. Liaise with Irrigation Division of MoA to ensure that environmental concerns are incorporated in capacity building activities for irrigation/water user groups. The environmental specialist will have an advanced degree in Environmental Science and at least a 10 year working experience related to environmental management in natural resources and rural development projects. He/she should be familiar with procedures for environmental assessment and monitoring, pest management issues, national and international environmental standards and requirements for drinking water, irrigation and land management, public health standards and technical parameter and safety standards, and CDD-approaches. He/she should have at least a 3 year work experience in private, local or national government administration system and with international organizations.

51 Annex 6. EMP for Construction and Rehabilitation, On-Farm Irrigation and Pasture Management Activities, The checklist-style format covers typical mitigation approaches to common civil works contracts and grants with localized impacts, and can be updated to incorporate the current experience with subproject implementation. This checklist could be directly applicable to bidding documents and form an integral part of contract and grant documents for civil works, including on-farm irrigation investments. The checklist has three sections:  Part 1 is a descriptive part (“site passport”) that describes project details including physical location, institutional and legislative aspects, the public consultation process, and a project description, including the need for a capacity building program. Attachments with additional information can be added if necessary.

 Part 2 includes the environmental and social screening in a simple Yes/No format, followed by mitigation measures for any given activity.

 Part 3 is a monitoring plan for activities during project construction and implementation. It uses the same format as the one required for standard World Bank EMPs. It is the intention of this checklist that Part 2 and Part 3 be included as bidding documents for contractors and grant recipients instead of or in addition to standard environmental bidding clauses. Part 3 should be developed site-specifically and in necessary detail, defining clear criteria and parameters that can be included in the works contracts and grant agreements, that reflect the status of environmental practices on the construction site, and that can be observed/measured/quantified/verified by the inspector during the construction works.

Application of the EMP-Checklist

The design process for the envisaged civil works will be conducted in three phases:

General identification and scoping phase, in which the objects are selected, and an approximate program for the potential work typologies elaborated. Part 2 of the tabular EMP can be used to select typical activities from a “menu” and relate them to the typical environmental issues and mitigation measures.

Detailed design and tendering phase, including specifications and bills of quantities for individual objects, integrating environmental provisions in the form of a tabular EMP. This phase also includes the tender and award of works contracts and grants. In this phase, the contractor’s/grant recipient’s obligations regarding environmental measures during the works are contractually fixed.

During the implementation phase, environmental compliance is checked on site (along with other quality criteria) by the contractor/grant recipient under supervision of the IG environmental specialist. The monitoring plan in Part 3 of the EMP table is the basis for verifying the contractor’s/grant recipient’s compliance with the required environmental provisions.

The practical application of the EMP checklist would include filling in Part 1 to obtain and document all relevant site characteristics. In Part 2 the type of foreseen works, as obtained from the design documents, would be checked and the resulting provisions listed below highlighted (e.g., by hatching the field or copying and pasting the relevant text passages into the special provisions of the tender documents.

The completed tabular EMP is then attached as an integral part of the works/grant and, analogous to all technical and commercial terms, has to be signed by the parties to the contract or grant agreement.

Part 3 would be filled in during the design process to fix key monitoring criteria that can be checked during and after works for compliance assurance and ultimately the contractor’s remuneration and grant payment.

52 EMP Checklist

Part 1: Institutional & Administrative Oblast/raion Project title Scope of project and activity Implementation Safeguard Local Counterpart Local Contractor / Grant arrangements Supervision Supervision Inspectorate Recipient (Name and contacts) Supervision

SITE DESCRIPTION Name of site Describe site location Attachment 1: Site Map [ ]Y [ ] N Who owns the land? Description of geographic, physical, biological, geological, hydrographic and socio-economic context Locations and distance for material sourcing, especially aggregates, water, stones LEGISLATION Identify national & local legislation & permits that apply to project activity PUBLIC CONSULTATION Identify when and where the public consultation process took place INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING Will there be any [ ] N or [ ]Y if Yes, Attachment 2 includes the capacity building program capacity building?

