Test Review for Chapters 23 26

Test Review for Chapters 23 – 26

1. Similarities & differences between the British in India & the Dutch in Java. Similarities: Divide and conquer, Support local empires, began with little power.

Differences: Dutch Military, local , British and French Rivalry, English use of Native troops

2. How were 18th century land empires in Asia accumulated? 3. What was the relationship between the English Parliament and the British East India Company? - Rampant corruption on part of the company officials forced the parliament to enact significant reforms in the administration of the East India Company and it’s colonies. 4. What was the outcome of the Opium War? - Around 1 percent of China’s population was addicted (millions of people) China closed its ports to British trade and Britain went to war with them because of this. As a result of the addiction to opium they traded away most of their silver and lost Hong Kong to the British till 1999. Trade balance flipped 5. Understand modernization and westernization in the context of Latin America? - 6. What Chinese official was supposed to eliminate the opium trade in the 1830s? Lin Zexu, one of the most distinguished officials in the empire. 7. Monroe Doctrine -American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered a unfriendly act by the U.S.; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. 8. What were the weaknesses & strengths of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century? Weaknesses- Inflation, political decay, loss of land, social tensions, crime, rebellions, taxes not paid to sultan Strengths- got first printing press in 1727 9. The “Glorious Revolution” -English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty. 10. Who led “La Reforma”? -Benito Juárez 11. Know exports of Latin American nations. - Peru- Guano, Brazil- coffee, Argentina- Beef and hides, grains/minerals- Chile 12. What was the center of Egyptian administration in the Sudan? - Khartoum 13. What signs of dynastic decline existed in the Qing? - Banditry, corruption of exams, explosive bureaucracy. 14. Manchu Dynasty- a.k.a.? -Qing 15. The last emperor of China was deposed in…. 1912 16. Manifest Destiny -Belief of the government of the U.S. that it was destined to rule the continent coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. 17. The “Restoration” - Dunno lol help 18. What was the problem with Manchu attempts at reform? -Resistance from peasantry? 19. What impact did the British opium trade have on China? - Reversed balance of trade, silver flowed out and gave England favorable trade status with China, and gave them hong kong till 1999 (treaty of Nanking) 20. What are aspects of imperialism in the period following European industrialization? - Dunno lol help 21. What is the earliest example of a European empire built independently by company agents? - Java??? 22. a. Simon Bolívar -Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia b. José de San Martin -Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. c. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna -Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by U.S. in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. d. Augustine de Iturbide -Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824 23. Guano -Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. 24. Santa Anna?? dominated Mexican politics between 1832 & 1854 25. Where in Latin America & the Caribbean did slavery not exist in the mid 19th century? Haiti 26. a. Who was Benjamin Disraeli & what did he do? -Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics. b. Cavour? -Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king c. Otto von Bismarck? -Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. d. Garibaldi? - 27. The Chartist Movement? -Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed. 28. What is “mass leisure”? -An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theatre, vacation trips, and team sports. 29. Sepoys? -Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India. 30. Boers? -Dutch settlers in Cape Colony 31. Sun Yat-sen -Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912. 32. Caudillos? -Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. 33. What century did most Latin American countries achieve independence? Early 19th century 34. “The Mask of Ferdinand”? -Term given to movement in Latin America allegedly loyal to the displaced Bourbon king of Spain, Ferdinand VII; actually Creole movements for independence. 35. Why/How was independent Brazil different? - Still under monarchy, not much social/economic change 36. Know features & events of the French Revolution. Start- 1789/ Bastille stormed on July 14th, 1787, 1794, “Cult of the Supreme Being”, 1799 Napoleon, 1815- Congress of Vienna 37. Zheng He -Series of seven overseas trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo; led by court eunuch Zhenghe between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire. 38. Mandate of Heaven -The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. 39. Understand the beliefs of enlightenment philosophers. Rosseau- government based on general will, economic change, 40. Rule by Divine Right - Says the king is next to god, attack on king is attack on god. 41. Young Turks? -