Vidic 2:00 L14 ETHICS INVOLVED WITH CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES IN SPACECRAFT
Josh Neamtu ([email protected])
CURRENT SPACECRAFT MATERIALS AND ISSUES ETHICS OF CNT COMPOSITES
Companies, such as SpaceX, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Suppose I work at a company, such as SpaceX. I am Orbital Sciences Corps, and NASA, are always on the tasked with a group of engineers to rebuild a rocket in order lookout for materials that are lightweight, durable, and cost for it to be launched into space. I have two options on the efficient. Today’s craft are made out of titanium, aluminum, table. I could use current materials that the rocket was vanadium, and carbon composites. SpaceX is designing a already made of. These materials would be aluminum, rocket, the Falcon Heavy, which will allow the company to titanium, and carbon composites. The other option is to carry 21,200 kg of material to geo-stationary orbit for a price construct a new CNT based material to rebuild the rocket. of $85 million [1]. SpaceX reports the rocket having a mass Here we are faced with a dilemma. The first idea of 1,462,836 kg [2]. With the mass of the payload and the utilizes already proven technology that is relatively rocket, it costs $57.27 per kilogram to launch the rocket into inexpensive, but it is very costly to launch. The second idea geo-stationary orbit. It costs $4,009 per kg for the payload uses the lighter and more efficient CNT material which alone. These costs are still being determined, but it is clear would make the launch of the craft cost less, but the time that the weight of the rocket contributes a lot to the cost of and money required to rebuild the rocket greatly exceeds the sending it into space. While, aluminum and titanium are original plan using the more common materials. durable and effective in creating spacecraft, there must be a In order to make a decision, we must show the better way to construct a rocket. We as engineers should be differences between the two ideas and use the code of ethics finding a way to better effectively send rockets and from the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) spacecraft into space to further man’s reach into it. and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Use of Carbon Nanotube Composites in Spacecraft (AIAA). We would need to apply specific canons and rules in order to come up with a decision. Lowering costs of spaceflight comes with having lighter crafts. Lighter crafts mean smaller, more efficient engines, ISSUES IN PROPOSED IDEAS less fuel, which then saves weight. The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNT) has created a rush to exploit the properties In order to properly apply the codes of ethics, we must of it. NASA currently uses composites that are about 3 to 4 look at the issues surrounding the two proposed plans. Once times stronger than steel by weight and have calculated CNT the issues have been addressed and there is a better to be 600 times stronger than steel by weight [3]. Clearly it understanding of the plans, then we can look at which would be more efficient to use a CNT composite as the canons apply in making a decision. building material for the craft because you would need less of it. Furthermore, CNT materials could be used for their Difficulty in Creating CNT electrical purposes.Studies from the Applied Physics journal state that CNT can carry a current of 109 amperes (A), while There are few ways to synthesize CNT. One method is a copper wire of 3 mm can carry a current of 400 A [4]. It is arc discharge. It is an electrical breakdown of gas that gives theoretically possible for the rocket to store power in the off a plasma discharge. Professor Sumio Iijima found that carbon nanotube composite itself and therefore get rid of when doing this to graphene electrodes, CNT is found in the batteries that would be needed to store the power. Now, carbon soot and it yields up to 30% by weight [5]. Today, given the properties and uses of CNT, it is important to note this is still only done on a small scale. that the development of this material is very costly and the Another method is chemical vapor deposition. In CVD, a amount of research that needs to be done to successfully layer of substrate, usually nickel, cobalt, or iron, is heated to create a sustainable material is extensive. It should be clear around 700 degrees Celsius. The CNT grows after two that there is much more money, time, and labor needed to gases, ammonia and nitrogen, are bled into the reactor. The devise a useable rocket with CNT composites. CNT is formed on the edges of the metal substrate where the carbon has been pushed. This is the most widely used way to create CNT at the moment [6]. Companies such as Bayer
University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of Engineering 1 Submission Date 2014-10-28 ENGR0011/0711 Section Group #
Material Science produce CNT in this fashion for around this situation, we must consider the design that will keep $50 per gram [7]. consumers and workers safe, keep the environment safe, and Laser ablation is using a pulsed laser to vaporize graphite does not have a negative impact on anything. We first must in a high temperature reactor while nanotubes develop on the look at CNT toxicity. The 2007 report by Jelena Kolosnjaj cooler surface of the reactor. It yields up to 70% by weight, states that CNT in the body can inflammation, cell death, but it is the most expensive of the 3 processes according to lung changes, etc. [9]. While working with CNT is the Scientific American journal [8]. beneficial to advance technology, it is important to take into We must pay attention to the cost of incorporating CNT account the health and safety of workers and consumers. For is the construction of a spacecraft. Even if you take the workers, it is possible to inhale CNT particles without even cheapest method of CVD, there is still an extraordinary cost knowing. Proper care and precautions need to be taken to in