53 Part 2: Environmental /social screening Will the site Activity Status Additional references activity Building rehabilitation [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section B below include/involve New construction [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section B below any of the Individual wastewater treatment system [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section C below following: Historic building(s) or district(s) [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section D below Acquisition of land9 [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section E below Hazardous or toxic materials10 [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section F below Impacts on forests and/or protected areas [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section G below Handling or management of medical waste [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section H below Traffic or pedestrian safety [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section I below ACTIVITY PARAMETER MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST A. General Notification and Worker  Local construction and environment inspectorates and communities have been notified of upcoming Conditions Safety activities.  The public has been notified of the works through appropriate notification in the media and/or at publicly accessible sites (including the site of the works).  All legally required permits have been acquired for construction and/or rehabilitation.  The contractor/grant recipient formally agrees that all work will be carried out in a safe and disciplined manner designed to minimize impacts on neighboring residents and environments.  Workers’ PPE will comply with international good practice (hardhats always, masks and safety glasses as needed, harnesses and safety boots).  Appropriate signposting of the sites will inform workers of key rules and regulations. B. General Air Quality  During interior demolition, debris-chutes shall be utilized in proper way accounting national regulariries. Rehabilitation  Keep demolition debris in controlled area and sprayed with water mist to reduce debris dust. and /or  The surrounding environment (sidewalks, roads) shall be kept free of debris to minimize dust. Construction  There will be no open burning of construction/waste material at the site. Activities  There will be no excessive idling of construction vehicles at sites. Noise  Construction noise will be limited to restricted times agreed to in the permit.  During operations the engine covers of generators, air compressors and other powered mechanical equipment shall be closed, and equipment placed as far away from residential areas as possible. Soils and Water Quality  The site will establish appropriate erosion and sediment control measures such as e.g., hay bales and/or silt fences to prevent sediment from moving off site and causing excessive turbidity in nearby streams and rivers. Waste management  Waste collection and disposal pathways and sites will be identified for all major waste types expected from demolition and construction activities.  Mineral construction and demolition wastes will be separated from general refuse, organic, liquid and chemical wastes by on-site sorting, and will be stored in appropriate containers.  Construction waste will be collected and disposed of properly by licensed collectors.  Records of waste disposal will be maintained as proof of compliance with proper waste management as

9 Land acquisitions includes displacement of people, change of livelihood encroachment on private property this is to land that is purchased/transferred and affects people who are living and/or squatters and/or operate a business (kiosks) on land that is being acquired. 10 Toxic / hazardous material includes and is not limited to asbestos, toxic paints, removal of lead paint, etc.

54 agreed.  Whenever feasible the contractor/grant recipient will reuse and recycle appropriate and viable materials (except asbestos).

ACTIVITY PARAMETER MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST

C. Individual Water Quality  The approach to handling sanitary wastes and wastewater from building sites (installation or reconstruction) wastewater must be approved by the local authorities. treatment system  Before being discharged into receiving waters, effluents from individual wastewater systems must be treated in order to meet the minimal quality criteria set out by national guidelines on effluent quality and wastewater treatment.  Monitoring of new wastewater systems (before/after) will be carried out.  Construction vehicles and machinery will be washed only in designated areas where runoff will not pollute natural surface water bodies. D. Historic Cultural Heritage  If the building is a designated historic structure, very close to such a structure, or located in a designated building(s) historic district, notification shall be made and approval/permits shall be obtained from local authorities, in line with local and national legislation, addressing all construction activities.  Provisions shall be put in place so that artifacts or other possible “chance finds” encountered in excavation or construction are noted and registered, responsible officials contacted, and works activities delayed or modified to account for such finds. E. Acquisition of Land Acquisition  If expropriation of land was not expected but is required, or if unexpected loss of income from legal or land Plan/Framework illegal users of land occurs, the Bank’s Task Team Leader shall be immediately consulted.  The approved Land Acquisition Plan/Framework (if required by the project) will be implemented. F. Toxic Materials Asbestos management  If asbestos is located on the project site, it shall be marked clearly as hazardous material.  When possible, the asbestos will be appropriately contained and sealed to minimize exposure.  Prior to removal (if necessary), asbestos will be treated with a wetting agent to minimize asbestos dust.  Asbestos will be handled and disposed by skilled & experienced professionals.  If asbestos material is be stored temporarily, the wastes should be securely enclosed inside closed containers and marked appropriately. Security measures will be taken against unauthorized removal from the site.  The removed asbestos will not be reused. Toxic / hazardous waste  Temporary storage on site of all hazardous or toxic substances will be in safe containers labeled with management details of of the compositionand properties of the contents as well as handling instructions.  Containers holding hazardous substances shall themselves be placed inside leak-proof containers to prevent spillage and leaching.  Wastes shall be transported by specially licensed carriers and disposed of in a licensed facility.  Paints with toxic ingredients or solvents or lead-based paints will not be used. G. Affects forests, Protection . All recognized natural habitats and protected areas in the immediate vicinity of the activity will not be wetlands and/or damaged or exploited, and all staff will be strictly prohibited from hunting, foraging, logging or other protected areas damaging activities. . A survey and inventory shall be made of large trees in the vicinity of the activity; large trees shall be marked and cordoned off with a fencing, their root systems protected, and any damage to large trees avoided. . Adjacent wetlands and streams shall be protected from construction site run-off, with appropriate erosion and sediment controls including but not limited to hay bales and silt fences.

55 . There will be no unlicensed burrow pits, quarries or waste dumps in adjacent areas, especially not in protected areas. H. Disposal of Infrastructure for medical . In compliance with national regulations the Contractor/Grant Recipient will insure that newly constructed medical waste waste management and/or rehabilitated health care facilities include sufficient infrastructure for medical waste handling and disposal; this includes but is not limited to: . special facilities for segregated healthcare waste (including soiled instruments, “sharps,” and human tissue or fluids) from other waste disposal;

. appropriate storage facilities for medical waste are in place; and

. appropriate disposal options, in place and operational, if the activity includes facility-based treatment.

ACTIVITY PARAMETER MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST

I Traffic and Direct or indirect hazards to . In compliance with national regulations the Contractor/Grant Recipient will insure that the construction site Pedestrian Safety public traffic and pedestrians is properly secured and that construction-related traffic is regulated. This includes but is not limited to: by construction activities signposting, warning signs, barriers and traffic diversions: site will be clearly visible and the public warned of all potential hazards; traffic management system and staff training, especially for site access and near-site heavy traffic; Provision of safe passages and crossings for pedestrians where construction traffic interferes; adjustment of working hours to local traffic patterns, e.g., avoiding major transport activities during rush hours or times of livestock movement; active traffic management by trained and visible staff at the site, if required for safe and convenient passage by the public; and ensuring safe and continuous access to office facilities, shops and residences during renovation activities, if the buildings stay open for the public.

56 Part 3. Environmental monitoring plan for activities during project construction and implementation

Phase What Where How When Why Cost Who (Is the parameter to (Is the parameter to (Is the parameter to (Define the (Is the parameter (if not included in (Is responsible for be monitored?) be monitored?) be monitored?) frequency / or being monitored?) project budget) monitoring?) continuous?) During activity preparation

During activity implementation

During activity supervision

Such parameters and criteria include the use of PPE by workers on the site, dust generation and prevention, amount of water used and discharged by site, presence of proper sanitary facilities for workers, collection of different types of waste (mineral waste, wood, metals, plastic, and hazardous waste, such as asbestos, paint residues, and spent engine oil), waste quantities, proper organization of disposal pathways and facilities, and reuse and recycling wherever possible.