order to create enough for a space worthy rocket. If the handle the material properly. For consumers, we must take primary material used for a rocket is CNT, and the rocket into account that the rocket could have a defect causing CNT has a mass of around 1,500,000 kg, the cost for using just particles to fly about. Consideration must be taken so that 50,000 kg of CNT would cost around, $2.5 billion dollars. long term exposure to the craft does not hamper anyone’s This would make the development of the rocket to reach an health of who is on the spacecraft. extraordinary amount of money. Since CNT is so new and technologically superior, there is a higher cost to making it. With a higher cost comes many Toxicity of CNT possible factors. A higher cost could mean that fewer people are hired to build and design the craft. This would lead to In 2007, Jelena Kolosnjaj of Paris Diderot University fewer jobs and the economic viability of constructing the published a report that shows, under certain conditions, if craft may make the project not possible. Suppose NASA is raw CNT material reaches the organs, they can cause creating this craft. The money for creating the craft would inflammation, fibrotic reactions, and cell death [9]. There are come out of taxpayer’s pockets. Whether or not that is a many other reports that state the same thing. One thing is good way to spend government money is up to the public. certain, there must be precautions when dealing with CNT We still must take this into consideration for the welfare of because they can pose a serious risk to human health. There the public. must be proper risk assessment. A NSPE Board of Ethical Review published a case that has some relevance to this scenario. A fire protection Defects in CNT Manufacturing engineer has the responsibility of updating a fire alarm system but, since funding fell through, does not address the CNT exhibit what is known as crystallographic defects. problem [11]. In this case, the engineer is obligated to hold As with almost anything, the arrangement of carbon atoms is the safety of others first and to inform employers/superiors not always perfect. The regular pattern of the fullerenes is of the problem. A similar problem could occur with the toxic stopped by crystallographic defects. This could range from CNT. Suppose I am tasked to get the manufacturing of CNT atomic vacancies (missing atom), precipitates in the CNT, started, but the funding to properly equip my team with the extra atoms, etc. With these defects, it affects the properties right protection isn’t quite there; I would have to notify my of CNT. Thermal, electrical, tensile strength, and magnetism employer that I cannot manufacture this because of the are all affected. Making a perfectly forming CNT is by no needed protection for my team. means easy. In order to create enough CNT to produce the When discussing whether or not CNT should be used in rocket, the manufacturing of the material will need to be creating a spacecraft, health and safety must be used to increased in order to create enough CNT. This creates a determine what course should be taken. greater cost for money and time. Areas of Competence APPLYING CANONS The NSPE and ASME state, “Engineers shall perform All engineers must follow the code of ethics of the NSPE services only in the areas of their competence” [10][12]. and their respective field codes. Here we will look at the This means that they can only work on assignments where codes of ethics for the NSPE, ASME, and AIAA. they are qualified through education and experience in the specific technical field. Safety, Health, and Welfare When working on creating the spacecraft, I must consider who I hire based on their technical skills. CNT is The NSPE, ASME, AIAA, in essence all state the still a relatively new material and qualified workers who can following canon, “Hold paramount the safety, health, and handle CNT would be in demand. If they are in demand then welfare of the public.” This describes that in all engineering the cost to hire them will increase, therefore increasing the projects, the safety and welfare of others comes first [10]. In cost of development. It would be my obligation to hire those
2 ENGR0011/0711 Section Group # who are educated and experienced. Even if I am not After extensive research and reviewing the code of technically proficient, I must appoint those who are. ethics, I would most likely choose to build the spacecraft A case published by webGURU talks about a graduate that does not have the carbon nanotube composites. There is student attempting to carry out a chemical reaction. The no way to justify the immense costs of the craft for it to be student did not have a good understanding of what would built. happen with the reaction and regrettably dies due to bursting The things that went into this decision was the toxicity of flames [13]. This is a perfect example why engineers should CNT. As of now, there are not many people who know how follow the canon of only performing in fields they have to handle CNT and there is much needed research to be done competence in. In order to properly make a decision on on what other effects there could be from being around which idea to pursue, I must consider the fact that I would CNT. Not only are there adverse effects for those working need to hire professionals with education and experience and with CNT, there is also a threat to those who work upon the be willing to pay higher salaries. spacecraft. There is just not enough info of what could happen when there is prolonged contact with CNT. In order Conflict of Interest to follow the canon of keeping the safety, health, and welfare of others first, we must choose the other spacecraft A canon found in the ASME code of ethics states, design. “Engineers shall act in professional matters for each Secondly, we have to consider that there are not many employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall people who have expertise with CNT and their properties. avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of With a limited supply of professionals, they would need to interest” [12]. When designing projects, one always has to have high salaries which would increase project costs. In keep the business side of things in mind; cost, production, order to successfully and ethically design the spacecraft, we employees, deals, etc. As engineers we must act honorably would need number a professionals that are familiar with and responsibly. It is part of the code of ethics. When CNT, something that it not available at the moment. considering the business side, you think of self-interest, Finally, we must consider the cost of CNT and the greed, profit, personal gain, etc. A case published by Texas project as a whole. 