57 Annex 7. Guide for assessment of potential environmental risks and impacts

Activity Aspects Possible impact to environment Adverse and positive impact to Action or alleviating measures (risk) environment 1. Increasing field and horticultural Use of fertilizers and Water and soil pollution caused by Accumulation of harmful Use of recommended norms of crops productivity, agrochemicals (pesticides, improper application in quantity substances, pollution of surface mineral fertilizers, wider herbicides and insecticides) soil and type of organic and inorganic and underground water, increased introduction and adoption of crop treatment techniques, providing of fertilizers and agrochemicals. water erosion, rise of water table rotation, pruning of twigs of tree watering, use of sheets for Non biodegradable Polyethylene level. crops and inter- row cultivation , covering of green houses sheets can pollute the soil surface, Ravines, Gully formations, and use of composting. Use only it may cause negative effects on Landslides, standard and doses of environment Eutrophication of water resources agrichemicals (pesticides, Poorly-managed over irrigation Positive effect : herbicides and insecticides can cause erosion of soil, create Rehabilitation and Green cover permitted by FAO Codex). Store ravines, rise in level of water table, with plantation of areas. Keeping the agrochemicals in designated salinity flooding and disruption of of bio balance and improvement of places and use the containers only communication, inflow harmful landscape. by recommended methods strictly elements from fertilizers and following standard procedures chemicals in to sub soil layers and and rules. Use the IPM for control pollute underground waters. of pests, use biological methods and bio- pesticides Use recommended methods and rules for irrigation, properly maintain equipment dikes and infra structures. Provide regular information and training to farming communities on all the aspects of protection of environment.

58 2. Agricultural product processing Accumulation of significant Affects people’s normal life and Adverse impact Noise reduction of at Farm level: quantity of left over wastes from environmental flora and fauna. On health of the people health. equipment, protecting the farm product processing (dirts, Appearance of infections, Local area air pollution, pollution of territory against dust, use of rejects, spoilages constituting multiplication of pests, insects, soil layers and ground water. dust elimination equipment. almost 10% of the farm output. and rodents. Decrease in number Accumulation of soild wastes. Application of advanced Cause noise pollution, dust during of particular crop plants in the Positive effect. technologies for storage of the working of processing units. area. Improvement of population protect finished products. natural conditions and their Construction of structures for health. collection and disposal of waste liquids Processing and usages of wastes (drying. and adding to the compost and/or other measures). Recovery of the area with suitable crop planting after completion of any construction works.

3. Animal Breeding and Introduction construction of Animal wastes accumulate in the Adverse impact 1. Collection and utilization or Husbandry modern pen, stables and the vicinity of living area of the 1. Pollution of area by wastes clearance of waste materials. insemination centers, opening of community. from veterinary points 2. Introduction of crop/land veterinary service points. Vet-Service points accumilate 2. Polluted air drift, dust rotation. syringes,bottles, waste bandages, appearances, loss of vegetative 3. Collection and utilization of and discarded materials. screens. wastes in special places, Rotting smell of wastes, flowing of 3.Unpleasant smell of outflow application of deodorization poultry cattle-shedwastes from poultry units and cattle devices, location of outflow runs contaminating water sources. sheds. of pultry and cattlesheds in a Spreading of animal and bird 4. Appearance of insects and special receiver away from human diseases among the humans. pests. habitation, observing sanitary Loss of lands, absence of crop 5. Spreading of diseases. norms for health care and covers. Pollution of streets and 6. Pollution of water resources. maintenance roads by cattle dung and urine. 4. Maintain container cleanness, Positive effect. their treatment with disinfectants, 1. Availability of sources of 5. Organization of drainage organic fertilizers. systems, concrete dung-yards, 2.Provide the population with avoid flowing of wastes to water necessary food, primary goods for sources. economic activities.