1 gram of CNT cost $50. The most Tech University gives an example of an engineer who has a powerful rocket today is the Falcon heavy. It has a mass of decline in projects and opens a new office in a new country 1,462,836 kg [2]. If we were to theoretically construct it all in order to gain profit [14]. This shows an engineer putting out of CNT, it would cost $7,314,800,000. Of course it his self interest in front of the engineering code of ethics by would not be entirely made of CNT, this is just to put the setting up an office in an already filled area. These two cost of making CNT into perspective. The cost to develop mindsets are very different from one another. One focuses the Falcon Heavy by SpaceX was $300 million [16]. There on personal gain and the other focuses on the gain of society is no way to justify the cost of producing a CNT dominant as a whole. Here is a conflict of interests. Engineers must be spacecraft in this day and age. The production scale is too aware of this canon and conduct themselves in a way so that small at the moment and the cost to make such a small there is no conflict. That means choosing a design because it amount is too high. When following the engineering code of follows engineering ethics and not personal interest. ethics, building a spacecraft with current materials is the best course of action to take in this scenario. Honor and Responsibility References The NSPE, ASME, and AIAA codes of ethics all state that engineers should conduct themselves honorable, [1] "Capabilities & Services." SpaceX. 2013. responsible, ethically, and lawfully [10][12][15]. In our (Web). 28 Oct. 2014. situation, we must not let personal conflicts or interests
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I would like to thank my roommate, Hunter, for giving me his perspective on the code of ethics. I would also like to [6] Kumar, Mukul, and Yoshinori Ando. "Chemical thank the librarians for showing me relevant books. Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Growth Mechanism and Mass Production." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2010): 3739-758. (Print). [7] Evans, Jon. "Manufacturing the Carbon Nanotube Market." Manufacturing the Carbon Nanotube Market. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1 Jan. 2007. (Web). 28 Oct. 2014.
ACKOWLEDGMENTS
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Bracketed reference numbers go after a paraphrase and before punctuation marks; for example, paraphrased material [3].
See Formatting Your References on page 3, and “How to Reference Sources” (linked from the Writing Assignments page) for further information on how to set up your References section
References Section
Every in-text reference number must have a corresponding, same-numbered reference in your REFERENCES section. For example, if the 1st source from which you quote or paraphrase is an article on a NASA deep space initiative, you must put the bracketed number [1] after the paraphrased material. The 1 st reference in your references section will then be [1] and will include, in the correct order and with the correct punctuation, all the bibliographic information for that NASA article. For example, this is what you would put in your REFERENCES section: [1] D. Weaver, M. Brakus. (2011). “NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System.” NASA Exploration. (online article). http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls/html The next reference in your References section would be [2] and would provide bibliographic information for the next source from which you have quoted or paraphrased (referenced as [2] in your paper). The basic correct order and punctuation for your bibliographic information is this:
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[number] First Initial of Author. Last Name of Author. (Date of Publication). “Title of Article.” Larger Source Within Which Article is Located. (source medium; for example, online article, or website, or print article, or blog entry). URL or DOI. p. To see how to correctly present bibliographic information for a variety of kinds of sources (for example, print articles, online articles, lecture notes), consult the “How to Present Sources” document available on the Writing Assignments page.
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Place the FIGURE number below the picture, drawing, chart, etc. Reference number for figures: use bracketed number (as you would for any material taken from a source); place the bracketed number just after the FIGURE number. Place FIGURE caption below the figure number 10 pt., centered. Figure captions are brief descriptions of the photograph, drawing, chart, etc. “Double space” (hit return/enter) between “body” text and figure; between figure and FIGURE number with reference, and between FIGURE caption and and following “body” text For example:
FIGURE 1 [3] Mars Rover Curiosity’s tool turret and flexible arm
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The drill used to collect rock samples on Mars is located on the “tool turret” at the end of Curiosity’s robotic arm, as shown in Figure 1. In May of 2013, the drill bored into a specifically targeted area of Mars rock and obtained a powdered sample of the rock [4].