59 1. Pollution of soil and oil and Adverse impact 1. Right storage and use of oil and 4. Services in Agriculture Transportation and removing of grease products with water. 1. Gases of Oil, grease and etc in gas. - small scale production units for techniques. 2. reduction in the green the air. 2. Maintenance of equipment in agriculture; including introduction Building of sites, accommodation, plantation cover in the area under 2. Fumigation of adjoining area. proper working order and of leasing techniques, blacksmiths storages, storages for oil and constructions. 3. Unpleasant noise. improving their working service units, etc grease products, and spare parts. 3. Noise, dust, fume, unpleasant 4. Reduction of green cover. conditions. smell plollusions. 5. Appearance of wastes from 3. Establishment of green tree 4. Deforestation of forests metallurgies and blacksmiths covers and re-planting of lands because poor metallurgies and production. with trees. blacksmith's units using 4. Collection, storage and timely indiscriminately their fuel needs, Positive effect. disposal of of production wastes. mis application of energy 1. Improvement of conditions and resources for heating of buildings increasing of labour power use for and cooking. and productivity . 2. Decreasing of negative impact on environment.

5. Apiculture Transportation of honeybee boxes, 1. Trampling grass, bushes during Adverse impact Use of gases and other energy inventory and honey to and from transportation, forming of new 1. Reduction of grass and bushes. resources for cooking. fields. paths on the field. 2. Clearance of trees. Proper care in the use of water Winter maintenance of colonies. 2. . Trampling of grass, bushes, 3. compaction of soil. sources. Avoid contamination of clearance of trees near the 4. Pollution of water resources. waters by working away from the camping-grounds regular watercourse and rivers. 3. Pollution of water resources. Positive effect 1. Increasing of natural field crop productivity, grass, bushes and trees as a result of improved pollination by honey bees. 2. Products of apiculture (honey, bee-wax) are useful for people. 6. Horticulture on the steep lands Installation of mini- 1. It can create ravine erosion, Adverse impact 1. Fast plantation of territories, - plantations of fruit and nut tree trenches/benches, rollers, landslides because of natural 1. Change in physical structure of especially terraced rows by local plants on steep lands along the embaking of soil against the slope, water course if not managed land use types of plants. contour line excavation of holes along the properly before vegetating. 2. Disappearing of bio differences 2. For irrigation to use - Use micro terraced fruit gardens countour against the slopes, 2. Pipes may break and irrigation on cultivated areas. appropriated quality of water and (ring- and basin shaped and laying of pipes for spot irrigation, dikes may break, creates ravenes. 3. Increasing of surface erosion, the necessary quantity. hydrographic systems) 3. Use of salt water may cause ravines, incidence of increased 3. Provide high exploitation - gardens with drip/ spot irrigation, salinization of soil. soil erosion along the slope. reliability of irrigation system. mulching of land surface 4. Irrigation can promote further Positive effect 4. Create good drainage system - use of live embankment (live sliding of soild and cause erosion. 1. Greening of watershed for removing of surface and bushes. Planting of perennial territories with growing underground water. Grass-hedges along the contour economically viable trees/ plants. 5. Provide training, if necessary.

60 2. Protection of rainfed cultivable 6. Strengthen of standards for lands, and more sustainable use terracing and provide budget on of fragile land protected from maintenance. further degradation. 7. Pasture management : Proper use and improvement of 1. Soil erosion is possible before Adverse impact 1. Strict observance of walk order - improving production of fodders pasture land and soil, reduction of establishment of grasses, 1. Possibility of negative of livestock. - Rising mobility of livestock weeds. Introduction of small especially on steep slpoes. anthropogenic action on 2. Regulation of livestock in (including repair of shelters in the construction works. Transportation 2. Trampling of soil surface may environment. accordance with the fodder selected rayons, at points of and excavation of water holes, cause reduction of grass and 2. Reduction in pasture land and capacity of pasture. water- holes for cattle) formation of small field roads, bushes, removing of barks and their contraction, with the 3. Selection of ways of punching - Pasture rotation and establish bridges, cause ways with pipes for sets. appearance of construction waste from green plantations and trees. ment of live fences, for example animal passages. 3. Cession of pasture lands and lands. 4. Construction of storages, sheds, green fences their contraction, at the 3. Disappearance of bushes used small roads, cause ways. - sustainable development of construction points. for fencing, before their 5. Creating of special nurseries for pastures 4. disappearance of bushes used establishment possibility because multiplication and supply of for fencing, before their of water and soil erosion of land planting stocks for erosion control establishment possibility because area used for planting bushes. and fences. of lack of moisture and water and Positive effect soil erosion. 1. Reduction of rate of erosion 2. Improving and maintaining of bio-structures of bushes. 3. Decrease in the loss of productive layer on land, improving of microclimate. 8. Planting of trees/ agro Cultivation of soil surface, 1.Land reduction Adverse impact 1. Enforce correct standards of sylviculture reduction of weeds. Taking up of 2. Incorrect execution of 1. Land reduction and reduction of activities such as terracing, and - wood areas for planting of fuel need based small construction rehabilitation works rapid loss of areas of other areas. make provisions for maintenance and wood trees works.. rehabilitated objects and areas. 2. Incorrect execution of costs. - wind-break (trees and bushes) 3. Escalated appearance of rehabilitation works rapid loss of 2. Provide proper regulation of against slopes and around the insects, rodents and diseases rehabilitated objects and areas. animal and plant production and fields carriers. 3. Escalated appearance of movement in the project areas . - stabilization of slopes with insects, rodents and diseases 3. Encourage planting of native bushes and planting of trees carriers. species - vegetative fences Positive effect 4. Provide training as needed 1. Improvement of land condition, decreasing of erosion, improvement in the productivity of top soil 2. Helps people providing them with the fuel during winter. 3. Plantation and rehabilitation of territories, improved areas and reduction of erosion. 4. The specific area plant and animal (flora and fauna improves.

61 9. Pest control and diseases Collection and transportation of 1. Incorrect preparation and Adverse impact Correct preparation and proper - biological control plants, preparing of solutions. improper use of bio pesticides. No adverse impact. use of bio pesticides - Integrated measures for pest Positive effect Provide training as needed on IPM control (with the use of bio Ecologically clean and safe methods pesticides) technology. 10.Irrigation for sustainable land Digging of trenches and borrow 1. Amplification of soil Detrimental effects: 1. Moistening of the use and management pits, along the canals, secondary erosion process, of ravine 1. During the surface area and providing -rehabilitation of existing canals effect of transportation of formation, subsidence construction formation of dust suitable cover during the and minor irrigation canals construction materials and erosion of top soil clouds, noise and solid waste, transportation -Stabilization of slopes of contour along the slopes. accumulation ,destruction of 2. Work only during the ditches and irrigation canals 2. Rising of the water level, planted areas day time in the dwelling areas. -repairs and replacement of low flooding and of farm areas 2. Flow of additional 3. Suitable collection powered irrigation pumps. 3. Possible increase in land waters from the sprinkles and transportation of garbage salinization. 3. Increased soil and solid wastes. erosion leading to ravine 4. Restoration of soil formation, subsidence and surface and re –vegetation of erosion of top soil along the banks with shrubs and slops. grasses 4. Rising of the water 5. Regulated flow table level, flooding of farm diversion and maintenance of areas. irrigation infrastructure. 5. Possible increase in 6. Provision of high land salinization reliability and system 6. Possible operation. downstream impacts on water 7. The use of low saline users. quality water Positive effects: 8. Apply appropriate Better control of water flow greater construction guidelines and all year round use of land, standards Improvement of effective natural 9. Provide farmers resources management, greener trainings in drip and similar landscapes, improvement of irrigation techniques microclimate