10 Your Name
FORMATTING STRATEGY 1: TYPE ON THIS TEMPLATE You may use this template to type or paste your own writing into the formatted title, headings and subheadings, and columns. To do so, you would select/highlight a line (such as a section heading) or a block of text (such as a paragraph) and replace the original text with your own text. Your text will then be in the same format as the original text. If you opt for this strategy, be sure that none of the original formatting instructions (the “original text”) remains in your paper. FORMATTING STRATEGY 2: USE SETTINGS, MENUS/KEYBOARD COMMANDS Instead of selecting and typing over text on this template, you may opt to use Word’s settings, menus, and commands to create (and to double-check for) correct formatting. This method can be helpful if you are continuously revising and refining your draft. While the instructions that follow might look intimidating at first, they simply detail how to use menus and toolbars/”ribbons”—which you already generally know how to use--to set correct formatting. Set Margins
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Open the header and type in your 0011/0711 section (for example, Budny, 10:00). Move your cursor to directly below the start of this line (this will maintain single spacing) and type in your Group Number (for example, C3). Be sure your font, text, and alignment are correct: 10 pt., bold, aligned left. Set Footer, Page 1
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Paper Title, Your Name and Email Your Name
Type your title. (You can start with any draft title; you need something to start with so you can get your columns set in the next step.). Be sure your title and name/email are correctly formatted by using your toolbars/ribbon (or keyboard shortcuts). If your title looks like this: This is My Title, you will need to select/highlight the title, put everything in CAPS, and, from the toolbar/ribbon, choose/click 14 pt. font, click bold, and click align center. “Double space” (hit enter/return) between your main title and your name/email. Be sure to format your name and email correctly: 10 pt. bold, align center, email in parentheses.
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FORMATTING REFERENCES
Every in-text reference number must have a corresponding, same-numbered reference in your References section. For example, if the 1st source from which you quote or paraphrase is an article on a NASA deep space initiative, you must put the bracketed number [1] after the paraphrased material. The 1st reference in your references section will then be [1] and will include, in the correct order and with the correct punctuation all the bibliographic information for that article. For example:
[1] D. Weaver, M. Brakus. (2011). “NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System.” NASA Exploration. (Online article). http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls/html The next reference in your References section would be [2] and would provide bibliographic information for the next source from which you have quoted or paraphrased (referenced as [2] in your paper).
References at a Glance
The basic correct order and punctuation for full bibliographic information is this:
[ ] First Initial of Author. Last Name of Author. (Date of Publication). “Title of Article.” Larger Source Within Which Article is Located. (Source medium; for example, online article, or website, or print article, or blog entry). URL or DOI. p.
Different Kinds of Sources and a Sample
To see how to correctly present bibliographic information for a variety of kinds of sources (for example, print articles, online articles, lecture notes), consult the “How to Present Sources” document available on the Writing Assignments page. Here is a sample References section:
REFERENCES
[1] G. Kalonji. (2011). “Preface.” UNESCO Report, Engineering: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities for Development. (online report). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001897/189753e.pdf [2] S.D. Brown, P. Nativo, J.A. Smith, et al. (2011). Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin.” Journal of the American Chemical Society. (online article). DOI: 10.1021/ja908117a. pp. 4678–4684 [3] D. Chandler. (2012). “A New Dimension for Solar Energy.” MIT News. (online article). Your Name http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/three-dimensional-solar-energy-0327.html [4] “Carbon Fiber Concrete Arch Bridges.” (2012). University of Maine Advanced Structures &Composites Center. (video). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bupAxrq1_Iw [5] D. Budny, K. Bursic, N.Vidic, et al. (2011). “Freshmen are the Best Inventors.” Journal of Engineering Education. (print article). Vol. 99, no 3. pp.78-80 [6] E. Strickland. (2012, Sept 5). “Wireless Power Beamed Straight to Your Heart.” IEEE Spectrum Tech Talk. (online blog). http://spectrum.ieee.org/blog/tech-talk
ADDITIONAL SOURCES
Additional sources must be listed alphabetically by the author’s last name. If a source does not have an author’s name, use the first word of the source’s title. Arrange the bibliographical information exactly as you would in the References section (except there will be no bracketed number). The Additional Sources section goes after the References section What, exactly, is the difference between References and Additional Sources? Additional Sources = sources that you used in researching and focusing your paper, but you have not included any material from those sources in your paper ( no quotations, paraphrases, summaries, pictures, etc.). Additional Sources are not numbered because you have not included any of their information in the paper.
References = source material that you have used in your paper (quoted or paraphrased material, summaries, pictures, etc.).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
You must have an Acknowledgements section. The Acknowledgements section goes after the Additional Sources section. Your Acknowledgements section is formatted the same way as the other “body text” paragraphs/sections in your paper. In this section you thank anyone who has provided substantial inspiration and support through your process of writing. For example, you might thank your 0011 instructor, and/or the Bevier Librarians, and/or a Writing Center tutor, You might thank a mentor, friend, or roommate with whom you had useful discussions about the paper.