62 11. Alternative source of energy Digging of trenches and pits, along 1. Possible damage to Detrimental effects: 1. Observance of design and effective use of energy supply the canals, transportation of reservoir and diversion canals. 1. Allocation of land for conditions, during construction -micro hydro power stations materials 2. Possibility of lands and construction leading to loss of and utilization of the -bio-gas utilities Improper site selection and buildings affected by flooding. land constructed objects. -solar energy operation facilities 3. Possible exposure to 2. Possible damage to 2. Choose run of the river -micro Wind mills (to harness wind accidents and burning by reservoirs and diversion of rather than impoundment and power) helium during installations. canals, land erosion, flooding of dams. 4. Impacts on downstream houses in the dwelling areas. 3. Moistening of the of the water users, fish, aquatic 3. Impacts on downstream surface and use of suitable organisms. water users, fish, aquatic cover during transportation 5. Water table fluctuations organisms 4. Work only during the day 6. Noise during operations 4. Water table fluctuations time in the dwelling areas 5. Changes in seasonal 5. Suitable collection and stream flows. transportation of garbage, solid wastes Positive effects: 6. Restoration of the top Support to Preservation of forests spoil and replanting. and biodiversity 7. Mitigate noise and General improvement of ecological vibrations during operations. situation Reduced indoor air pollution 12. Drinking water Constructive activities, disposal of 1. Possible damage to the Detrimental effects: 1. Moistening of the of the surface - rehabilitation of existing systems waste materials, water quality. pipes. 1. Allocation of land for and providing cover during the - creation of new systems with the 2. Possible spread of construction leading to loss of transportation help of rural agencies diseases from various sources, land. 2. Work only during the day contamination from animal 2. Possible loss of water time in the dwelling areas manure, fertilizers, mud and from source 3. Suitable collection and solid wastes. 3. Increased incidence of transportation of garbage and 3. Degradation of the waterborne diseases. solid wastes. planted area 4. Poor water quality 4. Restoration of the top soil 4. Disruption in the water, 5. Possible damage to and replanting storage and distribution reservoirs and diversion of 5. Provision of causing deviations from the canals, land erosion, houses reliabilitation . system acceptable norms. in the dwelling areas. 6. Provisions of 5. Pollution and Positive effects: maintenance budget. contamination of underground Improvement in people’s living 7. Construction of sewerage and surface waters by waste standard, reduced incidence of system or recycling of used waters diseases . waters. 6. Non-observance of set 8. Seasonal cleaning of out Rule (on quality) in supply water intakes for keeping the of drinking water, system in proper functioning 7. Legal status of the project for water distribution. implementing staff 9. Periodical water analyses of water for organisms, including Coliform and E-cloi; Make appropriate

63 recommendations for the stake holders to observe water quality. 10. Periodical training 13. Transportation Digging of trenches and pits, along 1. Improvement in use of Detrimental effects: 1. Enforce road and trail - trip to rural areas the canals, transportation of forests, pastures and other 1. Allocation of land for building standards and - limited volume of work on rode materials. natural resources and stop construction leading to loss of provide maintenance . pot holes repairs and rehabilitation their degradation. land. 2. Suitable collection and of connecting roads, 2. Mud and solid wastes 2. Unregulated and poor transportation of garbage - improvement to small scale road and garbages. use of forests, pastures and 3. Replacement of top soil drainages 3. Loss of vegetative or other natural resources and loss of planting area. - repair of small bridges (access to wooded area leading to their degradation. 4. Reliability of system the market) 4. Escalation of erosion rate 3. Increase Mud and solid 5. Traffic regulations and formation of ravines. waste garbage 4. Degradation of vegetative or wooded area. 5. Increased erosion processes and ravine forming.

Positive effects: Improvement of population’s condition of life. Reduction of poverty level. Opening up of remote pastures and reduction in overgrazing. 14. Other activities Tilling of land leading to Land occupation/capture and Detrimental effects: 1. Correct work organization - stabilization of slopes by destruction of perennial weeds. decreasing of area for other crops. Allocation of land for construction during design and construction planting grasses and bushes Taking up minor constructional Incorrect design of rehabilitation leading reduction of land under phase. and planting of tree across works. works and rapid destruction of crops. 2. To regulate the animal and slope along the contour lines Transportation and digging of rehabilitated objects and plots. Incorrect design of rehabilitation plant conditions at project sites - Soil erosion, control borrow pits, lining of small field Appearance of pests, rodents and works and rapid destruction of and plots. protection on a river banks by roads. etc. acting as carriers of diseases rehabilitated objects and plots 3. Consultation with affected tree and grass planting. Appearance of new pests and landowners and population during diseases planning. Positive effects: 1. Improvement of land conditions, reduction of erosion, Los of top layer of soil 2. It will help supply the people with the fuel during the winter period. 3. Planting and rehabilitation of territories and plots will decrease the erosion 4. Will improve the animal and plants conditions.

64 65 Annex 8. Eligible and Ineligible Rural Productivity Investments This is an indicative listing of investments with a purpose to show the types of activities that can and cannot be considered under each component of rural production in the project. While not all possible activities are included here and there is scope for innovation, participants should also be careful about understanding the types of investments that will be considered ineligible. There may be cases where there will be combinations of activities within components.

Farm Productivity Environmental Land Rural Infrastructure Resource Management

Eligible investments

1. Improving productivity of field and horticultural 1. Sloping land horticulture 1. Irrigation in support of SLRM crops, medicinal plants, mulberry for sericulture - contour planting of fruit - repair of existing channels and through adopting new and appropriate and nut trees on rain-fed small canals (with tree planting) technologies land - slope stabilization with contour - establishing simple low cost green houses - terraced orchards (ring inward trenches and channels - seed potato production, (including real seed) and basin systems) - repair and replacement of small- - fodder seed (both pulses and grass) production - orchards with drip/basin scale pumps - private nurseries irrigation, mulching - vineyards and orchards - use of live fencing - improved cropping systems, such as inter- relay , multiple cropping. - cultivation of medicinal plants - improved crop and tree varieties (wood lots) - improved agronomic practices to enhance production, minimize purchased inputs - community-revolving seed funds 2. Agricultural product processing 2. Pasture Management 2. Alternative and efficient use of - processing of oilseeds, vegetables and fruit - improved fodder energy - packaging of vegetable and fruit produce production - micro-hydro power - processing of dairy and meat products - improving livestock - bio-gas units - packaging and grading mobility (includes repair of - solar power - technically appropriate storage facilities for shelters in remote areas, - micro wind power agricultural products watering holes for - improved stoves livestock) - improved insulation of public - rotational grazing and buildings fencing, e.g. live fencing - improved trails to pastures 3. Improving livestock productivity 3. Tree Planting/ Farm 3. Drinking water - introduction of better breeds suited to local Forestry - rehabilitation of existing facilities conditions - woodlots for fuel and - provision of new facilities through - breed improvement timber village organizations - poultry, turkey and quail production - windbreaks/shelterbelts - private veterinary services (with trees and shrubs) on - livestock management associations (cattle, hills and around fields sheep and goats) - gully stabilization with shrubs and tree planting - live fencing 4. Support services for agriculture 4. Soil and water 4. Transport - small-scale farm input supply including conservation measures - village trails machinery leasing, units - crop rotations (e.g. - limited essential patching and - blacksmith services introduction of legumes as rehabilitation of access and feeder - provision of market information inter crop and relay crops) roads (access to markets) - transport and sales cooperatives - composting - improved minor road drainage - irrigation repair ( if - repair of minor bridges (access currently contributing to to markets) erosion) leading to improved efficiency of water use 5. Apiculture (Beekeeping) 5. Pest and disease control 5. Others - biological controls - slope stabilization through grass - integrated pest or shrub cultivation with tree belts

66 management (with use of on contour bio-pesticide only) - river bank erosion protection with vegetative cover Ineligible investments

- tobacco production, processing - use of pesticides under - dam construction (old or new) of - activities that consume large amounts of local WHO Class Ia and Ib and more than 3 meters in height wood without rehabilitation Class II - establishing new irrigation - activities that include increasing of livestock on - activities that include pumps degraded pastures ploughing on steep slopes - activities that would involve without terracing involuntary resettlement (dams, - activities that consume roads, etc.) large amounts of local - education and health wood without rehabilitation investments - activities that completely destroy topsoil on an area larger than 100 sq.m (e.g. wide canals, bunkers, pits, etc.) - activities that consume large amounts of local wood without rehabilitation

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